US History 2 H Chapter 18 and 19
The Impending Crisis of the South
A book written by Hinton Helper, Helper hated both slavery and blacks and used this book to try to prove that non-slave owning whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery, the non-aristocrat from N.C. had to go to the North to find a publisher that would publish his book
Matthew Perry
American naval commander who opened Japan to the West in 1854
Harper's Ferry
Brown's last extremist attempt- he seized a federal arsenal here to supply slaves with weapons so they could start their own uprising; after killing and injuring many innocent vicitms, Brown was captured and hanged
Mexican Cession
California was acquired from Mexico in 1848 and admitted as a free state in 1850 without ever having been a territory
Fugitive Slave Law
Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad
Preston Books
Fiery South Carolina Congressman who caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856
What were John Brown's two significant acts of violence and his reasons for doing them? What happened to Brown in the end and why?
He and his followers were responsible for the Pottawatomie Massacre and the raid on Harpers Ferry. He killed men because he was anti-slavery and the men were pro-slavery. For the raid on Harper's Ferry he wanted to provoke slave insurrections. He was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory.
How was Lincoln considered a "minority candidate?" How was his victory less than impressive? What did many southern states did on election day to prevent a Lincoln victory?
He was a minority candidate because he had all of the states in the north vote for him and 2 states out west. He won the electoral vote and his votes were a little less than half of the three democratic candidates votes combined. SC and other "Deep South" states voted to secede (leave) the Union after Lincoln was elected President
Stephen Douglas
Illinois politician who helped smooth over sectional conflict in 1850 but then reignited it in 1854
When did the seven southern states secede? Why?
In 1860, thought Lincoln would abolish slavery, wanted more power to states rights.
Confederate States of America
In February, 1861, delegates from the states that had seceded (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) met and formed the Confederate States of America, or CSA. State sovereignty and independence were stressed. Slavery was legalized and the government was forbidden to pass protective tariffs. Jefferson Davis was named the President of the CSA
What direction tariff rates per the Tariff of 1857? What was the logic for moving tariff rates in that direction and at that time?
Major tax reduction in the US amended the Walker Tariff. Supporters mostly came from south and agriculture states.
What are the major parts of the compromise of 1850? Which were cessions to the North and which to the South? Why there was need for compromises? Which part of the Compromise most upset the northern citizens?
North: California admitted as a free state, Territory disputed by Texas and New Mexico to be, Abolition of the slave trade (but not slavery) District of Columbia South: remainder of the Mexican Cession to be territories of New Mexico and Utah, without restriction on slavery, open to popular sovereignty, Texas to receive $10 million from the federal government as compensation, A more stringent fugitive-slave law, going beyond that of 1793 The part of the compromise that upset the north was any new territory was open to the idea of popular sovereignty
Where did President Pierce sought to expand via conquest? For what reasons
Pierce was interested in acquiring both Cuba and Nicaragua. In both instances they would have entered the Union as slave states thereby adding two more slave-state senators and helping the south grow in power in Congress
Lecompton Consititution
Pro-slave constitution that got voted in for Kansas after anti-slavery people boycotted the election
Why did Dred Scott felt he had the right to sue for his freedom? Did he win or lose? What was the Supreme Court's reason for making the decision and for the consequences of its ruling?
Scott could NOT sue for his freedom in a federal court because he was not a citizen. He did not win. For the Constitution slaves are property and property can be brought everywhere.
In the antebellum period, northern banks had lent a ton of money to the southern planters and institutions. Secession was a scary proposition for these northern banks because......
Some feared that, after secession, the borrowers would feel that they no longer were obligated to pay back the loans. This was scary for the northern banks because if they didn't get the loans repaid they would be badly hurting
What are the major components of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)? What were the reasons Douglas wanted it passed? How does it relate to the Missouri Compromise? How did the northerners feel about the act?
Territory of Nebraska would be sliced into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska, status regarding slavery would be settled by popular sovereignty (a democratic concept to which Douglas and his western constituents were deeply attached) Kansas west of slaveholding Missouri, would choose to become a slave state, Nebraska west of free-soil Iowa, would become a free state. The Missouri compromise wanted every territory west of Missouri to be free of slavery. The northerners hated the fact that Douglas did not care whether it was voted a slave or free state.
What happened to the Democratic Party during the election of 1860? How did it hurt their chances of defeating Lincoln?
The Democratic vote was spread so thin, Republican Abraham Lincoln defeated Douglas, Breckenridge, and Bell in the 1860 presidential election. The Democrats' split had defeated their own party.
Connect the K-N Act to "Bleeding Kansas." Why were people all moving to Kansas and hopping over the border?
The K-N Act repealed the M.C which makes any state above Missouri to be a slave state. Everyone traveled to Kansas to vote in popular sovereignty. They did not want slavery so they wanted to get as many people to vote popular sovereignty.
What happened to the Whig Party during the 1852 Election? Why? What became the Whig Party?
The Whig Party was weakened by the deaths of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster. Most of the Whigs became Democrats.
Which political parties merged into the new Republican Party in the 1850s? What the Republican Party wanted to do about slavery in 1860?
The certain Democrats, Whig Party and Free Soil Party merged into the new Republican Party. The Democrats wanted to abolish slavery.
Why did Lincoln reject the Crittenden Compromise?
The compromise went against his political platform.
Which region of the country pushed for the Gadsden Purchase? Where was it? Why did they want the Gadsden Purchase?
The south wanted to push for the Gadsden Purchase. It was a small piece of land owned by Mexico at the time. The railroads will be easier to build because of smaller mountain ranges and in the north the tracks would be running through unorganized territory. States down south had federal troops to protect us from Indians and in the north Nebraska had Indians roaming.
How did the southerners react to the Panic of 1857 in terms of their views of the North at this time and in terms of their ability to survive as a separate nation?
The southerners were not worried or affected as mush as the northerners were. The northerners had land they were trying to acquire, railroads they wanted to build, and had false banking practices.
What office were Lincoln and Douglas competing for in 1858? Who won that election? Why was it meaningless to hold public debates? What was the Freeport Doctrine?
They were competing for the Senator of Illinois. Stephen Douglas had won that election. They wanted to educate the voters on their beliefs. It was a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them.
Why was Henry David Thoreau thrown in jail and what did he write while in jail?
Thoreau was jailed for refusing to pay a poll tax on the grounds that the money might be used to pay for the Mexican-American War, which he opposed. He began his famous two-year stay on Walden Pond, which he wrote about in his master work, Walden.
What was the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin both domestically and internationally?
intended to show the cruelty of slavery, a powerful political force Many Northerners would not help enforce the Fugitive Slave Law/Act after reading it, British & French citizens read it - Their governments knew the common citizens would not support intervention on the side of the South and slavery
Freeport Doctrine
occurred in Freeport, Illinois during the debates of Lincoln and Douglas for senator, a question that Lincoln asked Douglas that made Douglas answer in such a way that the South would know that he was not truly supporting them
Ostend Manifesto
proposal to purchase Cuba from Spain, if Spain says "NO" in spanish, then lets take it by force
Why did Preston Brooks put a thumpin on Sumner's head and how did the people of Massachusetts react to the next election?
summers anti-slavery + anti-s.c. speech was epic! this was very harsh against Brooks the s.c. governor. brook's cousin almost killed Sumer's by hitting him with a cane and it almost killed him. Now a few weeks later, Sumner started getting gifts- they were canes- they said "hit him again"
During the time leading up to the Civil War, most of the Presidents and most of the members of the Supreme Court were actually Southern _________________
sympathisers
Pottowatamie
this extremist abolitionist movement was led by John Brown; after moving from Ohio to Kansas, he led a few fellow extremists in May 1856 and slaughtered 5 proslaveryites in anger of the recent attack on Lawrence, KS
Dred Scott
was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory, sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory, Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857, Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen, he could not sue in a federal court
John Brown
was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear, May 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people, began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers, attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, "bleeding Kansas"
Free Soil Party
was against slavery and for federal aid for internal improvements and free government homestead for settlers, forshadowed the emergence of the Republican Party
Harriet B. Stowe
was an American abolitionist and author, her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin was a depiction of life for African-Americans under slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play
Jefferson Davis
was an American statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, from 1861 to 1865
Charles Summer
was an unpopular senator from Mass., and a leading abolitionist, 1856 he made an assault in the pro-slavery of South Carolina and the South in his coarse speech, "The Crime Against Kansas." The insult angered Congressmen Brooks of South Carolina, Brooks walked up to Sumner's desk and beat him unconscious, incident helped touch off the war between the North and the South
James Buchanan
was the 15th President of the United States, only president from Pennsylvania, the only president who remained a lifelong bachelor, and the last president born in the 18th century