US History 2 Practice Questions Modules 5-8

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American participation in the Second World War had which of the following major effects on the home front? (A) A temporary movement of women into heavy industry (B) The elimination of racial segregation in the South (C) The growth of isolationism in the Midwest (D) The introduction of a system of national health insurance (E) A decline in farmers' income

(A) A temporary movement of women into heavy industry

...Capitalism, demonstrably the greatest of the constructed economic systems, has in the past decade clearly proved its advantages over the alternative systems. The information highway will magnify those advantages. It will allow those who produce goods to see, a lot more efficiently than ever before, what buyers want, and will allow potential consumers to buy those goods more efficiently. Adam Smith would be pleased. More important, consumers everywhere will enjoy the benefits. — Bill Gates, 1995 Which statement most accurately expresses the main idea of this passage? (A) Information technology will make it easier to buy and sell goods. (B) Information technology will make capitalism obsolete. (C) Government must regulate the information technology industry. (D) Information technology is a frightening idea that may threaten our privacy rights. (E) The costs of information technology will outweigh its benefits.

(A) Information technology will make it easier to buy and sell goods.

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of the growth of the Internet since the 1990s? (A) It has greatly facilitated the exchange of information worldwide. (B) It helped to end the Cold War. (C) It has dramatically increased the costs of operating businesses throughout the world. (D) It has further isolated Third World countries because they do not have access. (E) It has made governmental censorship impossible.

(A) It has greatly facilitated the exchange of information worldwide.

Until 1964 eligibility to vote could be restricted by which of the following means? (A) Poll taxes (B) Grandfather clauses (C) Limits on woman suffrage (D) White-only primary elections (E) Exclusion of foreign-born citizens

(A) Poll taxes

Which of the following is true of the forced relocation of Japanese Americans from the West Coast during the Second World War? (A) President Roosevelt claimed that military necessity justified the action. (B) The Supreme Court immediately declared the action unconstitutional. (C) The relocation was implemented according to congressional provisions for the internment of dissidents. (D) The Japanese Americans received the same treatment as that accorded German Americans and Italian Americans. (E) Few of those relocated were actually United States citizens.

(A) President Roosevelt claimed that military necessity justified the action.

Which section of the country gained the most population in the years shown on the graph? (A) South (B) Northeast (C) Midwest (D) West

(A) South

Reform activity during the Progressive Era was similar to that of the 1960s in all of the following ways EXCEPT (A) The federal government supported civil rights for African Americans. (B) Reform activity was encouraged by strong and active presidents. (C) Many reformers advocated changes in the area of women's rights. (D) Some governmental reform initiatives were curtailed by war. (E) Reform occurred despite the absence of severe economic depression.

(A) The federal government supported civil rights for African Americans.

Which of the following had the greatest impact on post-World War II industrialization of the South? (A) The increasing availability of modern conveniences, such as air conditioning (B) Large investments in public schools by international corporations (C) Creation of effective partnerships among corporations, labor unions, and state government (D) Continued advocacy of New South policies by urban boosters (E) The end of large-scale migration of African Americans to the North and West

(A) The increasing availability of modern conveniences, such as air conditioning

The Employment Act of 1946 made the achievement of maximum employment a national economic goal. This goal was to be achieved primarily through (A) appropriate spending and taxing policies (B) subsidization of American exports (C) action against costly wage rates (D) a tariff-protected national economic development program (E) restrictions on the use of laborsaving machinery

(A) appropriate spending and taxing policies

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred after (A) diplomatic negotiations with the United States reached a stalemate (B) the United States declared war on Japan (C) Japan invaded the Philippines (D) Japanese-Americans were forcefully evacuated from the West Coast (E) Germany declared war on the United States

(A) diplomatic negotiations with the United States reached a stalemate

Richard Nixon's 1968 political comeback to win the presidency can be partly attributed to (A) dissension within the Democratic party over Vietnam (B) the defection of Black voters to the Republican party (C) Nixon's cordial relations with the news media (D) Nixon's great popularity as Eisenhower's vice president (E) Nixon's promise of immediate withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam

(A) dissension within the Democratic party over Vietnam

The purpose of the Geneva Accords (1954) was to (A) divide Vietnam into temporary sectors and lay the groundwork for free elections (B) devise plans for arms reductions between the Soviet Union and the United States (C) establish the boundaries for permanent North and South Koreas (D) establish an international peacekeeping force in the Middle East (E) resolve disagreements between the Guatemalan government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán and the United States

(A) divide Vietnam into temporary sectors and lay the groundwork for free elections

In the twentieth century, United States Supreme Court decisions did all of the following EXCEPT (A) end Prohibition (B) ban official prayers in the public schools (C) protect a woman's right to an abortion (D) protect property rights (E) expand minority rights

(A) end Prohibition

The presidential election of 1928, which pitted Herbert Hoover against Al Smith, was the first presidential election that (A) featured a Roman Catholic as a presidential candidate (B) was decided by less than 1 percent of the popular vote (C) featured a southern candidate and a western candidate (D) had two candidates who were self-made millionaires (E) involved two candidates with strong rural constituencies

(A) featured a Roman Catholic as a presidential candidate

One major reason for the migration shown on the map between 1970 and 1985 is the (A) increased job opportunities in the South and West (B) return of most African Americans to the South (C) increased racial discrimination in the Northeast relative to the South and West (D) immigration of Europeans to areas with similar ethnic groups (E) desire for access to better educational opportunities

(A) increased job opportunities in the South and West

Which action did President Ronald Reagan support to achieve economic growth? (A) lowering taxes on corporations and individuals (B) increasing spending on social welfare programs (C) cutting defense budgets (D) increasing the regulation of industry (E) freezing interest rates and wages

(A) lowering taxes on corporations and individuals

The Equal Rights Amendment failed to get ratification during the 1970s primarily because (A) many believed it would disrupt society and destroy traditional values (B) of opposition from the Democratic Party (C) people believed that communists had inspired the idea (D) businesses refused to lend their support (E) of opposition from civil rights leaders

(A) many believed it would disrupt society and destroy traditional values

During the 1950's and 1960's, the term "containment" was used in referenced to the United States policy of (A) preventing the further spread of communism abroad (B) controlling inflation by using price controls (C) restraining the international arms race (D) checking the flow of drugs into the United States (E) curbing the flow of United States dollars to other countries

(A) preventing the further spread of communism abroad

A major purpose of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was to (A) prohibit discrimination in public accommodations and employment (B) create equity in Social Security benefits (C) standardize funding for Medicare (D) strengthen the women's movement (E) provide benefits for the disabled

(A) prohibit discrimination in public accommodations and employment

Which factor directly contributed to the post-World War II development of the community shown in the cartoon? (A) rise in the birth rate (B) decrease in school construction (C) decline in the availability of home loans (D) increased immigration from Africa and Southeast Asia (E) increase in the number of women in the labor force

(A) rise in the birth rate

Which of the following accurately describes the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920's? (A) Its activities were limited to the South. (B) It favored immigration restrictions as well as White supremacy. (C) It repudiated fundamentalist Protestantism. (D) Many of its members were elected to Congress. (E) It appeared for the first time during this decade.

(B) It favored immigration restrictions as well as White supremacy.

Which of the following is true about the American Indian movement (AIM), which was founded in 1968? (A) It sought accommodation with White society. (B) It modeled its tactics on the Black Power movement. (C) It issued the Declaration of Indian Purpose. (D) It won voting rights for Native Americans. (E) It drew its membership primarily from reservations.

(B) It modeled its tactics on the Black Power movement.

The United States agreement to the North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) of 1949 did which of the following? (A) Reaffirmed the Good Neighbor policy. (B) Marked a sharp departure from traditional American foreign policy. (C) Weakened the Truman Doctrine. (D) Weakened the Marshall Plan. (E) Appealed to American isolationists.

(B) Marked a sharp departure from traditional American foreign policy.

"The problem with hatred and violence is that they intensify the fears of the white majority, and leave them less ashamed of their prejudices toward Negroes. In the guilt and confusion confronting our society, violence only adds to the chaos. It deepens the brutality of the oppressor and increases the bitterness of the oppressed. Violence is the antithesis of creativity and wholeness. It destroys community and makes brotherhood impossible." Which of the following 1960's African American leaders would have supported the view expressed above? (A) W.E.B DuBois (B) Martin Luther King, Jr. (C) Marcus Garvey (D) Stokely Carmichael (E) Malcolm X

(B) Martin Luther King, Jr.

The Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka decision overturned which of the following? (A) Gideon v. Wainwright (B) Plessy v. Ferguson (C) Korematsu v. United States (D) Lochner v. New York (E) Muller v. Oregon

(B) Plessy v. Ferguson

The presidential debate between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy showed the importance of which of the following in presidential campaigns? (A) Radio (B) Television (C) Movies (D) Computers (E) The Internet

(B) Television

Which of the following events brought the United States and the Soviet Union closest to the possibility of nuclear war? (A) The Berlin Blockade (B) The Cuban missile crisis (C) The Pueblo incident (D) The Suez Crisis (E) The U-2 incident

(B) The Cuban missile crisis

The federal assistance program Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was (A) established during the 1950s and continues to function today (B) a social welfare program created by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program that ended in the mid-1990s during Bill Clinton's administration (C) championed by social conservatives as a way to get poor families off welfare (D) a social welfare program created by Woodrow Wilson to address the needs of soldiers during the First World War (E) modeled after a similar program in the Soviet Union

(B) a social welfare program created by Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program that ended in the mid-1990s during Bill Clinton's administration

The level of immigration shown on the graph for the 1930s and 1940s was mainly due to (A) the lack of free land in the United States (B) a worldwide economic crisis and warfare (C) nativist attacks on new immigrants in the Southern states (D) improved political conditions in Europe (E) more liberal immigration laws passed by Congress during the Hoover administration

(B) a worldwide economic crisis and warfare

The Reagan Revolution in politics refers to his (A) strong support of rapprochement with liberals (B) ability to unite traditional Republicans with working-class Democrats (C) shifting responsibility for the poor to religious organizations (D) support of United States military intervention in the Caribbean (E) lukewarm support of the peace initiative in the Middle East

(B) ability to unite traditional Republicans with working-class Democrats

Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan were similar as presidential candidates in that both (A) articulated the public's desire for less involvement in foreign affairs (B) capitalized on their status as Washington outsiders (C) promised Congress increased control over domestic matters (D) renounced private fund-raising in support of their campaigns (E) had built national reputations as legislators

(B) capitalized on their status as Washington outsiders

The military proposal popularly known as Star Wars was designed to (A) incorporate the National Aeronautics and Space Administration into the armed forces (B) create a satellite and laser shield to defend the United States against missile attacks (C) expand American space exploration efforts (D) construct new ballistic missiles not covered under the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty I (E) increase the interest of young Americans in volunteering for military service

(B) create a satellite and laser shield to defend the United States against missile attacks

An important factor contributing to the Great Depression in the United States in the 1930's was the (A) large military expenditure in the 1920's (B) decline in farm prosperity during the 1920's (C) rapid depletion of the nation's mineral resources (D) increased importation of foreign goods (E) increase in population due to immigrants

(B) decline in farm prosperity during the 1920's

The support for former Alabama governor George Wallace as a prominent third party candidate in the 1968 presidential election best illustrates the (A) impact of the economic downturn on the working class (B) exploitation of race as a national political issue (C) growing power of the political Left in American politics (D) persistence of anticommunism as a political force (E) loss of faith of many Americans in Republican party policies

(B) exploitation of race as a national political issue

The cartoon above concerns President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to (A) submit all senatorial legislation to the Supreme Court for an opinion on its constitutionality (B) increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court (C) join the Supreme Court and the Senate to the "Roosevelt coalition" (D) abandon the custom of senatorial courtesy in the matter of federal court appointments (E) seek a favorable decision from the Supreme court to break the logjam of bills awaiting action by the Senate

(B) increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court

What is one effect the population changes shown in the graph have had on national politics? (A) reducing the number of Senators from the Midwest (B) increasing the representation of the South and West in the House of Representatives (C) enhancing the chances for election of presidential candidates from the Northeast (D) strengthening the Democratic Party's control of the South (E) increasing foreign influence over U.S. stock prices

(B) increasing the representation of the South and West in the House of Representatives

During the presidency of George W. Bush, relations with France, Germany, and Russia were strained when those nations (A) refused to increase the supply of crude oil to the United States (B) opposed the United States invasion of Iraq (C) viewed United States tariffs on manufactured goods as too high (D) criticized U.S. trade policies (E) became angered by United States immigration policies

(B) opposed the United States invasion of Iraq

Senator Joseph McCarthy dominated the American media and Congress during the early 1950s. McCarthy's rise to power was aided most by (A) the expansion of the Democratic Party (B) the electoral success of the Republican Party in 1952 (C) the support of Vice President Richard Nixon (D) the decision by Secretary of State Dean Acheson to hire Communist advisors (E) President Eisenhower's strong support of his efforts

(B) the electoral success of the Republican Party in 1952

In his book The Fire Next Time (1963), James Baldwin argued that (A) the nuclear arms race imperiled future generations (B) the failure of White Americans and Black Americans to overcome racism would have destructive consequences (C) expatriate Americans must return home in times of crisis (D) protest literature would not solve the problems of inequality (E) violence against civil rights demonstrators would escalate without federal intervention

(B) the failure of White Americans and Black Americans to overcome racism would have destructive consequences

Which newspaper headline would have appeared after the breakup of the Soviet Union? (A) "Russian Troops Invade Afghanistan" (B) "Truman Orders Massive Airlift of Food and Supplies to Berlin" (C) "Poland and Hungary Join NATO" (D) "President Carter Announces Camp David Agreement" (E) "President Reagan Supports Contras in Nicaragua"

"What a friend we have in Coolidge!" The political cartoonist who drew this picture probably believed that (A) European nations were pleased with the aid given them by the Coolidge administration (B) governmental agencies were receiving too much financial support from the Coolidge administration (C) American industrial and commercial leaders approved of the Coolidge administrations business policies (D) consumers had benefited from the Federal Reserve Board's tight money policy from 1925 through 1928 (E) Congress was pleased by President Coolidge's accommodating stance toward pork barrel legislation

In its 1932 march on Washington, the Bonus Army demanded which of the following? (A) Federal unemployment insurance for workers who had lost their jobs (B) Federal loans to farmers, with surplus grain used as collateral (C) Early payment to veterans of a promised reward for service in the First World War (D) A substantial increase in the military budget (E) A refund to investors who lost money in the stock market crash of 1929

All of the following statements regarding the period in which Dwight Eisenhower served as president are true EXCEPT (A) Eisenhower's policies steered a middle course between Democratic liberalism and traditional Republican conservatism. (B) Growing suburbs, the baby boom, auto mania, and the development of the interstate highway system were indications of national prosperity. (C) Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed on a massive bilateral reduction in the stockpiles of nuclear armaments. (D) American culture in the 1950s reflected the combination of an expansive spirit of prosperity and Cold War anxieties. (E) Eisenhower first used the term "military-industrial complex" to describe the close relationship between government and military contractors.

(C) Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed on a massive bilateral reduction in the stockpiles of nuclear armaments.

Which of the following best describes the Marshall Plan, which was developed during the Truman administration after the Second World War? (A) It was an aid package intended to prevent Greece and Turkey from falling to communist revolutionaries. (B) It was a National Security Council plan to increase Cold War defense spending. (C) It was an economic aid package intended to help Western European nations stave off Communist influence. (D) It was a program to develop a military alliance with Western European nations. (E) It was a blueprint for reorganizing the U.S. Department of Defense.

The 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona concerned which of the following? (A) Segregated swimming pools (B) College admission quotas (C) Rights of citizens accused of a crime (D) Poll taxes (E) Sexual discrimination in the military

Which of the following celebrated trials best illustrates the cultural conflict in the 1920's between fundamentalism and modernism? (A) The Scottsboro trial (B) The Leopold-Loeb trial (C) The John T. Scopes trial (D) The Albert B. Fall trial (E) The Sacco-Vanzetti trial

Which of the following statements can best summarize President Ronald Reagan's economic program, also known as Reaganomics? (A) United States capitalism must be directed to focus on building effective social programs, increasing taxes on big business, and cutting taxes on lower-income households. (B) The United States must increase government intervention in business regulation and economic planning. (C) The United States capitalist system, if freed from heavy taxes and government regulations, would achieve greatly increased productivity. (D) The United States should significantly increase government investment in social welfare and public school programs. (E) The United States should decrease military spending in order to fund domestic programs.

(C) The United States capitalist system, if freed from heavy taxes and government regulations, would achieve greatly increased productivity.

Allen Ginsberg was well-known as (A) a founder of the Black Panther Party (B) a key adviser to President Eisenhower (C) a poet of the Beat Generation (D) an anticommunist senator from California (E) an Abstract Expressionist painter

"Somalians Are Still Hungry and at War Despite Efforts of United States Troops" "United States Troops Help Reinstate Haitian President" "United States and NATO Allies Use Air Strikes To Slow Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia" These 1990s headlines illustrate the efforts of the United States to (A) follow an "America First" ideology (B) support independence movements (C) act as an international peacekeeper (D) prevent the spread of communism (E) protect United States business investments

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a Supreme Court decision that (A) was a forerunner of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (B) established free public colleges in the United States (C) declared racially segregated public schools inherently unequal (D) established free public elementary and secondary schools in the United States (E) provided for federal support of parochial schools

A direct consequence of Henry Ford's assembly-line process was that it (A) raised the price of automobiles (B) resulted in small cuts in workers' wages (C) decreased the need for skilled workers (D) made the working environment safer (E) increased the number of women employed in industrial work

This cartoon from the 1930's suggests that the cartoonist (A) wished to see Europe destroyed (B) believed that Japan was a greater threat to the United States than Germany was (C) did not distinguish among the European belligerents in terms of war aims or forms of government (D) believed that the United States must enter the war to make the world safe for democracy (E) believed that Europe was doomed to communism

The 1972, 1979, and 1987 missile reduction agreements between the United States and the Soviet Union are examples of the foreign policy of (A) brinksmanship (B) appeasement (C) détente (D) neutrality (E) collective security

Which characteristic of American life in the 1950s is illustrated in this cartoon? (A) growth of the elderly population (B) decreased opportunities for middle class Americans (C) effects of suburbanization (D) decreasing use of automobiles (E) declining importance of the media

The Stonewall riots which took place in New York City during the summer of 1969 were significant because they (A) demonstrated the shift to confrontational politics by the National Organization for Women (B) rejected radical feminism and advocated traditional roles for women (C) encouraged the rise of a gay liberation movement that publicly called for an end to discrimination against gays and lesbians (D) were the first indicator of a sexual revolution among young people (E) showed increasing frustration with the slow pace of the women's movement

(C) encouraged the rise of a gay liberation movement that publicly called for an end to discrimination against gays and lesbians

One of Richard Nixon's domestic policy achievements as president was the (A) development of Job Corps for youth job training (B) passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (C) establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (D) lowering of the inflation rate

During the 1950s, television shows like The Donna Reed Show and Leave It to Beaver exemplified the media's (A) focus on the culture of northeastern cities (B) reflection of prevalent Cold War anxieties (C) idealization of middle-class suburban family life (D) idealization of the rural heartland (E) focus on the growing generation gap in American culture

During the quarter century after the Second World War, the populations of many large cities, such as Boston, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Detroit, and St. Louis, decreased because (A) the death rates rose in the cities (B) new, independent towns were formed within the city limits (C) large numbers of people moved from the cities to the suburbs (D) census takers made errors on earlier counts (E) disastrous floods forced many people to leave the cities

What was a major achievement of the presidency of Jimmy Carter? (A) uniting East Germany and West Germany (B) negotiating a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with Russia and China (C) negotiating the peace accord between Egypt and Israel at Camp David (D) ending United States dependence on imported oil (E) rescuing United States hostages in Iran

Franklin D. Roosevelt's farm policy was primarily designed to (A) reduce farm prices to make food cheaper for the consumer (B) increase production by opening new lands to farmers (C) reduce production in order to boost farm prices (D) use price and wage controls to stabilize farm prices (E) end federal controls over agriculture

Students staged a sit-in in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 to protest (A) poverty in the South (B) cutbacks in student aid (C) segregation of public facilities (D) the war in Vietnam (E) the oppression of women

The high inflation rates of the 1960's and early 1970's were primarily the result of (A) major state and federal tax increases (B) increased investment in major industries (C) spending on social-welfare programs and the Vietnam War (D) a decline in foreign trade (E) deregulation of major industries

"President Carter Negotiates Camp David Accords" "President Reagan Sends Troops to Lebanon" "President Bush Orders Operation Desert Storm" Which United States foreign policy goal is most closely associated with these headlines? (A) imperialism in Latin America (B) globalization of trade (C) stability in the Middle East (D) delivery of humanitarian relief (E) isolationism and nonalignment

President Eisenhower's economic policy can be best characterized as (A) the adoption of deficit financing to promote economic growth, but the repudiation of the progressive income tax (B) the rejection of the New Deal and an attempt to restore laissez-faire policies (C) the acceptance of the New Deal, but moderation in the expansion of governmental social programs (D) a vigorous efforts to increase defense spending and federal funds for health care (E) a continuation of his predecessors' efforts to expand the role of the federal government

Rosie the Riveter was a symbol during World War II of (A) high unemployment rates among men because corporations were allowed to pay lower wages to women (B) the class divide between the wealthy and the poor that was made worse by wartime mobilization (C) the need for women to take jobs in factories and munitions plants to maintain wartime output (D) the lack of technological advances made by the U.S. during the war, in contrast to those of Germany and Japan (E) widespread protests against large-scale importation of foreign goods and materials

The Klu Klux Klan (KKK) of the 1920s most differed from the KKK of the nineteenth century in that it (A) drew strong support from Canada and Mexico. (B) reflected prejudice and social discontent following a war. (C) was a national organization. (D) used violence and intimidation against victims. (E) was composed of poor White people.

The Carter Doctrine describes which of the following? (A) An attempt to ease United States trade and travel restrictions with Cuba (B) A decrease in United States troop deployment along the demilitarized zone separating North and South Korea (C) An increased emphasis on stealth and drone technology in warfare (D) A warning that any military aggression in the Persian Gulf will be regarded as a threat to United States interests (E) A careful balance between economic sanctions and military operations to free the hostages in Iran

(D) A warning that any military aggression in the Persian Gulf will be regarded as a threat to United States interests

"I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes." The statement above is taken from (A) Woodrow Wilson's request for a declaration of war against Germany (B) Herbert Hoover's statement on Japanese aggression in China (C) Franklin D. Roosevelt's request for a declaration of war against Japan (D) Harry S. Truman's request for funds to support Greece and Turkey against communism (E) an address by United Nations ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick on Central American conflict

(D) Harry S. Truman's request for funds to support Greece and Turkey against communism

Which conclusion is most clearly supported by information in the graph? (A) Immigration increased in every decade throughout the 1900s. (B) Immigrants have a higher birth rate than native-born Americans. (C) Immigration is likely to decrease significantly in the future. (D) Immigration in the 1990s was about the same as in the first decade of the 1900s. (E) Immigration increased faster during Democratic administrations than during Republican administrations.

(D) Immigration in the 1990s was about the same as in the first decade of the 1900s.

Which of the following is true about the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928? (A) It created an alliance between the United States and France. (B) It was a bilateral pact for naval disarmament. (C) It was rejected by the Senate. (D) It was a multilateral pact condemning recourse to war. (E) It contained provisions ("teeth") for enforcement of peace.

(D) It was a multilateral pact condemning recourse to war.

As a leader of the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., based his doctrine of non-violence on the teachings of (A) Pope Pius X (B) Thomas Paine (C) Ernest Hemingway (D) Mohandas Gandhi (E) Thomas Jefferson

(D) Mohandas Gandhi

Which of the following events most challenged the credibility of the presidency during the twentieth century? (A) Jimmy Carter's response to the Iranian hostage crisis (B) John Kennedy's role in the Bay of Pigs invasion (C) Dwight Eisenhower's handling of the U-2 incident (D) Richard Nixon's actions during the Watergate scandal (E) Ronald Reagan's role in the Iran-Contra Affair

(D) Richard Nixon's actions during the Watergate scandal

Major American writers of the 1930's generally concentrated on themes relating to which of the following? (A) Collegiate life during the Jazz Age (B) American expatriates in Europe (C) The quest for religious truth (D) Social problems and inequities (E) An appreciation of nature

(D) Social problems and inequities

What is the title of Betty Friedan's 1963 book that described the frustrations of suburban housewives and helped launch the women's liberation movement in the United States? (A) The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (B) Unequal Sisters (C) The Second Sex (D) The Feminine Mystique (E) The Beauty Myth

(D) The Feminine Mystique

President Truman's decision to recall General MacArthur from his command of United Nations forces in Korea was primarily based on the principle of (A) containment of communism (B) limited rather than total warfare (C) isolationism rather than interventionism (D) civilian control of the military (E) self-determination for all free people

(D) civilian control of the military

The main purpose of the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act) of 1935 was to (A) end the sit-down strike in Flint, Michigan (B) settle the struggle between the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Workers (C) guarantee workers a minimum wage (D) ensure workers' right to organize and bargain collectively (E) exempt organized labor from the Sherman Antitrust Act

(D) ensure workers' right to organize and bargain collectively

In New York Times v. United States (1971) and United States v. Nixon (1974), the Supreme Court placed limits on the (A) authority of federal judges (B) freedom of speech during wartime (C) exercise of freedom of religion (D) powers of the president (E) right of Congress to declare war

(D) powers of the president

Title IX created a sharp increase of women's participation in athletics because it (A) requires that women be admitted to all-male schools (B) prohibits discrimination against women in college admissions (C) mandates that women be allowed to compete on all-men sports teams (D) requires that comparable amounts of money be spent on men's sports and women's sports (E) permits separate but equal facilities for women's sports teams

(D) requires that comparable amounts of money be spent on men's sports and women's sports

In his farewell address, President Dwight D. Eisenhower warned Americans about the dangers of (A) presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon (B) insufficient federal spending on the needs of the poor (C) communist subversion of the civil rights movement (D) the military-industrial complex (E) the lack of a national health insurance program

(D) the military-industrial complex

Which of the following was a major change that took place in the United States as a direct result of the G.I. Bill of Rights in 1944? (A) An increase in the number of female college graduates at public universities (B) A decrease in discrimination against African American veterans in education and housing (C) The establishment of the Department of Veterans Affairs (D) The development of college programs in science, technology, engineering, and math (E) An increase in the number of veterans going to college and owning homes

(E) An increase in the number of veterans going to college and owning homes

The so-called Lost Generation of the 1920s included (A) Religious traditionalists who once again became influential after the Scopes trial (B) Immigrants to the U.S. who were imprisoned upon arrival until their loyalties were established (C) Settlers in newly established U.S. territories who were forced to give up modern conveniences (D) African Americans who moved to Canada in protest of U.S. Jim Crow laws (E) Disillusioned American artists and writers who left the U.S. for Europe after World War I

(E) Disillusioned American artists and writers who left the U.S. for Europe after World War I

Which of the following is correct about United States involvement in the Vietnam War during the period 1956-1964? (A) It was justified by invoking the Open Door policy. (B) It was the exclusive responsibility of the Johnson and Nixon administrations. (C) It came about only after a formal declaration of war. (D) It was primarily anti-Soviet in purpose. (E) It grew out of policy assumptions and commitments dating from the end of the Second World War.

(E) It grew out of policy assumptions and commitments dating from the end of the Second World War.

The long known and the long expected has thus taken place. The forces endeavoring to enslave the entire world now are moving toward this hemisphere. Never before has there been a greater challenge to life, liberty, and civilization. Delay invites greater danger. Rapid and united effort by all the peoples of the world who are determined to remain free will insure a world victory of the forces of justice and of righteousness over the forces of savagery and of barbarism. -President Franklin D. Roosevelt, address to the United States Congress, 1941 The address quoted above was likely given in response to which of the following? (A) Germany's invasion of France (B) Russia's occupation of eastern Poland (C) Germany's bombing of Great Britain (D) Italy's invasion of Ethiopia (E) Japan's bombing of Hawaii

(E) Japan's bombing of Hawaii

Medicare, the Voting Rights Act, and the War on Poverty were all elements of which of the following? (A) Henry Clay's American System (B) Abraham Lincoln's Reconstruction Act (C) Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (D) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal (E) Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

(E) Lyndon Johnson's Great Society

Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were associated with which of the following twentieth-century movements? (A) The Lost Generation (B) The Beat movement (C) The Black Power movement (D) The Niagara movement (E) The Harlem Renaissance

(E) The Harlem Renaissance

Which of the following best summarizes the idea expressed in the 1967 cartoon above? (A) In order to win the world's respect, the United States should behave in a more dignified manner. (B) The world regards the United States' far-flung aid programs as futile and pointless. (C) The United States should use military power rather than economic and diplomatic methods to resolve international problems. (D) The United States should reduce its excessive consumption of the world's resources. (E) The United States should avoid involvement in too many world problems at once.

(E) The United States should avoid involvement in too many world problems at once.

Which of the following was an immediate effect of the development of mass-produced automobiles in the United States during the 1920s? (A) The rapid decline of coal use (B) The increase in steel importation (C) The rapid increase in car exportation (D) The decline of labor unions (E) The growth of suburbs

(E) The growth of suburbs

Franklin D. Roosevelt supported all of the following foreign policies EXCEPT (A) the Good Neighbor policy in Latin America (B) an economic embargo against Germany (C) diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union (D) lend-lease aid (E) a series of neutrality acts

(E) a series of neutrality acts

Balancing individual rights and freedoms with the need for national security has been one of the biggest challenges created by (A) global climate change (B) cultural exchanges (C) corporate globalization (D) the Versailles Treaty (E) international terrorism

(E) international terrorism

The SALT I and SALT II agreements of the 1970s tried to improve Cold War relations between the United States and the Soviet Union by (A) encouraging space exploration (B) increasing cultural exchanges (C) encouraging purchase of agricultural surpluses (D) lowering barriers to trade (E) limiting nuclear weapons

(E) limiting nuclear weapons

This poster from 1967 is an expression of (A) support for the foreign policy of the president (B) support for increased financing of environmental programs (C) support for regulation of the New York Stock Exchange (D) opposition to health care reform for seniors and the poor (E) opposition to United States involvement in Vietnam

(E) opposition to United States involvement in Vietnam

The passage of the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security reflect the determination of the United States government to (A) search for weapons of mass destruction in South Asia (B) increase constitutional protections of free speech and press (C) increase the globalization of the economy (D) bring about an end to the Cold War (E) prevent future terrorist attacks

(E) prevent future terrorist attacks

During the past quarter century, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) were created primarily to (A) contain the spread of communism (B) support environmentalism (C) maintain mutual defense (D) improve public health worldwide (E) promote economic interdependence

(E) promote economic interdependence

The Works Progress Administration (WPA), established during the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt, was the federal agency empowered to (A) protect employees from unfair labor practices (B) provide financial aid to western farmers suffering from low grain prices (C) provide aid to dependent children (D) investigate charges of discrimination against women in job hiring practices (E) provide jobs for the unemployed

(E) provide jobs for the unemployed

Franklin D. Roosevelt was successful in securing congressional support for all of the following EXCEPT (A) negotiation of tariff agreements by the executive department (B) reduction of the gold content of the dollar (C) removal of the restraints of the antitrust acts to permit voluntary trade associations (D) adoption of processing taxes on agricultural products (E) reform of the judiciary to permit the enlargement of the Supreme Court

(E) reform of the judiciary to permit the enlargement of the Supreme Court

Following the Second World War, President Truman was unable to expand significantly his predecessor's New Deal programs primarily because of (A) the continuation of the Great Depression (B) the need to maintain a large military force in Asia (C) budget expenditures required to rebuild Europe (D) controversy surrounding the Truman Doctrine (E) the domination of Congress by Republicans and conservative Democrats

(E) the domination of Congress by Republicans and conservative Democrats

Place the following in the correct chronological order. Place the earliest event first. A - Truman Doctrine B - Korean War C - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution D - Cuban Missile Crisis

A - Truman Doctrine B - Korean War D - Cuban Missile Crisis C - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The key state in the 2000 election where the U.S. Supreme Court stopped a recount of votes was ________. A. Florida B. Texas C. Georgia D. Virginia

A. Florida

The United States Senator who led the noninterventionists in Congress and called for neutrality legislation in the 1930s was ________. A. Gerald P. Nye B. Robert Wagner C. George C. Marshall D. Neville Chamberlain

A. Gerald P. Nye

The first state to allow same-sex marriage was ________. A. Massachusetts B. New York C. California D. Pennsylvania

A. Massachusetts

Bill Clinton helped create a large free market among Canada, the United States, and Mexico with ratification of the ________ treaty. A. NAFTA B. NATO C. Organization of American States D. Alliance for Progress

A. NAFTA

In 1929, Albert Fall was convicted of bribery while holding the position of ________. A. Secretary of the Interior B. head of the Veterans' Bureau C. Secretary of the Treasury D. Secretary of Commerce

A. Secretary of the Interior

The popularization of which psychologist's ideas encouraged the new morality of the 1920s? A. Sigmund Freud B. Alice Paul C. W. E. B. Du Bois D. Margaret Sanger

A. Sigmund Freud

A subprime mortgage is ________. A. a high-risk, high-interest loan B. a federal bailout for major banks C. a form of insurance on investments D. a form of political capital

A. a high-risk, high-interest loan

Before becoming a conservative Republican, Ronald Reagan was ________. A. a liberal Democrat B. a Socialist C. politically apathetic D. a Herbert Hoover Republican

A. a liberal Democrat

The Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade established that ________. A. abortions obtained during the first three months of pregnancy were legal B. witnesses were not required to corroborate a charge of rape C. marriage could not be abolished D. homosexuality was a mental illness

A. abortions obtained during the first three months of pregnancy were legal

The program to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II was the ________. A. bracero program B. maquiladora program C. brazzos program D. campesino program

A. bracero program

Carter deregulated several major American industries in an effort to ensure that ________. A. companies would become more competitive B. airlines would merge C. oil prices would rise D. consumers would start conserving energy

A. companies would become more competitive

Which statement best describes Reagan's political style? A. folksy and likeable B. conservative and inflexible C. liberal and pragmatic D. intelligent and elitist

A. folksy and likeable

The popularization of ________ expanded the communications and sports industries. A. radios B. talkies C. the Model T D. airplanes

A. radios

Recognizing that ongoing protests and campus violence reflected a sea change in public opinion about the war, in 1971 Nixon ________. A. repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution B. postponed the invasion of Cambodia C. released the Pentagon Papers D. covered up the My Lai massacre

A. repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

The African American group that advocated the use of violence and espoused a Marxist ideology was called ________. A. the Black Panthers B. the Nation of Islam C. SNCC D. CORE

A. the Black Panthers

The Social Security Act borrowed some ideas from which of the following? A. the Townsend Plan B. the Division of Negro Affairs C. the Education Trust D. the NIRA

A. the Townsend Plan

Which of the following groups or bodies did not offer direct relief to needy people? A. the federal government B. local police and schoolteachers C. churches and synagogues D. wealthy individuals

A. the federal government

According to John Kerry, how did many U.S. soldiers treat Vietnamese civilians?

According to John Kerry's testimony, Vietnamese civilians were often subjected to shocking violence. Soldiers raped, mutilated, shot at, and brutally murdered civilians. Troops also intentionally destroyed Vietnamese villages, well beyond the destruction typically wrought by war.

What was the Iran-Contra affair about?

After Congress ended support for the Nicaraguan Contras, President Reagan sought other sources of funding for them. Lt. Col. Oliver North then oversaw a plan by which arms would be sold to Iran and the money received from the sales would be sent to fund the Contras.

What purpose did the Allied strategy of island hopping serve?

Allied forces intentionally avoided Japanese-held island strongholds that did not serve them strategically, instead securing locations that allowed them to interfere with Japanese communications and transportation routes. In this way, the Allies made their way towards Japan with limited military engagement. The goal was to get close enough to the Japanese home islands to achieve air superiority, paving the way for Allied assaults by air or water.

What kinds of values did hippies adopt?

Although hippie culture was not entirely homogenous, many hippies desired peace, rejected traditional social values, and sought to live a nonmaterialistic existence close to nature. Many also used drugs both recreationally and as a way to achieve greater spiritual insight.

What did the popular movies of the Depression reveal about American values at that time? How did these values contrast with the values Americans held before the Depression?

American films in the 1930s served to both assuage the fears and frustrations of many Americans suffering through the Depression and reinforce the idea that communal efforts—town and friends working together—would help to address the hardships. Previous emphasis upon competition and individualism slowly gave way to notions of "neighbor helping neighbor" and seeking group solutions to common problems. The Andy Hardy series, in particular, combined entertainment with the concept of family coming together to solve shared problems. The themes of greed, competition, and capitalist-driven market decisions no longer commanded a large audience among American moviegoers.

What challenges did Hollywood face in the 1950s?

Antitrust lawsuits deprived studios of their theaters, and the careers of many actors, directors, and screenwriters were destroyed by Senator McCarthy's blacklist of suspected Communists. Meanwhile, the new technology of television drew audiences away from the movies by providing convenient at-home entertainment.

What were Hoover's plans when he first entered office, and how were these reflective of the years that preceded the Great Depression?

At the outset of his presidency, Hoover planned to establish an agenda that would promote continued economic prosperity and eradicate poverty. He planned to eliminate federal regulations of the economy, which he believed would allow for maximum growth. For Americans themselves, he advocated a spirit of rugged individualism: Americans could bring about their own success or failure in partnership with the government, but remain unhindered by unnecessary government intervention in their everyday lives. These philosophies and policies reflected both the prosperity and optimism of the previous decade and a continuation of the postwar "return to normalcy" championed by Hoover's Republican predecessors.

Which assessment of Herbert Hoover's presidency is most accurate? A. Hoover's policies caused the stock market crash and subsequent depression. B. Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it. C. Hoover pledged a great deal of direct federal aid to unemployed Americans, overtaxing the federal budget and worsening the financial crisis. D. Hoover disapproved of American capitalism and therefore attempted to forestall any concrete solutions to the Depression.

B. Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it.

Of these figures, who was not indicted following the Watergate break-in and cover-up? A. John Mitchell B. Bob Woodward C. John Ehrlichman D. H.R. Haldeman

B. Bob Woodward

The Scopes Monkey Trial revolved around a law that banned teaching about ________ in public schools. A. the Bible B. Darwinism C. primates D. Protestantism

B. Darwinism

One of the original founders of AIM was ________. A. Patsy Mink B. Dennis Banks C. Jerry Rubin D. Glenn Weiser

B. Dennis Banks

Which amendment did Alice Paul promote to end gender discrimination? A. Prohibition Amendment B. Equal Rights Amendment C. Sheppard-Towner Amendment D. Free Exercise Amendment

B. Equal Rights Amendment

Which of the following islands had to be captured in order to provide a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan? A. Sakhalin B. Iwo Jima C. Molokai D. Reunion

B. Iwo Jima

The country that Iraq invaded to trigger the crisis that resulted in the Persian Gulf War was ________. A. Jordan B. Kuwait C. Saudi Arabia D. Iran

B. Kuwait

Which of the following statements accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune? A. She was a prominent supporter of the Townsend Plan. B. She was a key figure in the NYA. C. She was Eleanor Roosevelt's personal secretary. D. She was a labor organizer.

B. She was a key figure in the NYA.

Which of the following was not a policy undertaken by the NIRA? A. agreement among industries to set prices B. agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms C. agreement among industries to set production levels D. recognition of the right of workers to form unions

B. agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms

What was the policy of trying to limit the expansion of Soviet influence abroad? A. restraint B. containment C. isolationism D. quarantine

B. containment

Which of the following was not a key factor in the conditions that led to the Dust Bowl? A. previous overcultivation of farmland B. decreasing American demand for farm produce C. unfavorable weather conditions D. poor farming techniques regarding proper irrigation and acreage rotation

B. decreasing American demand for farm produce

The first Levittown was built ________. A. in Bucks County, Pennsylvania B. in Nassau County, New York C. near Newark, New Jersey D. near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

B. in Nassau County, New York

Which of the following is a cause of the stock market crash of 1929? A. too many people invested in the market B. investors made risky investments with borrowed money C. the federal government invested heavily in business stock D. World War I created

B. investors made risky investments with borrowed money

Which of the following pieces of Truman's domestic agenda was rejected by Congress? A. the Taft-Hartley Act B. national healthcare C. the creation of a civil rights commission D. funding for schools

B. national healthcare

Kennedy proposed a constitutional amendment that would ________. A. provide healthcare for all Americans B. outlaw poll taxes C. make English the official language of the United States D. require all American men to register for the draft

B. outlaw poll taxes

The term Kennedy chose to describe his sealing off of Cuba to prevent Soviet shipments of weapons or supplies was ________. A. interdiction B. quarantine C. isolation D. blockade

B. quarantine

Coolidge's presidency was characterized by ________. A. scandal and dishonesty B. silence and inactivity C. flamboyancy and extravagance D. ambition and greed

B. silence and inactivity

What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? A. the NRA B. the WPA C. the AAA D. the TVA

B. the WPA

Place the following in the correct chronological order. Place the earliest event first. A - The Birth of a Nation B - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka C - Plessy v. Ferguson D - Voting Rights Act

C - Plessy v. Ferguson A - The Birth of a Nation B - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka D - Voting Rights Act

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional in ________. A. 2007 B. 2009 C. 2013 D. 2014

C. 2013

The disc jockey who popularized rock and roll was ________. A. Bill Haley B. Elvis Presley C. Alan Freed D. Ed Sullivan

C. Alan Freed

A popular Mexican American studies program was banned by the state of ________, which accused it of causing resentment of white people. A. New Mexico B. California C. Arizona D. Texas

C. Arizona

The group the Reagan administration encouraged and supported in its fight against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was known as the ________. A. anti-Somozas B. Shining Path C. Contras D. Red Faction

C. Contras

Truman referred to his program of economic and social reform as the ________. A. New Deal B. Square Deal C. Fair Deal D. Straight Deal

C. Fair Deal

The prison operated by the U.S. military for the detention and interrogation of terrorist suspects and "enemy combatants" is located at ________. A. Kuwait City, Kuwait B. Riker's Island, New York C. Guantanamo Bay, Cuba D. Lahore, Pakistan

C. Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

What investment banking firm went bankrupt in 2008, signaling the beginning of a major economic crisis? A. CitiBank B. Wells Fargo C. Lehman Brothers D. Price Waterhouse

C. Lehman Brothers

________ was Johnson's program to provide federal funding for healthcare for the poor. A. Medicare B. Social Security C. Medicaid D. AFDC

C. Medicaid

The Arkansas governor who tried to prevent the integration of Little Rock High School was ________. A. Charles Hamilton Houston B. Kenneth Clark C. OrvalFaubus D. Clark Clifford

C. OrvalFaubus

Which of the following best describes Roosevelt's attempts to push his political agenda in the last months of Hoover's presidency? A. Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of direct relief. B. Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to convince him to institute certain policy shifts before his presidency ended. C. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans. D. Roosevelt met secretly with members of Congress to attempt to win their favor.

C. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans.

What was one of the major student organizations engaged in organizing protests and demonstrations against the Vietnam War? A. Committee for American Democracy B. Freedom Now Party C. Students for a Democratic Society D. Young Americans for Peace

C. Students for a Democratic Society

Which of the following films released in 1927 was the first successful talking motion picture? A. The Clansman B. The Great Gatsby C. The Jazz Singer D. The Birth of a Nation

C. The Jazz Singer

Who was the Republican presidential nominee for the 1920 election? A. Calvin Coolidge B. Woodrow Wilson C. Warren Harding D. James Cox

C. Warren Harding

Which of the following policies did Roosevelt not include among his early ideas for a New Deal? A. public works B. government regulation of the economy C. elimination of the gold standard D. aid to farmers

C. elimination of the gold standard

President Nixon took a bold diplomatic step in early 1972 when he ________. A. went to Vienna B. declared the Vietnam War over C. met with Chinese leaders in Beijing D. signed the Glasgow Accords

C. met with Chinese leaders in Beijing

Which of the following groups would not be considered "the deserving poor" by social welfare groups and humanitarians in the 1930s? A. vagrant children B. unemployed workers C. stock speculators D. single mothers

C. stock speculators

Which of the following protests was directly related to federal policies, and thus had the greatest impact in creating a negative public perception of the Hoover presidency? A. the Farm Holiday Association B. the Ford Motor Company labor strikes C. the Bonus Expeditionary Force D. the widespread appearance of "Hooverville" shantytowns

C. the Bonus Expeditionary Force

The demonstrations at Kent State University in May 1970 were held to protest what event? A. the My Lai massacre B. the North Vietnamese invasion of Saigon C. the invasion of Cambodia by U.S. forces D. the signing of a peace agreement with North Vietnam

C. the invasion of Cambodia by U.S. forces

Which of the following demands did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States? A. the right to try all Nazi war criminals in the Soviet Union B. the invasion of North Africa to help the Soviet Union's ally Iraq C. the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union D. the right to place Communist Party leaders in charge of the German government

C. the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union

Which of the following was not a founding goal of NOW? A. to gain for women all the rights enjoyed by men B. to ensure passage of the Equal Rights Amendment C. to de-criminalize the use of birth control D. to allow women to participate in all aspects of American life

C. to de-criminalize the use of birth control

What were President Carter's successes in the area of foreign policy?

Carter succeeded in improving U.S. relations with China and engaged in talks with the Soviet Union regarding limiting nuclear weapons. He called attention to human rights abuses on the parts of foreign governments. Finally, he helped Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat lay the groundwork for a peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.

What were some of the foreign policy successes of the Clinton administration?

Clinton helped to arrange peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians, and between Israel and Jordan. During his administration, the United States participated in airstrikes that helped to end Serbian aggression in the region of Kosovo and the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Which novel of the era satirized the conformity of the American middle class? A. This Side of Paradise B. The Sun Also Rises C. A Farewell to Arms D. Babbitt

D. Babbitt

Which man was both a professional baseball player and an influential evangelist during the 1920s? A. Babe Ruth B. H. L. Mencken C. Jim Thorpe D. Billy Sunday

D. Billy Sunday

Who was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean? A. Orville Wright B. Jim Thorpe C. Charlie Chaplin D. Charles Lindbergh

D. Charles Lindbergh

The Truman administration tried to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II with the ________. A. Economic Development Bank B. Atlantic Free Trade Zone C. Byrnes Budget D. Marshall Plan

D. Marshall Plan

Who founded the Crusade for Justice in Denver, Colorado in 1965? A. Reies Lopez Tijerina B. Dolores Huerta C. Larry Itliong D. Rodolfo Gonzales

D. Rodolfo Gonzales

The name of the first manmade satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was ________. A. Triton B. Cosmolskaya C. Pravda D. Sputnik

D. Sputnik

The NAACP lawyer who became known as "Mr. Civil Rights" was ________. A. Earl Warren B. Jackie Robinson C. OrvalFaubus D. Thurgood Marshall

D. Thurgood Marshall

The blue-collar workers who Nixon called "the silent majority" ________. A. fled to the suburbs to avoid integration B. wanted to replace existing social institutions with cooperatives C. opposed the war in Vietnam D. believed their opinions were overlooked in the political process

D. believed their opinions were overlooked in the political process

What type of help did the CWA provide? A. direct relief B. farm refinancing C. bank reform D. employment opportunities

D. employment opportunities

Which of the following phrases best characterizes Herbert Hoover's foreign policy agenda? A. interventionist, in terms of unwanted interference in other nations' affairs B. militaristic, in terms of strengthening American armed forces C. isolationist, in terms of preventing America's interaction with other nations D. mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

D. mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

The new protest tactic against segregation used by students in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960 was the ________. A. boycott B. guerilla theater C. teach-in D. sit-in

D. sit-in

. During the 1976 election campaign, Jimmy Carter famously promised ________. A. that he would never start a war B. that he would never be unfaithful to his wife C. that he had never smoked marijuana D. that he would never lie

D. that he would never lie

What rationale did Phyllis Schlafly and her STOP ERA movement cite when opposing the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment? A. the ERA would ultimately lead to the legalization of abortion B. the ERA provided insufficient civil rights protections for women C. mothers could not be feminists D. the ERA would end gender-specific privileges women enjoyed

D. the ERA would end gender-specific privileges women enjoyed

The agreement Gerald Ford signed with the leader of the Soviet Union that ended the territorial issues remaining from World War II was ________. A. the Moscow Communiqué B. the Beijing Treaty C. the Iceland Protocol D. the Helsinki Accords

D. the Helsinki Accords

Unwarranted wiretapping in the United States was conducted by ________. A. the FBI B. the CIA C. the New York Times D. the NSA

D. the NSA

Many Americans began to doubt that the war in Vietnam could be won following ________. A. Khe Sanh B. Dien Bien Phu C. the Tonkin Gulf incident D. the Tet Offensive

D. the Tet Offensive

Which of the following is not a goal of Obamacare (the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act)? A. to provide all Americans with access to affordable health insurance B. to require that everyone in the United States acquire some form of health insurance C. to lower the costs of healthcare D. to increase employment in the healthcare industry

D. to increase employment in the healthcare industry

During World War II, unionized workers agreed ________. A. to work without pay B. to go without vacations or days off C. to live near the factories to save time commuting D. to keep production going by not striking

D. to keep production going by not striking

The belief that cutting taxes for the rich will eventually result in economic benefits for the poor is commonly referred to as ________. A. socialism B. pork barrel politics C. Keynesian economics D. trickle-down economics

D. trickle-down economics

Which of the following hardships did African Americans not typically face during the Great Depression? A. lower farm wages in the South B. the belief that white workers needed jobs more than their black counterparts C. white workers taking historically "black" jobs, such as maids and janitors D. widespread race riots in large urban centers

D. widespread race riots in large urban centers

What are the pros and cons of school vouchers?

Giving vouchers to public school students enables them to pay to attend better-performing charter or private schools. However, school vouchers take money and good students away from public schools, making it more difficult for those schools to improve.

How did Henry Ford transform the automobile industry?

Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry by making the car affordable to the average person. In order to accomplish this, he refused to allow workers to unionize, instituted an eight-hour workday, raised workers' wages, promoted equal pay for black and white workers and for women; and used assembly lines to facilitate production. The automobile thus became a symbol of middle-class life, rather than a luxury good available only to the wealthy.

What attempts did Hoover make to offer federal relief? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programs?

Hoover formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932, which only provided little help. the RFC set aside $2 billion to rescue banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. He also endorsed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, which provided $1.5 billions too states to fund local public works projects.

What was the significance of Shelley v. Kraemer?

In 1948, in Shelley v. Kraemer, the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts could not enforce real estate covenants that restricted the purchase or sale of property based on race. In 1950, the NAACP brought a case before the U.S. Supreme Court that they hoped would help to undermine the concept of "separate but equal" as espoused in the 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, which gave legal sanction to segregated school systems.

What were some of the primary values of the Moral Majority?

Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority believed the country was drifting ever further toward immorality. The evidence they cited included the legalization of abortion, the feminist movement, and sex education in public schools.

What steps did Kennedy take to combat Communism?

Kennedy's economic development programs, supported by the Peace Corps, were intended to reduce poverty in developing nations so their citizens would be less attracted to Communism. After the Bay of Pigs invasion failed to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro, Kennedy demanded that the Soviet Union remove intermediate-range missiles from Cuba. He also increased support for the anti-Communist government in South Vietnam and sent advisors and troops to train the South Vietnamese army.

How did the message of Black Power advocates differ from that of more mainstream civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King, Jr.?

King and his followers strove for racial integration and the political inclusion of African Americans. They also urged for the use of nonviolent tactics to achieve their goals. Black Power advocates, in contrast, believed that African Americans should seek solutions without the aid of whites. Many also promoted black separatism and accepted the use of violence.

What were American women's contributions to the war effort?

Many American women joined the armed forces, where they served as nurses, repaired and piloted airplanes, drove trucks, and performed clerical duties. Women in civilian life assumed occupations, often in the defense industries, that would have gone to men in times of peace. Women who did not take on wartime employment also contributed by recycling scarce materials, buying war bonds, planning meals using rationed foods, and generally making do with less.

What caused the rifts in the Democratic Party in the 1968 election?

Many Democrats disliked the fact that Hubert Humphrey had won the Party's nomination, even though he had done poorly in all the primaries. In November, many who had supported antiwar candidates Eugene McCarthy and the late Robert Kennedy refused to vote. Others voted for segregationist George Wallace. Some working-class Democrats also voted for Richard Nixon.

What was the economic outlook of the average American when Herbert Hoover took office in 1929?

Most Americans believed that their prosperity would continue. The stock market continued to flourish, prompting many Americans—including those who had never done so before—to invest their savings and hope for the best.

What were the elements of Ronald Reagan's plan for economic reform?

Reagan planned to cut taxes for the wealthy in the hope that these taxpayers would then invest their surplus money in business; this, Reagan believed, would reduce unemployment. Reagan also sought to raise interest rates to curb inflation, cut federal spending on social programs, and deregulate industry. Finally, Reagan hoped—but ultimately failed—to balance the federal budget.

What did Roosevelt mean to achieve with his demand for Germany and Japan's unconditional surrender?

Roosevelt believed that his demand for an unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan would serve several purposes: It would provide reassurance to the Soviet Union of the nation's loyalty, prepare the Axis nations for a complete postwar transformation, and prevent any other nations from engaging in negotiations that would undermine the Big Three's plans for the defeated belligerents.

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's efforts on behalf of German Jews in the 1930s. How was he able to help, and in what ways did his actions come up short?

Roosevelt recalled the American ambassador from Germany. However, he made no move to relax national immigration quotas, which would have allowed persecuted German Jews to take refuge in the United States. He failed to support legislation that would have enabled Jewish children to enter the country. He also refused to intervene when a ship carrying German refugees, most of whom were Jewish, was turned away from Cuba and looked to the United States for help.

What was the purpose of Roosevelt's "Brains Trust?"

Roosevelt recruited his "Brains Trust" to advise him in his inception of a variety of relief and recovery programs. Among other things, the members of this group pushed for a new national tax policy; addressed the nation's agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable. These advisors helped to craft the legislative programs that Roosevelt presented to Congress.

What was agreed to at the armistice talks between North and South Korea?

The Chinese and North Koreans insisted that their prisoners be returned to them, but many of these men did not wish to be repatriated. Finally, an armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. A border between North and South Korea, one quite close to the original thirty-eighth parallel line, was agreed upon. A demilitarized zone between the two nations was established, and both sides agreed that prisoners of war would be allowed to choose whether to be returned to their homelands. Five million people died in the three-year conflict. Of these, around 36,500 were U.S. soldiers; a majority were Korean civilians.

How did the GI Bill help veterans return to civilian life? What were its limitations?

The GI Bill provided returning veterans with a year of unemployment compensation, so they did not have to worry about finding jobs immediately. It allowed them to receive low-interest loans to buy homes or start businesses, and it paid for tuition for those who wished to attend college or vocational school. However, African American veterans could use their educational benefits only to attend schools that accepted Black students, and some Mexican American veterans had difficulty gaining access to their benefits. Also, because those who had received a dishonorable discharge were not eligible, thousands of gay and lesbian servicemen and women who had been dishonorably discharged for their sexual orientation were unable to receive benefits.

What was the Harlem Renaissance, and who were some of the most famous participants?

The Harlem Renaissance was a rediscovery and celebration of black culture and race pride. Within this context, black literature and art flourished. Writers such as Claude McKay, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston created fiction and poetry that spoke directly to the experiences of black Americans. Meanwhile, black scholars and political leaders, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey, created new social and political ideologies and defined a distinct national identity for African Americans.

What were the major goals and accomplishments of the Indian New Deal?

The Indian Reorganization Act, or Indian New Deal, of 1934 put an end to the policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Rather than encouraging assimilation, the new act promoted Native American's development of local self-government and the preservation of Native American artifacts and heritage. John Collier, the Commissioner on Indian Bureau Affairs, was able to use the law to push for federal officials' return of nearly two million acres of government-held land to various tribes.

How did the NRA seek to protect workers? What difficulties did this agency face?

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established a "code of fair practice" for every industry. Business owners were made to accept a set minimum wage and maximum number of work hours, as well as to recognize workers' rights to organize and use collective bargaining. While the NRA established over five hundred different codes, it proved difficult to adapt this plan successfully for diverse industries with very different characteristics and practices.

What has Barack Obama done to make college education more accessible?

The Obama administration has sought to make higher education more accessible by increasing the amount of money that students can receive under the federally funded Pell Grant Program, which helps millions pay for college. Obama also worked out a compromise with Congress in 2013 that lowered the interest rates charged on student loans.

In what ways did the U.S. government attempt to deny the rights of prisoners taken in Afghanistan and Iraq?

The United States denied the rights of prisoners captured in Afghanistan and Iraq by imprisoning and interrogating them outside of the United States, where they were not protected by U.S. law. The U.S. also classified these prisoners as "unlawful combatants," so that they would not be entitled to the protections of the Geneva Conventions.

In what types of unethical and illegal activities did the White House plumbers and the "dirty tricks" squad engage?

The White House plumbers spied on Nixon's political opponents and engineered ways to embarrass them. They attempted to locate information with which to discredit Daniel Ellsberg by stealing files from the office of his psychiatrist, and they broke into DNC headquarters in the Watergate complex with the intention of wiretapping the phones.

What was the result of the Bush administration's unwillingness to recognize that climate change is being accelerated by human activity?

The administration refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, and, as a result, the United States has not been required to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Meanwhile, climate scientists have experienced interference with their work. For critics of climate change, this hampering of scientific research and consensus has provided further evidence of the lack of agreed-upon conclusions about climate change.

In what ways did the birth control pill help to liberate women?

The birth control pill enabled women to prevent or delay pregnancy, and thus marriage, and to limit the number of children they had. The freedom to control their reproduction also allowed women more opportunity to pursue higher education and work for pay outside the home.

How did suburbanization help the economy?

The construction of houses meant more work for people in the construction trades, including plumbers and electricians, and for those who worked in the lumber and appliance industries. The growth of the suburbs also led to a boom in the manufacture and sale of automobiles, which, in turn, created jobs for those in the steel, rubber, and oil industries.

What were the phases of the Holocaust?

The first prison camps for Jews and other "enemies" of the Nazis were built in Germany in 1933. Following the invasion of eastern Europe, more camps, including extermination camps, were built in areas conquered by the Nazis. People, primarily Jews, were shipped to these camps from throughout Nazi-controlled Europe.

In what ways did the New Deal both provide direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs served each of these goals?

The most prominent of Roosevelt's job-creation programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act). Both employed millions of Americans to work on thousands of projects. While programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority were not incepted solely for the purpose of generating jobs, they nevertheless created thousands of employment opportunities in service of their greater goals. Direct relief came primarily in the form of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which lent over $3 billion to states to operate direct relief programs from 1933 to 1935, as well as undertook several employment projects.

Why did the prohibition amendment fail after its adoption in 1919?

The prohibition amendment failed due to its infeasibility. It lacked both public support and funds for its enforcement. It also lessened Americans' respect for law and order, and sparked a rise in unlawful activities, such as illegal alcohol production and organized crime.

What was the platform of the Second Ku Klux Klan, and in what activities did they engage to promote it?

The reincarnated Ku Klux Klan championed an anti-Black, anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic, and anti-Jewish philosophy, and promoted the spread of Protestant beliefs. The Klan publicly denounced the groups they despised and continued to engage in activities such as cross-burning, violence, and intimidation, despite their public commitment to nonviolent tactics. Women's groups within the Klan also participated in various types of reform, such as advocating the prohibition of alcohol and distributing Bibles in public schools.

How did the actions of the Johnson administration improve the lives of African Americans?

The social programs of the Great Society, such as Medicaid, job training programs, and rent subsidies, helped many poor African Americans. All African American citizens were aided by the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended discrimination in employment and prohibited segregation in public accommodations; the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited literacy tests and other racially discriminatory restrictions on voting; and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, which outlawed discrimination in housing.

Why might President Truman have made the decision to drop the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?

Truman wanted to end the war quickly and save lives by avoiding an invasion of the Japanese home islands. However, he might have achieved this by waiting for a definitive response from Japan following the bombing of Hiroshima. Truman may also have wanted to demonstrate America's power to the Soviet Union and hoped that the unleashing of his nuclear arsenal would send a strong message to Stalin.

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