US History Basics - FSOT

Corporatization of America

decline of small business, newspapers, car manufacturers which caused railroad to decline into bkcy, gov took it over,

spoils system aka patronage system; political party, gives government jobs to its supporters, friends and relatives as a REWARD for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

derived from the phrase "to the victor belong the spoils" by New York Senator William L. Marcy,referring to the victory of the Jackson Democrats in the election of 1828; Similar spoils systems are common in other nations that traditionally have been based on tribal organization or other kinship groups and localism in general.

Economy Act act proposed by FDR to balance federal budget by cutting the salaries of gov employees and reducing pensions to veterans by as much as 15%;

designed to convince the public, and moreover the business community, that the federal government was in the hands of no radical - further restored confidences

Civil Rights Groups

designed, led, organized and manned by African Americans, although had white supporters; the movement was based on peaceful resistance with a few exceptions and not monolithic, in the sense that it was a dispersed, grass-roots campaign attacking segregation in many places; leadership role of black churches natural extension of historical role offering members opportunity to participate in ways society denied them - a base for powerful speakers

Samuel Gompers elected president of AFL at founding convention and re-elected every year except one til he died; "keep it simple" mantra to avoid pitfalls of more radical Knights of Labor/National Labor,

diehard capitalist, learned issues workers cared about were personal Bread and Butter issues of higher wages and better working conditions London-born to family of Jewish cigar-makers, came to US during Civil War, became head of local cigarmakers' union at age of 27;

Battle of the Aleutian Islands

diversionary plan for Battle of Midway, Japanese took control of two Aleutian Islands, Attu and Kiska. Because their ciphers were broken, the American forces only drove the Japanese out after Midway.

1968 and Breakup of the Democratic Party The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968. The Republican nominee, former Vice President Richard Nixon, won the election over the Democratic nominee, incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Nixon ran on a campaign that promised to restore law and order to the nation's cities, torn by riots and crime. Analysts have argued the election of 1968 is a realigning election as it permanently disrupted the New Deal Coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years. Coming four years after Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won in a historic landslide, the election saw the incumbent president forced out of the race and a Republican elected for the first time in twelve years. It was a wrenching national experience, conducted during a year of violence that included the assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and subsequent race riots across the nation, the assassination of Democratic presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy, widespread opposition to the Vietnam War across university campuses, and violent confrontations between police and anti-war protesters at the 1968 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic party split again and again. The election featured the strongest third party effort since the 1912 presidential election by former Alabama Governor George Wallace. Wallace was a vocal advocate for racial segregation in public schools - a position which gained much popularity in his home state, and across much of the Deep South. Because Wallace's campaign opposed federal intervention in the South to end school segregation, he carried the Deep South and ran well in ethnic enclave industrial districts in the North. This was the last election in which New York had the most votes in the electoral college (43 votes). After the 1970 census, California gained the most electoral votes and has remained the most populous state since then. This was also the last election where at least one state was carried by a third-party candidate. (John Hospers received an electoral vote from Virginia in the next election but did not carry any states.) This is the most recent election where the victorious national ticket failed to carry the vice presidential candidate's home state. It is also the first (and as of 2012 only) election where an incumbent vice president ran against a former vice president for the presidency.

divide between pro- and anti-war Americans continued long after the conclusion of the war and became another factor leading to the "culture wars" that increasingly divides Americans, continuing into the 21st century;

Plymouth Rock

does exist, but was installed or discovered later and Pilgrim didn't land at it, but did land at Plymouth

Conservative Coalition unofficial Congressional coalition bringing together a conservative majority of the Republican Party and the conservative, mostly Southern, wing of the Democratic Party;

dominant in Congress from 1937 to 1963 and remained a political force until the mid-1980s, eventually dying out in the 1990s when few conservative Democrats remained in Congress.

Dot-Com Bubble . . . Bursts 2000 to 2001 saw the dramatic bursting of the dot-com bubble; Excitement over the prospects of Internet stocks had led to huge increases in the major indexes. However, dozens of start-up Internet companies failed as many of the lofty promises heralded by the new world of the Web failed to materialize.

downturn began on March 13, 2000, triggering a chain reaction of selling that fed on itself as investors, funds, and institutions liquidated positions. In just six days, the NASDAQ had lost nearly nine percent, falling to 4,580 on March 15. By 2001, the bubble was deflating at full speed. A majority of the dot-coms ceased trading after burning through their venture capital, many having never made a profit

US Post-Cold War Economic Sanctions

e.g. arms sales to China embargoed after violent suppression of Tiananmen Square and sanctions on Iraq after invasion of Kuwait, or on Iran and Cuba which only punished foreign co's violating terms of US's own laws.

1942 "Declaration of United Nations" by the Allies of World War II

earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939; drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins, while meeting at the White House, 29 December 1941 incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.

Progressives

early progressives rejected Social Darwinism, believed gov could solve problems with education, safety and efficient workplaces, lived mainly in cities and were college educated; nationally leaders like T. Rooseevelt took up the cause, movement ended when Americans associated Woodrow's use of progressive language - "the war to make the world safe for democracy" -with devastation of WWI.

Supply Side Economics giving the rich more money, deregs and tax breaks; Reagan's Economic policy Supply-side economists were against the welfare state built up by the Great Society. They asserted that the woes of the U.S. economy were in large part a result of excessive taxation, which "crowded out" money away from private investors and thus stifled economic growth. The solution, they argued, was to cut taxes across the board, particularly in the upper income brackets, in order to encourage private investment. They also aimed to reduce government spending on welfare and social services geared toward the poorer sectors of society which had built up during the 1960s.

economics theory built around the idea that by giving the rich enough money, tax breaks and deregulation, they will be freed from the constraints that allegedly prevent them from expanding their businesses and hiring more people.

Eisenhower Truman's third term hopes were dashed by a poor showing in the 1952 primaries;Republican Eisenhower, the famous wartime general, won a landslide in the 1952 presidential election by campaigning against Truman's failures in terms of "Communism, Korea and Corruption." Eisenhower remained popular and largely avoided partisan politics; he was reelected by a landslide in 1956.

elected as a moderate Republican, bringing along a Republican Congress; ended the Korean war, maintained the peace in Asia and the Middle East, and worked smoothly with NATO allies in Europe while keeping the policy of containing Communism rather than trying to roll it back; expanded Social Security and did not try to repeal the remaining New Deal programs; launched the interstate highway system using a tax on gasoline that dramatically improved the nation's transportation infrastructure; Democrats, who regained Congress in 1954 and made large gains in 1958; but were on good terms with Eisenhower in foreign and domestic policy; His farewell address to the nation warned of the dangers of a growing "military industrial complex." The economy was generally healthy, apart from a sharp economic recession in 1958.

1980's "Oil Glut" coined by NY Times, virtual Collapse of the OPEC Cartel; a serious surplus of crude oil caused by falling demand following the 1970s Energy Crisis; glut began in the early 1980s as a result of slowed economic activity in industrial countries (due to the crises of the 1970s, especially in 1973 and 1979) and the energy conservation spurred by high fuel prices;

enabled the Reagan administration to alter its tight money policies, to the consternation of conservative monetarist economists, who began pressing for a reduction of interest rates and an expansion of the money supply, in effect subordinating concern about inflation (which now seemed under control) to concern about unemployment and declining investment; led to economic recovery in US

Civil Rights Act 1964 landmark piece of civil rights legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; enforcement powers initially weak, but supplemented later,

enacted principally under Commercial Clause - Art. 1, sec. 8 and duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection under 14th Amendment, as well as duty to protect voting rights under 15th Amendment; ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public - known as "public accommodations".

Fifth Party System aka New Deal Party System

era of realignment in American national politics that began with the New Deal in 1933 following the Great Depression; heavily Democratic through 1964 and mostly Republican at the presidential level since 1968, with the Senate switching back and forth after 1980; Democrats controlled the House of Representatives for all but four years between 1930 and 1994, but Republicans controlled the chamber for all but four years after that. Of the twenty presidential elections since 1932, the Democrats won 7 of the first 9 (through 1964), with Democratic control of Congress as the norm; while the Republicans won 7 of the 12 since 1968, with divided government as the norm. end in dispute, maybe 1960's with New Deal coalition end, early 80's when Moral Majority formed, or possibly continues to present

Jim Crow Laws

established after the Compromise of 1877, White supremacists created a segregated society through "Jim Crow Laws" that made blacks second-class citizens with very little political power or public voice.

Great Depression: Great Lake States

farmers had been experiencing depressed market conditions for their crops since the end of WWI; Many family farms that had already been mortgaged during the 1920s to "get through until better times" were foreclosed

Francis Marion

father of gurerilla warfare, credited in lineage of US Army Rangers, known as "swamp fox"

Missouri Compromise Free state/slave state issue brought to a head when Louisiana Territory was purchased

federal statute, under Prez Monroe, that regulated slavery in western territories; devised by Henry Clay, agreed to by pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in Congress, passed as law in 1820 prohibited slavery in former Louisiana territory north of parallel 36°30′ north, EXCEPT WITHIN PROPOSED STATE OF MISSOURI

Hundred Day Offensive

final period of the First World War, Allies launched a series of offensives against the Central Powers on the Western Front August - November 1918, beginning with the Battle of Amiens and pushed Germans out of France, forcing them to retreat beyond the Hindenburg Line; was followed by an armistice; does not refer to a specific battle or unified strategy, but rather the rapid series of Allied victories starting with the Battle of Amiens after 2nd battle of Marnes.

AFL

first federation of labor unions in the United States; 1886, founded in Columbus, OH, by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor; largest union grouping for first half of 20th century; 1955 merged with rival CIO, most influential labor federation in US history

Bessamer Steel 1851 or 1856 invention resulted in Second Industrial Revolution and US as World Power

first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron prior to the open hearth furnace; removes impurities from iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron; oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten;

Crispus Attucks

first killed in "Boston Massacre" , son of an African father and a Natick Indian mother, former slave who had gone to sea for 20 years to escape slavery

Post-Soviet States aka former Soviet Union or former Soviet Republics; emerged from dissolution of USSR in 1991 with Russia internationally recognized as successor state to Soviet Union;

first three were Baltic states which claimed continuity from original states prior to Soviet annexation; the other 12 states formed CIS and most joined CSTO, while Baltics allied with EU and NATO. Post-Soviet states in English alphabetical order: 1. Armenia; 2. Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7. Kyrgyzstan; 8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12. Tajikistan; 13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan

Seneca Falls Convention

first women's rights convention; organized by Female Quakers organized along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton; presented two prepared documents, the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions which caused much controversy; Frederick Douglas in attendance

Clayton Anti-Trust Act sponsored by Wilson Admin.

forbade many corporate practices that had thus far escaped specific condemnation—interlocking directorates, price discrimination among purchasers, use of the injunction in labor disputes and ownership by one corporation of stock in similar enterprises; trust issues faded from politics

1776 Declaration of Independence

formally adopted by Congress; proposed by Richard Lee to: 1) declare colonies independent 2) form foreign alliances 3) prepare a plan of confederation written by TJ, left out anti-slavery provisions to keep the peace

Treaty of San Francisco aka Treaty of Peace with Japan, aka Peace Treaty of San Francisco, aka San Francisco Peace Treaty 1951 between Japan and Allied Powers, officially ended WWII, made extensive use of UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals.

formally ended Japan's position as an imperial power, allocated compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who suffered Japanese war crimes, and ended Allies military occupation and returned sovereignty to Japan. also introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan due to its lack of specificity as to what country Taiwan was to be surrendered, and hence some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that sovereignty of Taiwan is really still held by the Allies particularly the US.

German Army collapses

forms parliamentary government, navy revolts, kaiser abdicates and Germany begins peace talks based on Wilson's 14pts. Austria asks Italy for armistice and surrenders.

SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference

founded in 1957, coordinated and raised funds, mostly from northern sources, for local protests and for the training of black leaders.

Great Depression: South

fragile economy collapsed further; rural workers and sharecroppers migrated north by train with hopes to work in auto plants around Detroit.

e pluribus unum latin motto on US 's Great Seal: Out of Many One

from Horace's Epistles --refers to creation of one nation out of 13 colonies --suggested by Franklin, John Adams, and Jefferson --law requires that mott appear on one side of every US coin minted

NAFTA agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and US , creating a trilateral rules-based trade bloc in North America in force 1/1/1994; superseded the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement between CN and US only;

goal to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the three; implementation immediately eliminated tarriffs on more than 1/2 of Mexican imports to US and more than 1/3 US exports to Mexico and within 10 years ALL US-Mexico tariffs eliminated except for some US agricultural exports to be phased out within 15 yrs; most US-Canada trade already duty free; NAFTA also seeks to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property right of the products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the interstate resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC).

The Fourth Party System aka Progressive Era 1896-1932, political re-alignment, began with severe depression of 1893 and McKinley election, dominated by Republicans, included the Progressive Era, World War I, and start of Great Depression

government regulation of railroads and large corporations ("trusts"), the money issue (gold versus silver), the protective tariff, labor unions, child labor, need for a new banking system, corruption in party politics, primary elections, direct election of senators, racial segregation, efficiency in government, women's suffrage, and control of immigration Foreign policy centered on the 1898 Spanish-American War, Imperialism, the Mexican Revolution, World War I, and the creation of the League of Nations Presidents: McKinley, Rooselvelt, Wilson, Bryan (3x), and LaFollette (not a prez!)

Charles Lee

had ambitions to become Commander in Chief of Continental Army, but job went to Washington fought for British in Seven Years Wars aka French and Indian and fought in the Polish army of King Stanislaus II

German Spy Ring

head of German propaganda in US leaves suitcase on NY subway train filled with info about existence of a German spy ring, found by secret service and released to press

Cowboys & Great Cattle Drives Myth/legend began in Texas where cattle grew wild with few natural enemies; entered twenty-year golden age, 1866-1886, the era of the open range and the great cattle drives.

high price of beef up North, where Union armies had exhausted the supply and the urbanizing East ready market; in 1866 they began moving long lines of longhorns north to railhead at Sedalia, Missouri Opposition from Indians & farmers, cattle diseases and trampling crop, cowboys killed and cattle stolen by outlaws

Truman Doctrine United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces; reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

immediate cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British Government that it would no longer provide military and economic assistance to the Greek Government in its civil war against the Greek Communist Party; Truman asked Congress to support the Greek Government against the Communists; He also asked Congress to provide assistance for Turkey, since that nation, too, had previously been dependent on British aid.

Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act which implemented several new financial regulations to prevent another major financial crisis, and the

implements changes that, among other things, affect the oversight and supervision of financial institutions, provide for a new resolution procedure for large financial companies, create a new agency responsible for implementing and enforcing compliance with consumer financial laws, introduce more stringent regulatory capital requirements, effect significant changes in the regulation of over the counter derivatives, reform the regulation of credit rating agencies, implement changes to corporate governance and executive compensation practices, incorporate the Volcker Rule, require registration of advisers to certain private funds, and effect significant changes in the securitization market. Although the legislation calls for a number of studies to be conducted and requires significant rule-making, we all will be required to be intimately acquainted with the Dodd-Frank Act.

Adamson Act sponsored by Wilson Admin.

imposed 8hr workday for railroad workers, averted railroad strike; solidified the ties b/tw labor unions and the Democratic party

USS Maine

in 1898 explodes and sinks in a Havana harbor; cause was not known, but many blame Spain.

Japanese Air strategy

in theory good, in practice very bad, equipment deteriorated rapidly due to poor airfields and incompetent maintenance, ground commanders ignored need for air superiority until too late, wasted air assets defending minor positions, always on the offensive destroying their crafts

Post-War Poverty and Inequality between one-fifth to one-fourth of the population could not survive on the income they earned; older generation of Americans did not benefit as much from the postwar economic boom especially as many had never recovered financially from the loss of their savings during the Great Depression; the average 35-year old in 1959 owned a better house and car than the average 65-year old, who typically had nothing but a small Social Security pension for an income;

individuals who earned more than $10,000 (high middle class) a year paid a lower proportion of their income in taxes than those who earned less than $2,000 a year; 60% of black families lived below the poverty level (defined in one study as below $3000 in 1968 dollars), compared with 23% of white families; 60% of black families lived below the poverty level (defined in one study as below $3000 in 1968 dollars), compared with 23% of white families.

Sitting Bull Lakota holy man leader, who had a vision in which he saw the defeat of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer before Battle of Little Bighorn

inspired his people to a major victory; Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain, North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan), where he remained until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to US territory and surrendered to U.S. forces. after returning home from performing with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement

Wobblies aka Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); "revolutionary industrial unionism," with ties to both socialist and anarchist labor movements,

international, radical labor union formed in 1905; union combines general unionism with industrial unionism, being a general union itself whose members are further organized within the industry of their employment;

Okinawa Horrendous losses and combat on Okinawa led to the decision to use the atomic bomb to induce surrender

last major battle of the Pacific Theater and the Second World War; largest land-sea-air battle in history and was noted for the ferocity of the fighting and the high civilian casualties with over 150,000 Okinawans losing their lives island was to become a staging area for the eventual invasion of Japan since it was just 350 miles (550 km) south of the Japanese mainland; Japanese kamikaze pilots caused the largest loss of ships in U.S. naval history

Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor . . . and Philippines, Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, in the United States Territory of Hawaii, December 7, 1941

led to the US' entry into World War II; intended to keep U.S. Pacific Fleet out of military actions in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the UK; the Netherlands, and the US. simultaneous Japanese attacks on U.S.-held Philippines and British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong.

Dry Summer of 1886 and Winter 1886-1887 destroyed what remained of open-range cattle industry, cowboys forced to work unmounted, mended fences applying meds to sick cows, etc.

limited movement along his own water/property line, no more cattle driving to Abilene or Dodge; rodeos began to gain in popularity as way cowboys could practice skills, sell cattle, etc.

Tenth Amendment

limits the power of federal government by reserving for the states all powers that are not explicitly granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor denied to the states. counterbalances Article VI, which invests the federal government with ultimate legislative authority and guarantees any powers not specifically delegated to fed or denied to states to rest with the states or the people.

Promontory Summit, Utah

location where the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was officially completed on May 10, 1869; where Central Pacific line from San Fran joined with Union Pacific Line from Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Overvalued Dollar and Balance of Trade Most alarmingly, Reagan-era deficits were keeping the U.S. dollar overvalued; with such a high demand for dollars due in large measure to government borrowing, it achieved an alarming strength against other major currencies making American exports became increasingly uncompetitive, with Japan as the leading beneficiary.

made it difficult for foreigners to buy American goods and encouraged Americans to buy imports, coming at a high price to the industrial export sector; Steel and other heavy industries declined due to excessive demands by labor unions and outdated technology that made them unable to compete with Japanese imports; On the bright side, the upstart computer industry flourished during the 1980s.

Battle of the Bulge largest and bloodiest battle fought by US in WWII.; coined by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps

major German offensive campaign launched through the densely forested Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France, and Luxembourg on the Western Front toward the end of World War II in Europe; US bore brunt of surprise attack and incurred highest casualties during the war, Germans also sustained heavy losses from which it would not recover

Battle of Guadalcanal iconic episode in the annals of American military history, underscoring heroic bravery of underequipped individuals in fierce combat with a determined foe; Guadalcanal made it clear to the Americans that the Japanese would fight to the bitter end

major US victory, first major Allied offensive of the war in the Pacific Theater; key to the Solomon Islands which both sides saw as strategically essential; Japanese inable to keep pace with US reinforcements decided the outcome; as would happen many times, Japanese logistical support system failed, 10k were killed, 10k starved to death, and the remaining 10k were evacuated 1943.

North German Plain

major geographical regions of Germany; German part of North European Plain; bounded by the coasts of the North Sea and Baltic Sea to the north and Germany's Central Uplands (die Mittelgebirge) to the south.

Idle House Wife Aside from the unfolding Civil Rights Movement, women had been forced out of factories at the end of WWII for returning veterans;

many chafed at the social expectations of being an idle stay-at-home housewife who cooked, cleaned, shopped, and tended to children. Alcohol and pill abuse was not uncommon among American women during the 1950s, something quite contrary to the idyllic image presented in TV shows such as Leave It To Beaver, Ozzy and Harriet, and Father Knows Best.

Post-WWI Urbanization

many returning veterans did not remain "down on the farm"; there was a great migration of youth from farms to nearby towns and smaller cities; average distance moved was only 10 miles; agriculture became increasingly mechanized with widespread use of the tractor, other heavy equipment, and superior techniques disseminated through County Agents, who were employed by state agricultural colleges and funded by the Federal government.

Battle of Chickamauga; Sep 19, 1863 Confederates 7 - Union 2 Union General William Rosecrans is defeated by Confederate General Braxton Bragg at the Battle of Chickamauga, in Tennessee.

marked the end of a Union offensive, Chickamauga Campaign, in southeast TN and northwest Georgia; most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of the American Civil War; second highest number of casualties in the war following the Battle of Gettysburg; first major battle of the war that was fought in Georgia.

1982 Sabra and Shatila Massacre - Perhaps as many as 762-3500 unarmed civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites, were massacred in Sabra and Shatila Palestinian refugee camps in Beirut, Lebanon by a militia close to Kataeb Party, also called Phalange, a predominantly Christian Lebanese right-wing party and allies to Israeli Defense Forces. IDF had given them orders to clear out all PLO fighters in the camps part of the IDF maneuvering into West Beirut; IDF received reports of some of the Phalanges atrocities in Sabra and Shatila but failed to stop them; UN condemnation of the terror as an act of genocide for which Israel the camp's occupying power bore responsibility and international embarrassment led to resignation of Ariel Sharon, then Defense Minister.

massacre was presented as retaliation for the assassination of newly elected Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel, the leader of the Lebanese Kataeb Party. It was wrongly assumed that Palestinian militants had carried out the assassination. In June 1982, the Israel Defence Forces had invaded Lebanon with the intention of rooting out the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Various forces — Israeli, Phalangists and possibly also the South Lebanon Army (SLA) — were in the vicinity of Sabra and Shatila at the time of the slaughter, taking advantage of the fact that the Multinational Force had removed barracks and mines that had encircled Beirut's predominantly Muslim neighborhoods and kept the Israelis at bay during the Beirut siege; The Israeli advance over West Beirut in the wake of the PLO withdrawal, which enabled the Phalangist raid, was considered a violation of the ceasefire agreement between the various forces.The Israeli Army surrounded Sabra and Shatila and stationed troops at the exits of the area to prevent camp residents from leaving and, at the Phalangists' request, fired illuminating flares at night.

Great Sioux War 1876 aka Black Hills War Gold broke the delicate peace with the Sioux. In 1874, a scientific exploration group led by GENERAL GEORGE ARMSTRONG CUSTER discovered the precious metal in the heart of the BLACK HILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA.

masses of prospectors came looking to get rich quick, despite the treaty protections that awarded that land to the Sioux. SITTING BULL and CRAZY HORSE, the local Indian leaders, decided to take up arms to defend their dwindling land supply. Among the many battles and skirmishes of the war was the Battle of the Little Bighorn,

Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 Sherman intended order to be a temporary measure to address a immediate problem, and not to grant permanent ownership of the land to the freedmen, although most of the recipients assumed otherwise.

military orders issued during the American Civil War, provided for the confiscation of 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) of land along the Atlantic coast of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and the dividing of it into 40 acres (0.16 km2) parcels, on which were to be settled approximately 18,000 freed and other Blacks living in the area. The orders were issued following Sherman's March to the Sea and were intended to address immediate problem of dealing with the tens of thousands of black refugees who had joined Sherman's march in search of protection and sustenance, and "to assure the harmony of action in the area of operations".

Althing

national parliament/general assembly of Iceland; oldest extant parliamentary institution in the world together with Jamtamot, Sweden; founded in 930 Assembly Fields or Parliament Plains 45km east of Reykjavik; founding began Icelandic Commonwealth which made union 1262 with Norway.

Confederate Supreme Court System

never formed because of instability

Nassar's Positive Neutrality Nassar rapidly built power base and played Soviets and Americans against each other, claiming "positive neutrality" and accepting aid from Soviets;

new found strength had potential to shape leadership outcomes in neighboring Arab countries, including Iraq and Saudi Arabia causing concerns over the destiny of the US oil supply during the Cold War; However, Nasser's relationship with the Soviet leaders ultimately deteriorated, allowing the U.S. to switch to a policy of accommodation; The Eisenhower Doctrine was a backflip against the previous policy, however — the U.S. now had the burden of military action in the Middle East to itself.

Strategic Bombing of Japan flammability of Japan's large cities, and the concentration of munitions production there, made strategic bombing the favorite strategy of the Americans from 1941 onward;

new leader, brilliant, indefatigable, hard-charging General Curtis LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics: remove the machine guns and gunners, fly in low at night when Japanese radar, fighter, and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers. Fires raged through the cities, and millions of civilians fled to the mountains.

Jazz Age symbolized the popularity of new musics and dances forms, which attracted younger people in all the large cities as the older generation worried about the threat of looser sexual standards as suggested by the uninhibited "flapper." In every locality, Hollywood discovered an audience for its silent films. It was an [15][16]

new musics and dance forms hit large cities, generation gaps in attitudes as older generation worried about the threat of looser sexual standards as suggested by the uninhibited "flapper." Hollywood produced popular silent films, age of celebrity and heroes, with movie stars, boxers, home run hitters, tennis aces, and football standouts grabbing widespread attention.

First Industrial Revolution from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840; transition to new manufacturing processes; changed from wood and other bio-fuels to coals; Textiles were dominant industry for employment, output, and capital invested.

new processes included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools;

Technology Boom based on innovation, intact natural resources, mass-production, and borrowing from Germans

occurred due to the experience of the war; manufacturing had made enormous strides and produced consumer goods in quantities and sophistication unseen before 1945; Acquisition of technology from occupied Germany also proved an asset, as it was sometimes more advanced than its American counterpart, especially in the optics and audio equipment fields.

Salient a piece of one's country or section of fortification that is surrounded on all three sides by neighboring countries or territories;

odd shape on political map makes salient vulnerable; usu. result of arbitrarily drawn international or subnational boundaries, although the location of some administrative borders takes into account other considerations such as economic ties or topography.

James Otis:

one of the most fiery of the Boston radicals, pamphlets declaring the rights of the colonists and introducing the phrase: "NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION" --attended 1765 Stamp Act Congress, by 1771 behavior increasingly erratic, family had to cart him off to country fare with bouts of madness and he was in and out of asylums

Smoot Hawley Tariff Act aka Tariff Act of 1930 advocated for and passed by Republicans, import tariffs highest in 100 years, ensuing retaliatory tariffs trading partners, reduced exports and imports by more than half

only Tariff of 1828 slightly higher; "contributed to the depth and length of the global Depression" per Bernanke; "made it virtually impossible for anyone to sell anything in America, and. . . spread the Great Depression around the world." Reagan

First Red Scare period during 1919 - 1920 marked by a widespread fear of Bolshevism and anarchism, due to real and imagined events, as well as stated goal of worldwide communist revolution;

origins in: 1. hyper-nationalism of WWI and Russian Revolution; 2. perceived threat of Communist actions of organized labor, e.g. Seattle General Strike and Boston Police Strike 3. bomb campaigns directed by anarchist groups at political and business leaders; 4. growing xenophobia from anti-immigation nativist movement; ended in the middle of 1920, after Atty Gen. Palmer forecast a massive radical uprising on May Day and the day passed without incident.

Yellow Journalism presents little or no legitimate well-researched news; uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers; includes exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism.

ost famous example when Pulitzer and Hearst flamed the flames of US entry into the Spanish-American War due to sensationalist stories or exaggerations of the terrible conditions in Cuba; but most Americans didn't get there news from them - so may not have been so influential famous quote attributed to Hearst to his journalist in Cuba: "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."

Execution of the Rosenbergs Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

other atomic spies caught offered confessions and were not executed, including Ethel's brother, David Greenglass - who claims he lied to protect on wife ruth the typist of the docs - , who supplied documents to Julius from Los Alamos; Harry Gold, who identified Greenglass and served 15 years in Federal prison as the courier for Greenglass; and a German scientist, Klaus Fuchs, who served nine years and four months; In 1995, the United States government released a series of decoded Soviet cables, codenamed VENONA, which confirmed that Julius acted as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, but did not provide definitive evidence for Ethel's involvement.

Johnson Refuses to Send Reserves or the National Guard Johnson's primary commitment was to his Great Society domestic policy, so he tried to minimize public awareness and congressional oversight of operations in Vietnam;

outlook for success was grim and he feared that if Congress took control, it would demand "Why Not Victory", as Barry Goldwater put it, rather than containment -- - in other words USE THE BOMB; Although American involvement steadily increased, Johnson refused to allow the reserves or the National Guard to serve in Vietnam, because that would involve congressional oversight.

Sec. of War Garrison War Plan adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders, especially large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard;

outraged the provincial politicians of both parties, brought accusations of economic motive and collusion with special interests like New York bankers such as J. P. Morgan and profiteering munition makers such as Bethlehem Steel, which made armor, and DuPont which made powder.

Carter major accomplishments consisted of the creation of a national energy policy and the consolidation of governmental agencies, resulting US Dept of Energy and US Dept of Education; Carter appointed record numbers of women and minorities to significant governmental and judiciary posts, but nevertheless managed to feud with feminist leaders. Environmentalists promoted strong legislation on environmental protection, through the expansion of the National Park Service in Alaska, creating 103 million new acres of land. Carter failed to implement a national health plan or to reform the tax system, as he had promised in his campaign, and the Republicans won the House in the midterm elections.[43]

outsider known for integrity; who won the 1976 elections because faith in gov/voter turnout was at a low point; first candidate from Deep South to win since Civil War; populist measures - e.g. walking to the Capitol for inauguration and wearing sweater to oval office to encourage energy conservation; began office with Democratic Congress who held two-thirds supermajority in the House, and a filibuster-proof three-fifths supermajority in the Senate for the first time since 1965, and the last time until 2009. Congress successfully deregulated the trucking, airline, railway, finance, communications, and oil industries, and bolstered the social security system.

Battle of Little Bighorn aka Custers' Last Stand armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory

overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were annihilated; Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count, including scouts, was 268 dead and 55 injured.

Nat Turner Slave who led a slave rebellion of slaves and freed blacks in VA in 1831, 60 white deaths, led a killing spree of whites, going from plantation to plantation after that, freeing and recruiting slaves as they went . . .

panicking state legislators all over the nation passed laws to further control and oppress blacks, prohibiting education, rights of assembly, right to bear arms, voting, and required white ministers to be present at all black worship services.

Selective Service Act

passed by Congress, authorizes registration and drafting; SC upholds government's right of conscription under constitutional power to declare war and raise and support armies

Taft Harley Act aka Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 restricts the activities and power of labor unions

passed by Conservative Coalition in Congress, designed curb unions, and delegitimize Communist union leaders; Democratic party took on challenge of rooting out Communists from labor unions like Reuther of the autoworkers union and Ronald Reagan of the Screen Actors Guild, he was a liberal Democrat at the time.

1952 Elections: Eisenhower Republican, 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961; five-star general in the US Army during World War II and served as Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe;

planned and supervised Operation Torch1942-43 and invasion of France and Germany in 1944-45 from the Western Front; 1951, first supreme commander of NATO; He was the last U.S. President to have been born in the 19th century. Eisenhower presidential race as Republican to counter non-interventionism of Sen Taft and to crusade against "Communism, Korea and corruption"; won by a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. In the first year of his presidency, Eisenhower deposed the leader of Iran in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état and used nuclear threats to conclude the Korean War with China.

Alphabet soup aka Alphabet Regulatory agencies e.g. SEC stockmarket regulation; FDIC banking insurance; and TVA - flood control, public power, and regional planning;

plus series of very successful relief measures: 1. Civilian Conservation Corps - gave unskilled manual labor jobs to unemployed men in conservation of natural resources projects 2. Civil Works Administration - infrastructure jobs 3. Federal Emergency Relief Administration.

Coolidge

polar opposite personality from Harding; Dour, puritanical, and spotlessly honest, his White House stood in sharp contrast to the drinking, gambling, and womanizing that went on under Harding very hands off . . .

Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck won National Book Award, Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and was cited prominently when Steinbeck awarded Nobel Prize in 1962

poor family of tenant farmers driven from their Dust Bowl Oklahoma home during Great Depression by drought, economic hardship, agricultural industry changes and bank foreclosures forcing tenant farmers out of work; hopeless situation persuades them to go to California. Along with thousands of other "Okies", they sought jobs, land, dignity, and a future.

Operation Urgent Fury US rolled back a Communist regime for first time in small island nation of Grenada which had undergone a coup d'état by Bernard Coard, a staunch Marxist-Leninist seeking to strengthen the country's existing ties with Cuba, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states;

prime minister killed and insurgents had orders to shoot on sight; gov couldn't guarantee safety of 1000 Americans on island and Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, the regional security association of neighboring states led by Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica officially called on the US for protection. In a short campaign, fought primarily against armed Cuban construction workers, the US military invaded and took control, and democracy was restored to Grenada.

Gen. Kenney pioneer of aerial warfare strategy

prior high-flying bombers couldn't hit moving ships; taught P-38 Lightning pilots to fly close to the water then pull up and lobb bombs that skipped across the water into the target at Battle of Bismark Sea

Eighth Amendment

protects against "cruel and unusual punishments."

Second Amendment

protects the right to keep and bear arms.

Democracy in America

published after Tocqueville's travels in the United States, and is today considered an early work of sociology and political science. Tocqueville was a classical liberal who advocated parliamentary government, but was skeptical of the extremes of democracy

Emma Goldman

radical anarchist who was arrested and deported back to Europe by Palmer, years before had attempted to assassinate industrialist Henry Clay Frick, chairman of the Carnegie Steel Company, one of the founders of giant U.S. Steel, and financier of Pennsylvania Railroad

Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 sponsored by President Wilson; retained many protective features, but was genuine attempt to lower the cost of living for American workers.

re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment AND provided substantial rate reductions on imported raw materials and foodstuffs, cotton and woolen goods, iron and steel, and removed the duties from more than a hundred other items; deductions brought rates well below the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909; was sponsored by Alabama Representative Oscar Underwood.

Presidential Election of 1896

realigning election in which the political stalemate of the post-Civil War era gave way to the Republican-dominated Fourth Party System, which began with the Progressive Era Bryan lost to McKinley with his campaign slogan "A Full Dinner Pail". Bryan had concentrated entirely on the silver issue, and had not appealed to urban workers. McKinleyhad risen to national prominence six years earlier with the passage of the McKinley Tariff of 1890; McKinley forged a conservative coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers, and prosperous farmers were heavily represented. He was strongest in cities and in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. For the people it was a campaign of study and analysis, of exhortation and conviction—a campaign of search for economic and political truth. Pamphlets tumbled from the presses, to be read, reread, studied, debated, to become guides to economic thought and political action. They were printed and distributed by the million ... but the people hankered for more. Favorite pamphlets became dog-eared, grimy, fell apart as their owners laboriously restudied their arguments and quoted from them in public and private debate

Henry Cabot Lodge Republican Senator, role of - but not title -senate majority leader, strong backer of US intervention in Cuba as a moral responsibility in 1898,

represented imperialist faction of the Senate - those who called for the annexation of Philippines; advocated for strong navy and more involvement in foreign affairs. later blocked US from joining League of Nations

1973 Oil Crisis the factor that contributed most to soaring inflation of 1970's; Arab members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) refused to ship petroleum to nations US and Western Europe after 1973 Yom Kippur War because of their support for Israel; then other OPEC nations agreed to raise their prices 400%. The U.S. government response to the embargo was quick but of limited effectiveness. A national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (88 km/h) was imposed to help reduce consumption.

resulted in the 1973 world oil shock, during which U.S. motorists faced long lines at gas stations. Public and private facilities closed down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and laid off workers. oil, fueling automobiles and homes in a country increasingly dominated by suburbs where large homes and automobile-ownership are more common became an economic and political tool for Third World nations to begin fighting for their concerns.

Doolittle Raid on Tokyo aka Tokyo Raid

retaliation for Pearl Harbor earlier in December, air raid by US on Tokyo and other places on Honshu island in WWII in 1942, planned and led by Lieutenant Colonel James "Jimmy" Doolittle, first air raid to strike the Japanese Home Islands; demonstrated Japan too vulnerable to American air attack; boosted US morale while damaging Japanese morale plan called for them to bomb military targets in Japan, and to continue westward to land in China—landing a medium bomber on Hornet from which they deployed was impossible; 14 of 16 fighter crew returned to US forces

Korean War

ruled by Japan from 1910 until end of WWII; Soviets declared war on Japan 1945 and with US agreement occupied Korea north of 38th parallel, and US occupied the south, thus 2 separate govs were set up both of which claimed to be legitimate govs of Korea, escalated into war when N. Korea, supported by Soviets and China invaded S. Korea in 1950, UN Sec. Council dispatched forces to defend South Korea with US providing 88%of military personnel.

Second New Deal[edit] The Second New Deal (1935-36) was the second stage of the New Deal programs. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced his main goals in January 1935: . The Second New Deal proved especially Liberals strongly supported the new direction, and formed the New Deal

second stage of new deal programs; FDR's goals were: improved use of national resources, security against old age, unemployment and illness, and slum clearance, as well as a national welfare program (the WPA) to replace state relief efforts. Legislation and Programs that resulted: Social Security, National Labor Relations Act, others later ended by Supreme Court;

Teapot Dome Scandal aka Oil Reserves Scandal; aka Elk Hills Scandal; midst of scandal Harding dies of a heart attack and is replaced by V.P. Coolidge, known as Silent Cal & "Biz of America is Biz"

secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior, Albert Bacon Fall; in return, Fall received large cash gifts and no-interest "loans" Although not directly implicated in the scandal, Congress directed President Harding to cancel the leases; the Supreme Court declared the leases fraudulent and ruled illegal Harding's transfer of authority to Fall.

Pacific Railroad Acts began federal government grant of lands directly to corporations; prior land grants were made to the states, for benefit of corporations.

series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of a "transcontinental railroad" (the "Pacific Railroad") in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies.

Bloody Kansas aka Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas or the Border War Might be called the first fighting of the Civil War

series of violent political confrontations in the US involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the neighboring towns of the state of Missouri between 1854 and 1861.

Israel Putnam was an American army general officer and Freemason, popularly known as "Old Put", who fought with distinction at the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

service as an officer with Rogers' Rangers during the French and Indian War, when he was captured by Mohawk warriors but saved from ritual burning by intervention of a French officer. ordered William Prescott to tell his troops Don't Fire until you see the whites of their eyes" at Battle of Bunker Hill

Mahan United States Navy admiral, geostrategist, and historian, called "the most important American strategist of the nineteenth century;

shaped navies in US, Germany, Japan and UK, resulting in naval arms race in 1890's ; concept of "sea power" - countries with greater naval power will have greater worldwide impact; most famously presented in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (1890). His ideas still permeate the US Navy doctrine.

George Mason

significant and influential delegate from VA, father of the Bill of Rights, refused to sign the Constitution because no Bill of Rights to protect personal liberties; also found fault with compromises over slavery

Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East Speech on situation in Middle East; "a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if threatened by armed aggression from another state"

singled out Soviet threat by authorizing the commitment of U.S. forces "to secure and protect the territorial integrity and political independence of such nations, requesting such aid against overt armed aggression from any nation controlled by international communism."

Politics in Annexation of Texas

slave state Democrats persuaded pro-expansionist northern colleagues to axed anti-annexationist leader Van Buren as party's convention presidential nominee and installing Polk who ran on a pro-Texas Manifest Destiny platform. Polk defeated anti-annexationist and Whig Leader Henry Clay in race for presidency.

James K. Polk dubbed "young hickory" Polk continued line of Jacksonian Democats;

slaveholding states rights advocate; election victory only possible because Whigs Henry Clay's votes taken by Liberty party - splintered from Whigs; campaigned on Manifest Destiny platform over the future of the Oregon Territory and the annexation of Texas; Polk believed TX had been part of LA purchase, but was wrong

Arsenal for Democracy

slogan used by FDR U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1 yr before Pearl Harbor promising to help UK fight Nazi Germany by providing military supplies; by then Germany occupied much of Europe and threatened Britain.

Chicago Race Riot of 1919

sociopolitical atmosphere very tense due to competition among newly arrived blacks from Great Migration and ethnic Irish for few jobs and housing options Overcrowding, increased African American militancy by veterans elevated tensions ethnic gangs and police neglect; turmoil came to a boil after a young African American was struck by a rock and died at an informally segregated beach.; melee resulted that blew up into days of unrest.

Anti-War Movement Starting in 1964, movement grew as unprecedented media coverage aired devastation of war; but "culture wars" didn't subside after the end of the war

some opposed the war on moral grounds, rooting for the peasant Vietnamese against the modernizing capitalistic Americans; Controversially, out of the 2.5 million Americans who came to serve in Vietnam - out of 27 million Americans eligible to serve in the military - 80% came from poor and working-class backgrounds. Opposition was centered among the black activists of the civil rights movement, and college students at elite universities.

G.A.T.T. predecessor to WTO; set of multilateral trade agreements aimed at the abolition of quotas and the reduction of tariff duties among the contracting nations; first formed as a interim arragement pending new UN agency to supersede it - but agency failed to emerge and GATT was enlarged until replace by WTO

subsequently proved to be the most effective instrument of world trade liberalization, playing a major role in the massive expansion of world trade in the second half of the 20th century. By the time GATT was replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, 125 nations were signatories to its agreements, which had become a code of conduct governing 90 percent of world trade. GATT's most important principle was that of trade without discrimination, in which each member nation opened its markets equally to every other. As embodied in unconditional most-favoured nation clauses, this meant that once a country and its largest trading partners had agreed to reduce a tariff, that tariff cut was automatically extended to every other GATT member.

Reconstruction Act 1867 and 15th Amendment Enfranchises Blacks, after northern voters rejected Johnson's policies in the congressional elections in late 1866, Republicans in Congress took firm hold of Reconstruction in the South.

temporarily divided the South into five military districts and outlined how governments based on universal male suffrage were to be organized; also required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment, which broadened the definition of citizenship, granting "equal protection" of the Constitution to former slaves, before they could rejoin the Union. In February 1869, Congress approved the 15th Amendment (adopted in 1870), which guaranteed that a citizen's right to vote would not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Scopes Monkey Trial

tested a religious fundamentalist state law which forbade the teaching of evolution Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution and famed lawyer Clarence Darrow for the defense, John T. Scopes got off on technicality Fundamentalists were ridiculed by writers like the Sun's H.L. Mencken and other sections of public

Alexander Hamilton founding father of the United States, chief staff aide to General George Washington during the war, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the U.S. Constitution,

the founder of the nation's financial system; As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton was the primary author of the economic policies of the George Washington administration. Hamilton took the lead in the funding of the states' debts by the Federal government, the establishment of a national bank, a system of tariffs, and friendly trade relations with Britain. Saved the system!

US Defense Secretary Gates Divisions within NATO surfaced as only 8 of 28 member nations were participating in combat operations in Libyan Civil War resulting in confrontation between US Defense Secretary Gates and Poland, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey and Germany -

the latter believing NATO had overstepped its mandate; In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO.

Youth Culture emerged with prosperity as teens not forced to work to help support their families; new music such as rock-and-roll, fashion styles and subcultures

the most famous was the "greaser", a young male who drove motorcycles, sported ducktail haircuts banned in schools and displayed a general disregard for the law and authority; greaser phenomenon was kicked off by the controversial youth-oriented movies Blackboard Jungle (1953) starring Marlon Brando and Rebel Without A Cause (1955) starring James Dean.

Four Freedoms Speech- Roosevelt Prepares Country for War goals articulated by FDR 1941 in a state of the union address 11 months before US declared war on Japan; Roosevelt delivered his speech 11 months before the United States declared war on Japan,

the speech before Congress was about US national security and other threats to democracy from world war; made a break with tradition of US non-interventionism; outlined U.S. role in helping allies already engaged in warfare. FDR proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: Freedom of speech Freedom of worship Freedom from want Freedom from fear

Energy issues Oil prices tripled after 2002, peaking at $147 in July 2008, about $4 a gallon; the price has continued to fluctuate widely.

theme of "energy independence" led to legislation mandating more fuel efficient autos—even electric vehicles—and more efficient use of energy, ranging from insulation to new light bulbs; worse than the high price, was the fear of shortages; Many proposals and pilot projects for replacement energy sources, from ethanol to wind power and solar power were discussed and, indeed, funded by Congress after 2000.In the economic stimulus package signed by President Obama in early 2009, billions of dollars were allocated for research and development of new energy sources.

Major Doolittle replaces Gen.Eaker as commander of 8th Air Force; changed strategies to allow escorting flyers to fly ahead and "clear the skies" of Germans so bombers could do their jobs,

then they could strafe (attack with guns at low altitude) German airfields and transport on way home; fatally disabled significant parts of German Air Force and gave Allies air superiority over Europe.

Post-War Upscale Working Class they were the most affluent working class in American history; couldn't empathize with communists; supported anti-communist leaders

those with stable and union jobs were well off with plenty of paid leisure time, even non-union jobs were improving in pay and benefits, American blue-collar workers could afford to own homes, new cars, appliances, and regular vacations; anti-capitalist propaganda threatened to sweep the dream they were achieving from under their feet; so they supported anti-communist leaders

Gentlemen's Agreement An informal agreement in 1907 between US and emperor of Japan, stopped Japanese immigration - never ratified by Congress, ended by Immigration Act of 1924.

to reduce tensions between the two most powerful pacific nations, US would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S.

Dept. of Energy , Strategic Petroleum Reserve and "Energy Czar"

to respond to the oil crisis, Nixon named William E. Simon as "Energy Czar", and in 1977, a cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, leading to the creation of the United States' Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Didn't help much, productivity was nearly ruined; From 1972 to 1978, industrial productivity increased by only 1% a year compared to avg of 3% while the standard of living in US fell to fifth in the world, with Denmark, West Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland surging ahead.

Robert Carter III

ultra-wealthy Virginian, emancipated his slaves, freaked his neighbors out ;)

Panic of 1873 financial failures in the Austro-Hungarian capital, Vienna, which spread to most of Europe and North America by 1873. triggered a depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 until 1879, and even longer in some countries; was known as the "Great Depression" until the events in the early 1930s took precedence;

underlying causes: post-war inflation, rampant speculative investments overwhelmingly in railroads, a large trade deficit, ripples from economic dislocation in Europe resulting from the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), property losses in the Chicago (1871) and Boston (1872) fires, and other factors put a massive strain on bank reserves, which plummeted in New York City

Farm Security Administration

used photography to document poverty in rural America. Dorothea Lange's Migrant Mother, depicted destitute pea pickers in CA, Rural America contain many isolated farmers scratching out a subsistence income; new deal gave some assistance but very reluctant to help them buy farms.

Confederate Constitution mostly mirrored the Constitution of the United States as it existed at the time - e.g. accounted for slaves as three-fifths of a state's population, Bill of Rights, prez's line item veto etc., - - except in matters of slavery and states' rights.

used the word "slaves," unlike the U.S. Constitution; banned any Confederate state from making slavery illegal; ensured slave owners could travel between Confederate states with their slaves; required that any new territory acquired by the nation allow slavery. In other ways, the Confederate constitution was closer to the Articles of Confederation, which preceded the U.S. Constitution-it was focused on states' rights; weak federal powers.

Pennsylvania Quaker State Englishman William Penn got a property right from Duke of York in exchange for debts owed and negotiated price for land with Indians.

wanted a place where Quakers whom Puritans discriminated against with anti-Quaker laws in RI, etc., and hanged and banished from Puritan Boston could be free to worship and a place that permitted religious tolerance for all. New colony didn't suffer b/c begun as New Sweden and food was plentiful.

Ethan Allen CAPTURED FORT TICONDEROGA early in the American Revolutionary War along with Benedict Arnold and Green Mountain Boys.

was a farmer; businessman; land speculator; philosopher; writer; and American Revolutionary War patriot, hero, and politician. best known as one of the founders of the U.S. state of Vermont, and for the

Progressive Movement 1890-1920 began when public mood turned against Robber Barons as criticism from newspapers, businesses exploited by monopolistic practices and labor strikes increased

was a set of responses to economic and social injustices of rapid industrialization; began as a social movement and grew into a political movement. Not all Barons did more harm than good, J.P. Morgan helped finance the Progressive Era.

George Fox and the Quakers

was an English Dissenter and a founder of the Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers or Friends. Quakers believed no clergy necessary for worship and word of God found in the human soul not necessarily the Bible, eliminated many vestiges of Puritans beloved organized religion - including church buildings and formal liturgy - and Puritans hated them for it; were also very Pacifist; believed in rights for all including Indians.

Magic Asterisk Budget Director David Stockman raced to put Reagan's program through Congress within the administration's deadline of forty days; Stockman had no doubt that spending cuts were needed, and slashed expenditures across the board with the exception of defense by some $40 billion;

when figures did not add up, he resorted to the "magic asterisk"—which signified "future savings to be identified"; later said that the program was rushed through too quickly and not given enough thought; Appeals from constituencies threatened by the loss of social services were ineffectual; the budget cuts passed through the Congress with relative ease.

Peace of Paris: US Gains - huge! US gained more than it expected, thanks to the award of western territory: EVERYTHING FROM THE ATLANTIC WEST TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, EXCEPT NEW ORLEANS AND FLORIDAS

which were CEDED BACK TO SPAIN BY ENGLISH AS NEW SPAIN; and the massive empire that now stretched from S. America north well into coastal California, and included much of the South West, east to the Florida peninsula. Northern border set at the Great Lakes along the provincial frontiers of Quebec and Nova Scotia.

John Foster Dulles and "Brinkmanship" Sec. of State, dominant figure in the nation's foreign policy in the 1950s; denounced "containment" and espoused an active program of "liberation"to "rollback" communism;

"Brinkmanship" was a policy of "massive retaliation" which eschewed costly, conventional ground forces in favor of the vast superiority of the U.S. nuclear arsenal and covert intelligence.

Four Policeman

"Four Policemen" was coined by FDR i think to refer four major Allied countries,United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China in plans for UN

Minute Men New Governor Gage saw the rebellion and wanted to stop it before it started, searched for hidden stores of patriot guns and powder:

"MINUTEMEN" expected this move and patriot farmers and townspeople across MA began to drill with muskets, READY TO PICK UP THEIR GUNS ON A MINUTE'S NOTICE Revere, who was silversmith and maker of false teeth, watched British movements: 2 lanterns were signalled and in belfry Revere rode to warn Lexington by sea, but Revere and Dawes stopped/arrested, So Prescott finished his ride further inland to warn Concord.

Soviet Russia

"Soviet Russia" refers to the few years after the abdication of the crown of the Russian Empire by Tsar Nicholas II in 1917, but before the creation of the Soviet Union in 1922.

Jeannette Rankin, MT:

--1918 First woman elected to Congress --introduced constitutional suffrage amendment on the House floor, amendment approved by one vote margin, took Senate another 18 months to pass it, then sent to states to ratify

Two Party System Emerged From Jefferson/Hamilton Rivalry --Jefferson's Democratic Republicans aka "Republicans" and Hamilton's Federalists which were in power with GW administration

--1st Republicans favored democratic, agrarian society in which individual freedoms were elevated over strong centralized government --each party had elements of both parties today, Federalists wanted strong government, but with big business interests, and Republicans wanted small gov but with lots of civil liberties.

Great Seal 1782, symbol of sovereignty

--American eagle with escutcheon/shield = self-reliance --13 vertical stripes came from flag of 1777 --olive branch of 13 leaves, 13 olives, 13 arrows = desire for peace but ability to wage war --reverse side pyramid of 13 courses of stone, representing union, watched over by the Eye of Providence" like on dollar bill also very symbolic but never used as seal; says annuit coeptis "he, god, has favored our undertakings" and novus ordo seclorum "new order of the ages" that began in 1776

Executive Powers -President

--Approves or vetoes federal bills --Carries out federal laws --Appoints judges and other high officials --Makes foreign treaties --Can grant pardons and reprieves to federal offenders --Acts as commander-in-chief of armed forces

Thomas Jefferson: --Declaration's author and a signer (John Adams put TJ's name forward), distinguished scholar, admitted to VA bar in 1767; VA as legislator and governor during war; from well off farming family in VA --Joined Continental Congress, serving as ambassador to France, observed firsthand French Revolution he had helped to inspire

--BECAME GW'S SECRETARY OF STATE in 1789 --opposed too-powerful central gov under new Constitution, direct confrontation with old colleague John Adams, and more dramatically chief Federalist, Alexander Hamilton. --Became Adams' VP (at that time a ceremonial role) 1796, tied with Aaron Burr in the Electoral Vote, took the House vote for presidency in the next election of 1800, served 2 terms and returned to Monticello to create University of VA --held out on deathbed for 50th anniversary of the Declaration, like John Adams

Joseph Warren:

--Boston physician, one of Sam Adams most devoted proteges --instant hero when he charged into enemy fire at Lexington to treat the wounded, but then one of the first patriot martyrs killed in fighting on Breed's hill

Checks on Executive Powers

--Congress can override vetoes by TWO-THIRDS vote --Senate can refuse to confirm appointments or ratify treaties --Congress can impeach and remove the president --Congress can declare war --Supreme Court can declare executive acts unconst.

Kansas-Nebraska Act Stephen Douglas, an IL land speculator/Railroad, Democratic Senator who pushed through 1850 Compromise wanted to organize Kansas and Nebraska for rail lines with Chicago as their hub. --But Kansas lay above the slave boundary, supposed to be free state per MS Compromise

--Douglas agreed to repeal the MS Compromise to win southerner support for his Kansas-Nebraska Act and for his bid for president. --called for "popular sovereignty"—that is, the decision about slavery was to be made by the settlers (rather than outsiders). --REPEALED THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE; --betrayal nearly destroyed the Democrats in the North and Republic Party mushroomed.

Found Fathers and Religion --most noted examples were Ben Franklin, very skeptical of organized religion, and Thomas Jefferson

--GW attended Episcopal church, but always left before communion --In Yale class of 1796, poll reveals only one graduate believed in God

Blacks Gaining Recognition at Home --24th Infantry Regiment that recaptured Yechon --PFC William Thompson received Medal of Honor first black so honored since Spanish-American War; blacks weren't allowed in combat most of that time

--Gwendolyn Brooks first black to win Pulitzer Prize for her poetry book Annie Allen --Ralph J. Bunche, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for his mediation of the Palestinian conflict, first black to receive that honore Still illiteracy was very high, and schools, where they existed for blacks, very poor thanks to Plessy v. Ferguson, separate but equal law

Judicial Powers

--Interprets and applies the law by trying federal cases --Can declare laws passed by Congress and executive actions unconstitutional

Sugar Act of 1764: British parliament placed tariffs on sugar, coffee, wines and other products imported into America: --but postwar colonial depression, typical after free-spending war efforts, made the act sting all the more and dissent in the form of "No taxation without representation" set in;

--James Otis, vocal and radical MA leader wrote: "everyone should be free from all taxes but what he consents to in person or by his representative." --representation issue really a smokescreen and not what the new colonial leaders wanted, they were aiming for much more autonomy, in what form it would take not clear --resistance to the sugar tax failed to substantially materialize into anything

"Intolerable Acts" aka Punitive Acts or the Coercive Acts: A series of acts, including the Port Bill, and Administration of Justice Act that were designed to secure Britain's jurisdiction over the American dominions

--Massachusetts Regulating Act (nullified colony's charter) --Quebec Act (established central gov in Canada and extended borders to Ohio River) --Reinforced Quartering Act (gave army right to demand food and shelter from colonists) & SENT BRITISH TROOPS TO BOSTON AND GENERAL GAGE AS NEW GOVERNOR

Richard Henry Lee:

--Member of VA's most prominent family and House of Burgesses, valuable ally of Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams --Sent to Continental Congress in 1776 and proposed the resolution on independence --signer of the Declaration of Independence

Warren's Plymouth Home -James had a very distinguished political career; elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives, eventually he became speaker of the House and President of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. He also served as paymaster to George Washington's army, for a time, during the American Revolutionary War.

--Mercy Warren actively participated in the political life of her husband. The Warrens became increasingly involved in the conflict between the American colonies and the British Government. The Warren's Plymouth home was often a meeting place for local politics and revolutionaries including the Sons of Liberty.

Samuel Adams

--Older cousin to John, rabble-rousing radical patriot, Son of Liberty, & chief political architect of machinations that led to the Tea Party --Signed Declaration

Checks on Legislative Powers

--Presidential veto of federal bills --Supreme Court can rule laws unconst. --Both houses of Congress must vote to pass laws, checking power within the legislature

Boston Massacre --1770 March 5th, angry mob of hard-drinking waterfront workers confronted 9 soldiers, snow and ice and stones began to fly, soldiers grew nervous, someone - perhaps from the crowd - yelled "fire" and soldiers shot, 5 bodies fell,

--Propagandists, esp Sam Adams, seized the moment and called it the "Boston Massacre" and the dead were martyred. Engravings were printed and distributed, 10k out of 16k in whole city showed up at funeral. --Soldiers got a fair trial thanks to representation by John Adams, sent home, the British were withdrawn and Townshend Acts repealed, but uneasy truce at best and distrust set it.

Bill of Rights 1791 First 10 amendments: demanded during Constitution ratification by states that feared state and individual liberties would be destroyed by new central government:

--Repeal could only be made through states --intention was to guarantee freedoms not specifically granted in Constitution.

PostWar Literature - Beyond Self-Help Books A generation of writers looked at the underside of the American dream and its conformist constraints: --Norman Mailer: The Naked and the Dead; an uncomfortable look at the American GI in combat --J.D. Salinger: captured the alienation of youth forever in his novel the Catcher in the Rye

--Saul Bellow: Adventures of Augie March, etc. expressed the angst of a generation --Jack Kerouac: On the Road, led a generation of beats to break social restraints and self-proclaimed outcasts --David Riesman's The Lonely Crowd and William Whyte's The Organization Man examine the need to conform; an American characteristic that Toqueville brought to light more than a hundred years later

Ratification of the Constitution --just needed 9 states to ratify, but uncertainty remained because lack of support from VA and NY could practically void the ratification and render the Constitution meaningless

--VA voted yes with the Bill of Rights compromise (within so many years it would be added) --NY persuaded by Hamilton's aggressive speeches and Jay's gentler touch

The Crisis

--With Continental Army in retreat, Thomas Payne wrote a series of pamphlets at Washington's request that became The Crisis: "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will shrink from the service of his country . . . Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered."

Trial of John Peter Zenger 1st landmark in a tradition of free press - radical notion at the time, and though subjects of the English Crown, American jury demonstrated that they did not feel duty-bound by English civil law

--Zenger, German-born printer, hired to edit and produce New York Weekly Journal was put in jail for 10 months and on trial for seditious libel when Governor Cosby found back pages full of political speech in which he was likened to a monkey and supporters to spaniels. Jury found him innocent and acquitted. --Of the jury, Zenger's lawyer, Andrew Hamilton (no relation to Alexander) said: "You have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves that which Nature and the Laws of our country have given us a Right - The Liberty - both of exposing and opposing arbitrary Power by speaking and writing Truth."

John Hancock -richest man in New England before the war, bank rolled rebel cause, ally of Adamses

--attended and served as president of the Continental Congress --first and most visible signer of the Declaration, but wartime service undistinguished --after war, ELECTED gov of Massachusetts

19th Amendment gave women the right to vote

--became part of the U.S. Constitution on August 20, 1920. --"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."

Sick Man of Yalta Conference Roosevelt's nickname b/c had given away Poland:

--but couldn't give away what wasn't his to give as Red Army and Communist partisan forces in Eastern Europe held control of the territory --Roosevelt left with confidence he could work on problems created in the deal and solve them through his personal intervention later, but he died before getting the chance.

Federalist Papers attempted to influence the ratification of the Constitution with 85 papers signed "publius" later known as the Federalist Papers

--didn't work, minds already made up; DL small happy, first to ratify, then PA, NJ, GA, CT, MA, MD, SC, NH

John Adams -Harvard-educated lawyer; cousin to Sam Adams, --defended British troops for a fair trial after Boston Massacre, --prominent member of Continental Congress,

--helped draft Declaration of Independence and then signed it --instrumental in obtaining foreign aid from France and Holland as wartime envoy --helped negotiate Peace of Paris ending the war --GW's VP, then second prez of US in 1796, defeated by TJ 1800; He and TJ died on 50th anniversary of Dec of Independence

Benjamin Franklin --began and became wealthy as printer, newspaper and trademan's club owner --founded first American subscription library --became clerk to the PA legislature --established American Philosophical Society --launched Poor Richard's Almanac with wit, wisdom and financial advice he produced for 25 years

--silken kite experiment proved lightning and electricity were same force of nature --invented lightning rod, bifocal glasses, efficient Franklin stove --Sent to England as colony's agent and spokesman against Stamp Act --Sat in Second Continental Congress --Member of committee formed to draft Declaration and sent to Paris to negotiate an alliance with the French

Paul Revere --Boston born, son of a French Huguenot, French protestants who had been driven from France, changed name from Apollos Rivoire --silversmith and maker of false teeth,

--veteran of French and Indian war, in Sam Adams circle --Ride to Lexington that brought him fame - made 2 rides actually, 1 to warn the patriots to hide their ammunition in Concord, and the second was the famous MIDNIGHT RIDE to warn of british advance by sea AFTER RECEIVING THE 2 LANTERN SIGNAL FROM THE SOUTH CHURCH

1776 Nathan Hale

-CT schoolteacher, --volunteered to gather info on troops, --caught after being recognized by Tory relative, --after confessing was hanged and became an early martyr for rebel cause no evidence to support that he said: I only regret that I have but one life to give for my country.

Connecticut Compromise -VA plan: large/populous state plan, population-weighted representation/vote in the proposed national legislature; bicameral legislature, executive chosen by legislature, judiciary named by legislature; chief executive to be elected by Congress

-NJ plan : Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan, unicameral legislature with one vote per state inherited from the Articles of Confederation; opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph - proponents of VA plan -Connecticut Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman: equal representation in Senate, proportional representation in the lower house

Republicans aka GOP, second oldest existing party after Democrats, -emerged to combat Kansas-Nebraska Act threatening to extend slavery there - elected Lincoln, abolished slavery

-based on northern white Protestants, large and small business owners, professional workers, factory workers, farmers and African Americans, later. -pro-business, supporting banks, gold standard, railroads, high tariffs to protect factory workers and grow industry -emphasized expansive foreign policy -no presence in south traditionally, but formed majorities in nearly every Northern state.

3 Reasons Why Colonies Win the War

1) Guerilla warfare against a super-power that must supply troops from thousands of miles away 2) France supplied 90% of American gunpowder - COULD NOT HAVE WON WITHOUT THEIR HELP IN THIS AND OTHER WAYS! 3) France wanted revenge on England for territories it lost in the 7 Years War; but French monarchy never predicted the rebellion would spread to France and overthrow them!

Great Expansion West Polk finds more room to grow cotton. During his tenure, U.S. President James K. Polk oversaw the greatest territorial expansion of the United States to date:

1) annexation of Texas in 1845, 2) the negotiation of the Oregon Treaty with Great Britain in 1846, and 3) the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848, which ended with the signing and ratification of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848.Gold was discovered in California just days before Mexico ceded the land to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

First Homestead Act of 1862 aka federal land grant area of public land in the West granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years so long as settlers would:

1) file an application, 2) improve the land, and 3) file for deed of title. Open to anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government including freed slaves and 21 years old or head of a household advocated for by Andrew Johnson, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley;

Great Awakening or First Great Awakening swept protestant Europe and colonial protestant America, lasting impact on Protestantism:

1) split among factions encouraged founding of many of the now known as ivy league schools and 2) Awakening divisions contributed to a new spirit of toleration and secularism as old-guard Puritans no longer held complete control over church and political matters 3) the new religious forces forced a loosening of ties between church and state throughout the colonies; this new secular spirit would be embedded in the Constitution

Anglo-American Colonization of Mexican Texas Spain's unable to persuade its own citizens to move to Texas. So invited Americans in 1820, one year before Mexican Independence. Settlers from TN, KY, AK and MS moved to Mexican Texas between 1821 and 1835:

1) to buy land dirt cheap 2) thinking TX would be annexed by US or Adams-Onis Treaty had been "reversed" for boundary error with LA. 3)Texas safe haven for debtors/ criminals; no reciprocal agreements between two countries enabling creditors to collect debts or to return fugitives.

Amerindians Migration Theories Traditional: Bering Strait, earliest artifacts at Clovis, New Mexico dated 11.5k years ago

1. Pacific Coast: Pre-Bering land bridge artifacts in coastal Peru/ Chile 12.5k years ago; maritime culture, 2. N. Atlantic: Vikings 10-16k ago, 3. Australian, Austronesian: controversial, skeleton in Brazil gives some support, could also be Asian.

New Deal's Signature Programs The most important programs included Social Security, the National Labor Relations Act ("Wagner Act"), the Banking Act, rural electrification, and breaking up utility holding companies. Programs that were later ended by the Supreme Court or the Conservative coalition included the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the National Youth Administration (NYA), the Resettlement Administration, and programs for retail price control, farm rescues, coal stabilization, and taxes on the rich and the Undistributed profits tax. Liberals in Congress passed the Bonus Bill for World War veterans over FDR's veto.

1. Social Security 2. National Labor Relations Act, aka Wagner Act 3. Banking Act 4. rural electrification, breaking up utility holding companies Programs later ended by USC: 1. Works Progress Administration - WPA 2. National Youth Administration - NYA 3. Resettlement Administration -farmers 4. Programs for retail price control, farm rescues, coal stabilization and taxes on rich and undistributed profits tax

Crittenden Compromise December 1860 package of six constitutional amendments and four congressional resolutions. Last ditch effort to end the crises proposed by elder statesman John J. Critenden who had worked tirelessly to hold the union together.

1. condemned Northern personal liberty laws and asserted constitutionality of fugitive slave law; 2. restored Missouri Compromise line by constitutional amendment, extending it to California 3. guaranteed slavery in D.C., so long as legal in MD or VA; slaveholders to be reimbursed for runaway slaves; 4. denied Congress power to interfere with slave trade or with slavery in the Southern states and made the fugitive slave law and three-fifths compromise perpetual

13 original colonies: 12 established by 17th century, GA after 1600-1650: 1. 1607 Virginia (Jamestown) 2. 1620 Massachusetts (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony) 3. 1626 New York (originally New Amsterdam; annexed by the English 4. 1633 Maryland 5. 1636 Rhode Island and then 6. Connecticut

1650-1732: 7. 1638 Delaware (originally New Sweden; annexed by the Dutch and later the English) and 8. New Hampshire came after 9. 1653 North Carolina 10. 1663 South Carolina 11. 1664 New Jersey 12. 1682 Pennsylvania 13. 1732 Georgia, founded by James Oglethorpe, humanitarian who recruited settlers from English debtors' prisons; became another haven for persecuted Protestants and served as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida and French Louisiana.

Shay's Rebellion --National post-war economic troubles boiled over when MA passed a constitution that disenfranchised the poor and middle class from voting b/c they had no money

1786 Daniel Shays marched on Springfield with 700 farmers and working-class people; Sam Adams drew up a Riot Act allowing authorities to jail without a trial - So Shays gathered 1000 men and marched on Boston, exchange of fire and Shays army scattered, some caught executed, Shays pardoned and died broke two years later. SEVERAL OF THE REFORMS DEMANDED WERE MADE: 1) MA ended state's direct taxation 2) reduced court costs and 3) exemption of workmen's tools and household necessities from the debt process.

Battle of Palo Alto

1846 first major conflict of the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Palo Alto (fought just north of modern-day Brownsville, Texas) ends indecisively. U.S. General Zachary Taylor loses 9 men and 43 more are wounded; over 200 Mexican soldiers are killed and over 125 wounded.

Bear Flag Republic

1846: Inspired by Texans, Anglo-American settlers in California revolt against Mexican rule and form the Bear Flag Republic, short-lived; accomplishes very little. Western mapmaker Capt. John C. Frémont named head; shortly thereafter - at San Francisco and Sonoma, California - U.S. Naval forces under Commodore John D. Sloat claim CA for US ending the infant Republic.

Wounded Knee Massacre located on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in southwestern South Dakota, site of two conflicts between North American Indians and representatives of the U.S. government.

1890 7th Calvary surrounded band of Ghost Dancers and demanded they surrender weapons, fist fight broke out and a shot was fired, unclear which side brutal massacre followed, left 150 Sioux dead, ended Ghost War movement and was last major conflict with Plains Indians. Nearly half of the Sioux killed at the 1890 Wounded Knee massacre were women and children.

Battle of Santiago & Cease-fire Turning point of the war; decisive victory for US

1898 The Spanish fleet in the Caribbean is destroyed in the Battle of Santiago: After a relatively easy fight with Spain, the U.S. and Spain agree to stop fighting and sign a cease-fire and war unofficially comes to end.

Spain Declares War on US

1898, Although they are not ready for a war with the U.S., Spain declares war on the United States. The U.S. declares war against Spain the next day.

Mock Battle of Manila

1898; U.S. and Spanish troops stage a mock battle in the Philippine capital of Manila. It was predetermined that Spain would surrender and allow the U.S. to take control of the Philippines.

Philipine - American War

1899 Philippines rejects U.S. rule and declares itself an independent republic, beginning the Philippine-American war. After U.S. defeats the Philippines, revolution leader Emilio Aguinaldo is captured and forced to pledge allegiance to the American government; other insurgents accepted American rule and peace prevailed, except in some remote islands under Muslim control; McKinley begins to remove Catholic friars with compensation to the Pope, upgrade infrastructure, introduce public health programs, and launch a program of economic and social modernization

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

1901 treaty signed by the US and UK Kingdom as a preliminary building of Panama Canal; nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the sole right to create/ control a canal across the Central American isthmus to connect the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.

Assassination of McKinley

1901, while attending an exposition in Buffalo, NY widely-popular McKinley was shot by Leon Frank Czolgosz, an American anarchist and former steel worker of Polish descent; third President to be assassinated - all since the Civil War; V.P. Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency.

American Troops Withdraw from Cuba

1902 The Treaty of Paris calls for Cuba to be independent from the U.S; American troops withdraw from Cuba, although Cuba will experience years of turbulent leadership in the decades to come.

US Highway System and Regulation of Radio Frequencies

1920's government obtained new powers and duties such as funding and overseeing US Highway System, as well as regulation of radio frequencies. The result was a rapid spread of standardized roads and broadcasts that were welcomed by most Americans.

Courtpacking

1937 economic woes gave Republicans ammunition against FDR; USC began dismantling New Deal programs as unconstitutional so Roosevelt tried to replace the judges with more sympathetic ones

Lae and Salamaua, New Guinea Japanese Bases on New Guinea

1942, the Japanese established major bases on the north coast of New Guinea, in the large town of Lae, and in Salamaua, a small administrative town and port to the south. Salamaua was a staging post for attacks on Port Moresby; when the attacks failed, the Japanese turned the port into a major supply base.

Battle of the Coral Sea first battle in history in which neither fleet fired directly on the other, nor did the ships actually see each other

1942US fleet engaged Japanese fleet, but no direct fire . . . indecisive, but a starting point because American commanders learned the tactics that would serve them later in the war; also the first time that aircraft carriers were used in battle.

Tarawa

1943 US landings became bogged down as armor attempting to break through the Japanese lines of defense either sank, were disabled or took on too much water to be of use; eventually able to land a limited number of tanks atook control. Of the original 2,600 Japanese soldiers on the island, only 17 were still alive.

Allied Air Forces Fall Under Eisenhower's Command

1944, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued orders granting control of all the Allied air forces in Europe to Gen. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, who delegated command to his deputy in SHAEF Air Chief Marshal Arthur Tedder; resistance to this order from some senior figures, incl. Churchill, Harris, and Carl Spaatz, but after some debate, control passed.

Free Officers Movement

1952 a military coup - sparked by British attempts to put down an uprising by rebel Egyptian police in Ismailia -led by nationalists Muhammad Neguib and future Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser—overthrew King Farouk and established an Egyptian republic.

Sputnik the first earth satellite, was launched by Soviets, began space race

1957 shock US self-confidence and technological superiority, when Soviets beat the US into outer space beginning space race; by early 1960s the United States had forged ahead, with President Kennedy promising to land a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s—the landing indeed took place on July 20, 1969.

Hayes Code

1967 Hayes Code, a censorship guideline imposed on the motion picture industry since the 1930s lifted; replaced by a new film content rating system; resulted in 1970s surge in sexually-explicit movies and social commentary coming from Hollywood, which helped bring new life to the movie industry after it underwent a long period of stagnation in the 50s-60s.

Kent State

1970 the antiwar effort escalated into violence, as National Guard troops shot at student demonstrators in the Kent State shootings; nation's higher education system, especially the elite schools, virtually shut down.

Rising Deficits After recovery, the fiscal effect of Reaganomics was a soaring budget deficit; deficit was in part a holdover from Johnson era, but in larger part a result of spending that continually exceeded revenue due to tax cuts and increased defense spending; national debt more than doubled and US Savings rates low so had to borrow - turning the United States within a few years from the world's greatest creditor nation to the world's greatest debtor.

1981 tax cuts, one of the largest in U.S. history; by the end of 1985, funding for domestic programs had been cut nearly as far as Congress could tolerate; the deficit rose well over 5% of GDP; borrowing to service enormous debt was damaging to America's status and a profound shift in the postwar international financial system, which had relied on the export of U.S. capital government was thus forced to borrow so much money to pay its bills that it was driving up the price of borrowing; Reagan asked Congress for a line-item veto which would allow him to lower the deficits by cutting spending he thought was wasteful; and called for a balanced budget amendment which would mandate that the federal government spends no more money than it takes in - - both requests of which never materialized.

"Morning in America": Economic Recovery Ronald Reagan declared it was Morning in America when economy recovered in 1983 and 1984 mainly due to radical drop in oil prices and increased production levels of the mid-1980s, ending inflationary pressures on fuel prices.

1983, unemployment fell from 11 percent in 1982 to 8.2 percent, GDP growth was 3.3 percent, the highest since the mid-1970s and inflation was below 5 percent; Housing starts boomed, the automobile industry recovered its vitality, and consumer spending achieved new heights; Blue-collar workers were, however, mostly left behind in the economic boom years of the Reagan Administration, and the old factory jobs that had once offered high wages to even unskilled workers no longer existed Reagan went on to defeat Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election by a large landslide.

NATO Bosnia Herzegovina Intervention 1st was NATO intervention; enforced no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina 1993, to that it added maritime enforcement of arms embargo and economic sanctions against Yugoslavia; helped bring Yugoslav wars to end

1st action was shooting down of 4 Bosnian Serb aircraft violating no-fly zone; UN called in air strikes resulting in bombing of Bosnian Serb military command outpost, which triggered 150 UN personnel hostage taking and shooting of British Sea Harrier by Serb forces,; in 1995 2 week NATO bombing campaign - Operation Deliberate Force - against Army of the Republicka Srpska for Srebrenica massacre; airstrikes helped bring Yugoslav wars to an end.

Mercy Otis Warren's "Revolution":

2 volume Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution - rich in anecdotal material, colored by her anti-federalist bias and full of postwar patriotic sentiment.

Theatres of the War of 1812 three principal theatres. 1) At Sea: warships and privateers of each side attacked the other's merchant ships, while the British blockaded the Atlantic coast of the United States and mounted large raids in the later stages of the war.

2) American-Canadian frontier: land and naval battles were fought on the American-Canadian frontier, which ran along the Great Lakes, the Saint Lawrence River and the northern end of Lake Champlain. 3) American South and Gulf Coast saw big land battles, in which the American forces defeated Britain's Indian allies and a British invasion force at New Orleans.

1782 1) Loyalists in America leave for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

2) House of Commons votes against waging further war in America; English Crown empowered to seek peace, Lord North resigns as prime minister and is replaced by Lord Rockingham who seeks immediate negotiations 3) Netherlands recognizes independence of US 4) Preliminary peace treaty signed in Paris

Congress of Industrial Organizations - CIO 8 AFL unions organized CIO to promote industrial unionism; expelled by AFL but were very successful: 1) organizing steel workers - winning Flint Sit-Down Strike,

2) getting General Motors to recognize United Auto Workers (UAW) 3) Chrysler's recognition of UAW 4) Ford - much tougher, his security beat UAW organizers in River Rouge, did not crack until 1941 wildcat strike

Middle East 1950's In the 1950s the Middle East was dominated by four different but overlapping struggles; 1) geopolitical struggle for influence between US and USSR in Cold War

2) struggle between various Arab nationalists against the two remaining imperial powers, Britain and France. 3) third was the Arab-Israeli dispute, 4) struggle between different Arab states for the leadership of the Arab world known as the Arab Cold War.

Charles Lindbergh aka Slim, Lucky Lindy, and The Lone Eagle aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist; first person to be in NY one day and Paris next; won Medal of Honor for this flight

25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot; gained world fame with his Orteig Prize-winning solo nonstop flight fom Long Island to Paris in Spirit of St. Louis; used fame to develop commercial aviation and air mail; infant son kidnapped/murdered aka "Crime of the Century" told by H.L. Mencken; Lindbergh family voluntary exiled in europe but returned 1939 flew 50 combat missions in the Pacific Theater of WWII as a civilian consultant, though Roosevelt refused to reinstate colonel commission resigned.

The Five Bills of the 1850 Compromise 1) Texas surrendered claim to New Mexico, as well as its claims north of the Missouri Compromise Line; kept Texas Panhandle; federal government took over state's public debt. 2) California was admitted as a free state with its current boundaries.

3) DEFEAT of Wilmot Proviso outlawing slavery in the new territories; Utah and New Mexico under the principle of popular sovereignty to decide whether to allow slavery within their borders. 4) slave trade but not slavery was banned in D.C. 5) Fugitive Slave Act provided federal jux to assist in the recovery of escaped slaves; all expenses paid

1783 1) Preliminary peace treaties signed between England and France and England and Spain 2) Great Britain the Congress official declare end to War, Continental army disbands

3) Treaty of Paris is signed formally ending the war and ratified by Congress in 1784

Civil War's Accomplishments: 1) Ended Slavery 2) Eased way to Capitalism by removing slavery system and slave-owning planter class as obstacles to development of industry, profits from war gave rise to new financial system

3) shifted center of American politics from states to national government and memory of war romanticized with even General Lee seen as hero by both sides 4) established Republicans and the other American political party; lived for decades on reputation of Lincoln and as the party that saved the Union.

Columbus' Final Voyage and Days

3)High Voyage - with 14yr old sons Ferninand who wrote an account, sick with Malaria, didn't pursue the isthmus of Panama as a connection to the Pacific - greatest missed discovery yet, sailed to Jamaica, marooned there for a year and returned to Spain, died at home with some fortune. Scientists seek permission to do DNA of his moved remains.

Hessians Terribly feared by many colonists, they were rumored to be amoral ransacks, pillagers and rapists. 1ST OF 2 FACTORS THAT HELPED TO TURN PUBLIC SUPPORT AGAINST BRITS

30k German mercernaries from the state of Hesse who fought for the the British during Revolutionary war, fought in their own traditional uniforms, regiments, under their own officers and flags. Hessian prisoners of war were put to work on local farms and were offered land bounties to desert and join the Americans, which many did.

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States from 1945-53; succeeded to the presidency on April 12, 1945, when Roosevelt died after months of declining health; Under Truman, the Allies successfully concluded World War II; in the aftermath of the conflict, tensions with the Soviet Union increased, marking the start of the Cold War.

7 Southern States' Secede Within 3 months of Lincoln's election, 7 states had seceded before Lincoln Inaugurati0n; Buchanan still presided, didn't use army b/c thought it unconstitutional Charleston and other cities actually celebrated Lincoln' s election, knew a new nation would be formed. 1. South Carolina Dec 20, 1860 2. Mississippi Jan 9, 1861 3. Florida Jan 10, 1861

4. Alabama Jan 11, 1861 5. Georgia Jan 19, 1861 6. Louisiana Jan 26, 1861 7. Texas Feb 1, 1861 Mar 4, 1861 Lincoln Inaugurated 16th President Later, 8. Virginia, 9. Arkansas, 10.Tennessee and 11. North Carolina would join them.

Paid Leisure Time By the mid-Sixties, the majority of American workers enjoyed the highest wage levels in the world,[41] and by the late Sixties, the great majority of Americans were richer than people in other countries, except Sweden, Switzerland, and Canada; "To strike a balance with the Soviet Union, it would be easy to say that all but the very poorest Americans were better off than the Russians, that education was better but the health service worse, but that above all the Americans had freedom of expression and democratic institutions."

40hr work-week est. by Fair Labor Standards Act in certain industries became actual schedule in most workplaces; while farmworkers and self-employed worked fewer hours than previously - although more than others unions got paid vacations and 91% of blue-collar workers were unionized, virtually all industries paid for holidays and most did for 7 days a year; Educational outlays also greater than in other countries, more graduating from high schools and universities than anywhere else, hundreds of new colleges and universities opened every year; Tuition low and free at CA universities

The crime epidemic that had begun during the late 1960s finally reached its climax in the early 1990s before starting a steady decline during the Clinton years. Nevertheless, ongoing addiction (involving sales of marijuana and cocaine) continued to be a major factor in crime in the United States. The decline in crime rates was attributed to several factors, including stricter judicial sentencing practices, the implementation of Three Strikes laws, improving law enforcement technology that made it easier to catch felons, and the end of the crack epidemic. 1. 1992 LA Riots after four police officers were acquitted in the beating of black motorist Rodney King; 2. after a number of highly publicized assaults against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people and when two young men kidnapped, tortured, and murdered Matthew Sheppard him in 1998, Congress passed the Matthew Sheppard Act which extended the hate crime law to women, the disabled, and gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals 3. Spate of school shootings, most deadly was Westside Middle School massacre (1998), the Columbine High School massacre (1999), the Red Lake High School massacre (2005), the Amish school shooting (2006), the Virginia Tech massacre (2007), the Northern Illinois University shooting (2008), the Oikos University shooting (2012), and the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting (2012). Those shootings have led to an increasing debate over gun politics and media violence, and led to increased focus on mental health, school safety, and anti-bullying. 4. Beltway Sniper in Capital Region; attacks on civilians and federal workers by two gunmen over a month-long period in October 2002; killed 10 people and injured three. 5. Jessica's Law: a series of high-profile child abduction cases occurred, including Danielle van Dam (2001), Samantha Runnion (2001), Carly Brucia (2003), Elizabeth Smart (2003), Jessica Lunsford (2005), and Somer Thompson (2009). In addIition, a woman named Jaycee Dugard was found alive after having been kidnapped in 1991 at the age of 11 and held captive for 18 years. These incidents led to a public outcry and demands for stricter laws against sex offenders

6. In November 2009, U.S. Army major Nidal Malik Hasan killed 13 fellow servicemen and injured 30 in the Fort Hood shooting in Killeen, Texas.[119] While the act was called terrorism by some due to Hasan's Muslim heritage, the attack was ruled out by the FBI to have been perpetrated by a terrorist organization. 7. 2011, U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords was the target of an assassination attempt, when a gunman went on a shooting spree, critically injuring Giffords, killing federal judge John Roll and five other people, and wounding at least 14 others.[ 8. 2012, a man shot 70 people the highest number of victims of any mass shooting in American history at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado, killing twelve and injuring 58 others 9. In May 2014, a gunman inspired by a misogynistic vendetta stabbed and shot to death six students at the University of California, Santa Barbara before committing suicide. 10. The shooting of an unarmed 18-yrold black man and racial tensions in Ferguson between the mainly black population and mainly white police force led to both peaceful and violent protesting in Ferguson. In response to the protests, the Ferguson Police Department responded with military-grade riot gear and riot control weaponry to disperse crowds. Protesting escalated again in Ferguson in November when a grand jury chose not to indict Wilson. 11.2014, Eric Garner, a 43-year old black resident of Staten Island, New York died after being put in an illegal, nineteen-second long chokehold by NYPD officer Daniel Pantaleo. Garner was being investigated by the NYPD under suspicion of illegally selling cigarettes. Pantaleo's acquittal by a grand jury in December led to more national protesting.

Amerindians' Near Extinction

90% killed in name of progress, civilization and Christianity, But largest killers by far were EUROPEAN BROUGHT DISEASES and especially a plague that tore through the Americas during the years between Columbus's first voyage and permanent settlements; not due to superior technology, weaponry or culture.

Restoration of Relations with Cuba On December 17, 2014, President Barack Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961.

A deal between the United States and Cuba was brokered during 18 months of secret talks hosted by Canada, with a final meeting hosted by Pope Francis at the Vatican. Although the US embargo remains in effect and ordinary tourism by Americans is still prohibited, the United States will ease travel and remittance restrictions, release three Cuban spies, and open an embassy in Havana.

Drilling in the Arctic The question of drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska has been highly controversial since 70's; Republican proposals were blocked by the Democrats in Congress.Republicans in 2008 were campaigning for more offshore drilling, with the slogan "drill, baby, drill", but the 2010 Gulf oil spill put all new drilling on hold.

ANWR is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980. Much of the debate over whether to drill in the 1002 area of ANWR rests on the amount of economically recoverable oil, as it relates to world oil markets, weighed against the potential harm oil exploration might have upon the natural wildlife, in particular the calving ground of the Porcupine caribou. President Barack Obama has proposed to declare an additional 5 million acres of the refuge as a wilderness area, which would put a total of 12.8 million acres of the refuge permanently off-limits to drilling or other development, including the coastal plain where oil exploration has been sought.

Mormons Move West In 1844 Joseph Smith, and his brother were killed by a mob while in custody in the city of Carthage, Illinois. In 1846, religious tensions reached their peak, and in 1848 mobs burned the Latter-day Saint temple in Nauvoo.

According to church belief, God inspired Brigham Young, Joseph Smith's successor to call for the Saints (as church members call themselves) to organize and head west, beyond the US western frontier into what was then Mexico. Brigham Young insisted the Mormons should settle in a location no one else wanted, felt Salt Lake and Great Basin area would provide the Saints with many advantages as well.

Preemption Act 1841 Passed by Congress in response to demands of Western states that squatters be allowed to preempt lands, Eastern states opposed saw migration as threat to labor supply, but were placated by principle of distribution;

Act permitted settlers to stake claim of 160 acres to be purchased dirt cheap after 14 mos of residence, $1.25 acre, before public sale; Homestead Act caused the value of preemption for bona fide settlers to decline, and the practice became tool for speculators. Preemption Act repealed in 1891.

Election of 1824: "The Corrupt Bargain" No winner b/c no candidate had a majority in the electoral college vote; Andrew Jackson plurality of popular/electoral, Adams, 2nd, Crawford 3rd, Clay 4th. Issue for HR to decide; Clay eliminated b/c Constitution rqd only top 3 considered,

Adams invited Clay to residence; Clay then supported Adams, Adams won, named Clay sec of state. Jackson, famous for temper, denounced result as "the corrupt bargain," resigned senate seat, returned to TN and began planning the campaign that would make him president four years later.

Confederacy best option: short fast war

Advantages -Trading Relationships with Europe. -Best Military officers (Robert E. Lee) -Long coastline made blockade difficult. -convinced they were right; fighting for their lives and on own soil. -British and French leaders sympathized with them due to economic reasons. Disadvantages -smaller Navy vulnerable to Union blockade. -long coastline, while a benefit in sneaking in supplies was also a detriment in trying to defend it. -Southern slaves, a large part of the population, were clearly no help. -Little industry and factory production.

Union best option: long protracted war

Advantages: -Banking, Factories and ships. -More railroads to move supplies, men and equipment. -Larger Navy. -Experienced government. -Larger population; 22 million to 9 million. Disadvantages -They were not as "into it." -Northerners were not in complete agreement over the abolition of slavery. -Lost most of their good military officers to the South.

NATO Afghan War Intervention 1st NATO action outside Europe

Afghan War: 1st time in history NATO acted outside Europe - right after 9/11 attacks, US invoke Art. 5 for first time approved by all 19 ambassadors unanimously - charged with securing strategic locations to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Karzai.

Nadir of Race Relations

African Americans lost civil rights obtained during Reconstruction, increasingly subject to racial discrimination; Increased racist violence, including lynchings and race riots, lead to a strong deterioration of living conditions of African Americans in the Southern states.

Booker T. Washington African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States; dominant leader in the African-American community 1890- 1915

African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States; dominant leader in the African-American community 1890- 1915. born into slavery and became the leading voice of the former slaves and their descendants, who were newly oppressed by disfranchisement and the Jim Crow discriminatory laws enacted in the post-Reconstruction CRITICIZED BY SUBSEQUENT CIVIL RIGHTS LEADERS AS ACCOMMODATING after Atlanta "compromise" speech

Battle of Mogadishu 1992 Bush sent troops to join UN Operation Restore Hope; a multi-national effort to restore order and provide humanitarian aid in war and famine-torn Somalia; but situation deteriorated out of control and 18 US soldiers killed, 84 were wounded, during Clinton term

After 24 Pakistani soldiers were killed in 1993, the UN passed called for arrest and trial of those responsible; Newly elected President Bill Clinton launched a concentrated attack on Aidid's stronghold in Mogadishu; After the Mogadishu attack, Clinton ordered U.S. forces withdrawn from the region, with the last being withdrawn by 1995, and fired his Secretary of Defense Les Aspin who had not sent adequate forces

Sabine River Border Between Texas and LA One of the least understood in the region, the Sabine river formed part of the United States-Mexican as well as the United States-Republic of Texas international boundary during the early 19th century.

After LA Purchase, indefinite nature of the boundary between the U.S. and Spain led to establishment of a neutral territory on both sides of the river; boundaries later resolved by the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, which established the river as the boundary from the Gulf to the 32nd parallel. Served as the western boundary of the United States until the Texas Annexation in 1845. Often described as the dividing line between the Old South and the New Southwest.

Annexation of Hawaii

After McKinley won 1896 election, he was persuaded by US expansionists and annexationists from Hawaii, to sign the Newlands Resolution which was used to annex the Republic to the U.S. over the opposition of native Hawaiians; Senate never ratified the treaty - - ILLEGAL. Hawaii remained a self-governed territory rather than a state for 60 years to facilitate interests of plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five by importing cheap, foreign labor. Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states. Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii. Hawaiian sugar plantation owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century.

Cuban-American Treaty

After U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt withdrew federal troops from the island in 1902, Cuba signed the Cuban-American Treaty (1903), which specified the terms of a lease of land to the United States for a coaling and naval station at Guantánamo Bay.

US Latin - American Relations

After U.S. demanded Spain stop its oppressive policies in Cuba; public opinion (overruling McKinley) led to the short, successful Spanish-American War in 1898. U.S. then permanently took over Puerto Rico, and temporarily held Cuba. Attention increasingly focused on the Caribbean as the rapid growth of the Pacific states, especially California, revealed the need for a canal across to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Frederick Douglas an African-American social reformer, orator, abolitionist, writer, and statesman.

After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves lacked the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens.

Battle of Monterrey 1846 Gen. Zachary Taylor stationed his soldiers north of the city and takes control of the roads. Mexican General Pedro Ampudia and his force of 5,000 cut off from reinforcements, and Taylor mounts a two-pronged assault.

After five days of fighting, Taylor grants Ampudia's request for a parlay and the Mexican forces are permitted to leave with their weapons. Polk is infuriated with Taylor when he learns of these generous surrender terms.

Pointe du Hoc

After prolonged bombing runs on the French coast by the Army Air Forces, 225 U.S. Army Rangers scaled the cliffs under intense enemy fire and destroyed the German gun emplacements that could have threatened amphibious landings.

Zhejiang Jianxi Campaign

After the Doolittle raid, the Japanese Imperial Army conducted a massive sweep through the eastern coastal provinces of China, in an operation now known as the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign, searching for the surviving American airmen and applying retribution on the Chinese who aided them, in an effort to prevent this part of China from being used again for an attack on Japan.

Lend - Lease: Soviet Union

After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, America began sending Lend Lease aid to the Soviet Union as well as Britain and China.

Holy Alliance: Austria, Prussia and Russia

After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Holy Alliance, dedicated to promote monarchic government and to helping Spain re-establish its sovereignty over some of the very Latin American countries that had just won their independence. John Q. Adams concern over these events led to the Monroe Doctrine pronouncement.

Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican-American War. California, Nevada, Utah, most of New Mexico and Arizona, and the disputed regions of Texas are all obtained by the United States in the largest single land acquisition since the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

All told, some 55% of Mexico's prewar territory is transferred to American sovereignty. Gold was discovered in ceded territory just weeks prior to treaty signatures. Mexico didn't know about the discovery. Although it had severed diplomatic relations before the skirmishes on Polk's annexation proposals, Mexico never declared war on the US.

Second Battle of the Marne Major turning point WWI,

Allies halt German drive; last major German offensive of the WWI, significant Allied victory; Germans not only failed in their aim to win the war at Marne but had actually lost ground, German commanders, including Crown Prince Wilhelm, believed the war was lost.

Europe First UK in most danger since fall of France, all Europe had been overrun and left alone to defend itself; US concurred with this strategy even though it had been hurt by Japan.

Allies' strategy was to defeat Germany and its allies in Europe first, then Japan in the Pacific since London and Moscow, only ally capitals not under German control were direct targets of Germany.

Gloria Steinem

Along with Friedan, Gloria Steinem was an important feminist leader, co-founding the NWPC, the Women's Action Alliance, and editing the movement's magazine, Ms.

New Democrat

Along with strong backing from traditional Democrats and liberals, Clinton was able to garner the support of moderates who appreciated his centrist "New Democrat" policies, which steered away from the expansion of government services of the New Deal and Great Society and allowed him to "triangulate", (form into triangle) taking away many of the Republicans' top issues;

SALT II Under Carter, second round of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between US and Soviets on issue of armament control; SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries.

Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan, which took place later that year. The agreement expired on December 31, 1985 and was not renewed, but eventually led to START.

15th Amendment granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Use of poll taxes, literacy tests, etc., Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote.

Iraq War In mid-2002, Bush announced that Iraq possessed chemical and nuclear weapons and posed a "clear and present danger" to stability in the Middle East; plans for invasion began amid widespread controversy; Iraq War commenced in 2003 and Iraqi Army disintegrated without much resistance; within three weeks US troops entered Baghdad to an overjoyed mob of Iraqi civilians who proceeded to tear down the giant statue of Saddam Hussein in the middle of the city; Bush announced from an aircraft carrier that major combat operations in Iraq were completed, with a "Mission Accomplished" banner serving as a backdrop; Meanwhile, the economy recovered from the early 2000s economic recession, with GDP growth rising to 7% in the middle of 2003, with continued growth through the mid-2000s. The unemployment rate peaked at 6% in 2003, before falling in 2004 and 2005, and dropping below 5% in 2006 and 2007.[6]

Although the war was initially popular, a guerrilla insurgency quickly began mostly by Al Qaeda operatives who had entered the country. Led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a wave of bombings and beheadings of captives occurred, including the highly publicized killing of government contractor Nick Berg; Zarqawi was killed by US troops in 2005. Ineffective policing strategies led to a mounting death toll among soldiers, but eventually in 2007 a campaign known as "The Surge" began where the US Army launched a large-scale anti-terrorism offensive. Along with the help of Iraqi locals unhappy with the destruction caused by (largely foreigner) Al Qaeda agents, the surge resulted in the end of most major violence in the country. Late in 2003, Hussein was captured, and was subsequently put to trial before the Iraqi people and executed in 2006.

Dormant Womens' Rights Movement

Although women voting surged in 1928, especially in response to Prohibition and Catholic issues - 1928 was first election in which Catholicism was a major issue -Anthony and other activists had died and apart from Alice Paul, few younger women came along to replace them.

Failed National Health Care Proposal Bill Clinton's proposal of a national health care system, championed by his wife Hillary, ignited a political firestorm on the right, which vigorously opposed it on the general principle that government size should be reduced not expanded.

Although, proposed system did not survive, Hillary Clinton along with a bipartisan coalition of members of congress, established Children's Health Insurance Program.

1777 First Battle of Saratoga

American Victory

Bataan Death March later judged to be a Japanese war crime

American and Philippino troops on the captured US Air Force Base in the Philipines were taken prisoner by Japanese and forced to march to Camp O'Donnel, dying by the thousands in disease-ridden Japanese prison camps where food and medicine were in very short supply.

Jonathan Edwards

American born pastor, fire-and-brimstone, pit-of-hell sermons, provoked near hysteria in listeners

Consumer Electronics Industry Nearly Extinct consumer electronics industry which had begun declining in the 1970s was one of the worst victims of dumping and other unfair Japanese trade practices;

American electronics were poor quality and lacked technical innovation compared to Japanese electronics, in part because the Cold War had caused most American scientific and engineering effort to go into the defense sector rather than the consumer one; wiping out US small electronics industry by the end of the decade.

Selective Service Registration Revived 1980 Concerned over the weak condition of the armed forces and in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Carter brought back the Selective Service registration requirement for male citizens, which currently remains in effect.

American forces in Europe, neglected during the Vietnam War, were expected to face the increasingly powerful Warsaw Pact with 1950s-era weaponry; US military nearly disintegrated in the aftermath of Vietnam with low morale, racial tensions, and drug use; Experiments such as the "The Army Wants To Join You" campaign in 1975 met with criticism and were abandoned; With the end of the draft in 1973, it became difficult to find recruits aside from criminals who'd been given the option of military service in lieu of jail time.

Salient of Saint Mihiel

American forces lead French allies under Pershing to take salient at Saint-Mihiel in preparation for what would become last major battle of WWI

Helen Hunt Jackson

American poet and writer who became an activist on behalf of improved treatment of Native Americans by the U.S. government; described the adverse effects of government actions in her history A Century of Dishonor (1881). Her novel Ramona (1884) dramatized the federal government's mistreatment of Native Americans in Southern California after the Mexican-American War and attracted considerable attention to her cause.

Walt Whitman was a volunteer nurse during the American Civil War;

American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works; often called the father of free verse; work was very controversial in its time, particularly his poetry collection Leaves of Grass, which was described as obscene for its overt sexuality.

The Gulflight

American tanker sunk by German U-Boat, Germany apologizes & promised to stop, then reversed believing unrestricted U-boat warfare against all ships headed to Britain would win the war, at the cost of American entry but ocean war escalates

Iwo Jima iconic in America as the epitome of heroism in desperate hand-to-hand combat

Americans did not bypass the small island of Iwo Jima because it wanted bases for fighter escorts; Japanese knew they could not win, but maximize American casualties by preparing many fortified positions on the island; Japanese fought to the end; leaving only 1,000 of the original 21,000 defenders alive; US Marines suffered 25k casualties

1777 Battle of Bennington in Vermont:

Americans wipe out of column of General Burgoyne's men

NATO Partnership for Peace

An additional 22 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes; aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union; 22 states are members

Townshend Acts

Another set of incendiary taxes, came down from London and once again American boycott cut imports from England in half: --This time the British sent in troops; 4k redcoats in Boston a city of 16k and hotbed of colonial protest. --troops angered residents even further as they began to compete for work with the laborers on the waterfront and angry encounters became frequent

Camp O'Donnell final stop of the Bataan Death March and used as an internment camp for Filipino and American pow's

Around 20,000 Filipinos and 1,600 Americans died at Camp O'Donnell. There were no POWs left at the camp when it was retaken by the US Army and Philippine Commonwealth Army on January 1945.

"So Help Me God" George Washington elected as first President.

Article II directs the president-elect to take the oath of office, but custom - not constitutional directive, dictates president place left hand on Bible. GW added words "So help me God." Not required, but custom - every prez since then has said them.

North Sea's Role in History Historically, the North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, was the centre of the Vikings' rise, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea.

As Germany's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars.

Great Society Johnson's program to eliminate poverty and racial injustice; New major spending programs that addressed education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were launched during this period; very different programs from FDR's New Deal 1930's

As a part of the Great Society, Johnson believed in expanding the federal government's roles in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies; These policies can also be seen as a continuation of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, which ran from 1933 to 1935, and FDR's Four Freedoms of 1941; Johnson stated "Our aim is not only to relieve the symptom of poverty, but to cure it and, above all, to prevent it".

Reagan Doctrine strategy that favored a hawkish approach to the Cold War, especially in the Third World arena, designed to overwhelm and "rollback" the global influence of the Soviet Union; lasted less than a decade, but was centerpiece of US foreign policy from early 80's until the end of Cold War 1991;

As a result new arms race developed; superpower relations deteriorated to a level not seen since the 1960s; nevertheless Reagan's foreign policy considered more successful and well thought out than his domestic Under the Reagan Doctrine, Administration sought to overcome Americans aversion to large troop commitments by backing specially trained counterinsurgencies or "low-intensity conflicts; US provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist guerrillas and resistance movements in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed communist governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America;

Black Codes Designed to circumvent the 13th amendment

As a result of Johnson's leniency, many southern states in 1865 and 1866 successfully enacted a series of laws known as the "black codes," which were designed to restrict freed blacks' activity and ensure their availability as a labor force. Modeled after the pre-war slave codes; not only restricted black lives but also created physical separation between blacks and whites that had not existed before the war. Emancipation meant very little with black codes in force.

Marcellus Formation

As much as two trillion dollars worth of natural gas is potentially available in the Marcellus Formation deposits located in the historic 19th-century oil fields in Appalachia, stretching from West Virginia through Pennsylvania into western New York. However, there is sharp debate underway regarding the environmental impact on the region's fresh water supply.

Dayton Accord & NATO NATO air strikes helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement 1995;

As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated 60k troop peacekeeping force joined by non-NATO nations, under Operation Joint Endeavor, named IFOR; transitioned into smaller SFOR, which started with 32,000 troops initially 1996 - 2004, when operations where then passed onto European Union Force Althea; Following lead of member nations, NATO began to award NATO Medal for service medal for these operations.

Ku Klux Klan

As soon as blacks gained the right to vote, secret societies sprang up in the South, devoted to restoring white supremacy in politics and social life. Most notorious was the Ku Klux Klan, an organization of violent criminals that established a reign of terror in some parts of the South, assaulting and murdering local Republican leaders.

Lincoln and Douglas Debates of 1858 aka The Great Debates of 1858

At the time, U.S. senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were trying for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.

Battle of New Orleans

Battle that was moot. The War of 1812 could be called the "war of poor communication." Two days before the declaration of war, Great Britain agreed to repeal the naval laws which were chiefly responsible for the war. Speedy communication would have also eliminated the greatest battle, the Battle of New Orleans, that occurred 15 days after a peace treaty had been signed.

Twain's Gilded Age

Beautiful on the surface but cheap, base, and tarnished underneath; term was coined by Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873), which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding.

American Volunteers

Before US entered WWII, although fighting for another nation's army is illegal and cause for loss of citizenship, many Americans volunteered to fight against Axis powers in foreign armies - esp. British and French air forces. Congress pardoned them in 1944.

The Years Before the Vietnam War

Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower dispatched large sums of economic and military aid and 695 military advisers to South Vietnam to stabilize the pro-western government under attack by insurgents.

Birmingham Children's Crusade

Birmingham's public safety commissioner Eugene T. "Bull" Connor advocated violence against freedom riders and ordered fire hoses and police dogs turned on demonstrators

Baby-Busters 1965 Nationwide birthrates began to fall below replacement level starting in 1965 and would remain depressed for almost 20 years, resulting in children born during this period to be known as "baby busters" as opposed to the "baby boomers" of the postwar years

Birthrates hit an all-time low during the post-OPEC recession in the mid-1970s.

Harlem Renaissance Black Culture in the Jazz Age

Black culture, especially in music and literature, flourished in many cities such as New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago but nowhere more than in New York City, site of the Harlem Renaissance. The Cotton Club nightclub and the Apollo Theater became famous venues for artists and writers.

Omaha Race Riot of 1919 inflammatory yellow journalism to blame

Blacks and Irish compete for too few jobs, etc. Other eastern Europeans and Balkan immigrants scrambled violently for survival and protection. Lynching of Will Brown was triggered by reports in local media that sensationalized the alleged rape of 19-year-old girl; Will Brown was "identified", later reports question this, arrested, and there was an unsuccessful attempt to lynch Brown on the day of his arrest; but then mob rule took over and hung the mayor who was rescued by police; then then got to Willy Brown and hung him, he died, shot his body, cut him down, drug through the street and burned him, celebrating the entire time.

Great Migration

Blacks began to flee racial injustice and lynching in the post-Reconstruction South as early as 1879, they headed to the Midwest an exile which was intensified during the Great Migration that began before World War I.

The South economically devastated; its economy became increasingly tied to cotton and tobacco production, which suffered from low prices.

Blacks in the South, which is where most blacks lived in the US, were stripped of political power and voting rights, and economically disadvantaged.

Lincoln Shot, Johnston Surrenders, Slavery Abolished Abraham Lincoln, first Prez to be successfully assassinated - unsuccessful attempt on Jackson 30 years later, is shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C. Lincoln Dies by Assassination; does not regain consciousness after wounded

Booth's three co-conspirators were Lewis Powell and David Herold, assigned to kill Secretary of State William H. Seward, and George Atzerodt tasked to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to sever the continuity of the United States government

Great Depression: World desperate governments sought economic recovery by adopting restrictive, autarkic policies—high tariffs, import quotas, and barter agreements

Britain had a highly planned economy; Nazi Germany rearmed and invested in public works, Mussolini tightened economic controls of corporate state; many saw Soviet Union model as solution to crisis in capitalism

1777 Second Battle of Saratoga:

British are routed and 5700 surrender; MAJOR TURNING POINT FOR THE AMERICANS; Europe is encouraged by American performance, thinks it can win the war and is in its own best interests to aid the Colonies in their revolution, formal French recognition of American independence.

1776 Dorchester Heights

British forced to evacuate Boston after rebels capture their cannons and Dorchester Heights overlooking harbor

Lusitania

British passenger liner sunk by "U-boats" because it also carried munition that British deny; deaths 128 American travelers and sailors; caused public outrage; TR pressured Wilson denounced acts as "piracy" legal cause for war Passengers had disregarded warnings published by Germany in American newspapers to avoid passage on vessels carrying wartime cargoes

Dolly Madison and the White House

British troops at one point marched unopposed into WA DC, 1st lady Dolly Madison saves the nations treasures by cart, before the British burn the white house. House repainted white to cover scorch marks, which is why it's called the white house today.

New Sweden 1637, Swedish, Dutch and German stockholders formed the New Sweden Company to trade for furs and tobacco in North America Peter Minuit, the company's first expedition sailed from Sweden late in 1637; Minuit had been the governor of the Dutch colony, New Netherland, centered on Manhattan Island, from 1626 to 1631.

Built Ft. Christina, named after Sweden's 12-yr old Queen, near Wilmington Delaware, colony expanded to include farms and small settlement s along Delaware River in Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland; peacefully co-existed with Finns, Lenni Lenape, and Dutch for a while.

Populist Platform

Built on a coalition of poor, white cotton farmers in the South (especially North Carolina, Alabama, and Texas) and hard-pressed wheat farmers in the plains states (especially Kansas and Nebraska), the People's Party represented a radical crusading form of agrarianism and hostility to banks, cities, railroads, gold, and elites generally.

Persian Gulf War Iraq invaded and attempted annex neighbor Kuwait; US feared KSA, its closest oil rich ally since 1940's, was next; US condemned invasion as act of aggression and invaded;

Bush compared Hussein to Adolf Hitler and declared that if the United States and international community did not act, aggression would be encouraged elsewhere in the world; Hussein ignored UN Sec. Council's deadline to leave Kuwait and Sec. Council authorized an military response; war began in 1991, Iraq lost approximately 20k troops, with some sources citing as many as 100k casualties on the Iraqi side; dependence of the industrialized world on oil starting in the 1930s Middle Eastern countries with vast oil reserves became of strategic importance to US

1990 Oil Price Shock When oil price shock hit mid-90's, consumer spending contracted and economy entered mild recession, unlike more serious one in early 80's, CA and northeast hardest hit, while South much less affected.

Bush inherited economy in strong rally since 1982, but Fed Reserve continued with restrictive monetary policy limiting growth;

Election of 2004 George W. Bush was re-elected in November 2004, defeating Democratic contender John Kerry in the electoral vote, and receiving 50.7% of the popular vote against John Kerry's 48.3%. Republicans also made gains in both houses of Congress. Some major acts in Bush's second term included the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act, and the Troubled Asset Relief Program. After seeing high approval ratings for much of his first term,[153][154] Bush's popularity plummeted to record lows in his second term, due to his handling of the prolonged Iraq war, Hurricane Katrina, and the 2008 financial crisis. Bush was succeeded on January 20, 2009 by a Democratic president, Barack Obama.

Bush's reelection was assured by support for the War On Terror, the dour Kerry's lack of appeal to his voter base, and the excessive attacks made on the president by the Democrat left, which helped turn public opinion against them. In addition, it came out that Kerry, a Vietnam War veteran, had participated in antiwar protests after returning home in 1970, including throwing away his medals.

Collapse of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe late 1980s, the regimes of the Eastern European Warsaw Pact began to collapse in rapid succession; 1989 fall of Berline Wall seen as symbol for entire Eastern Bloc; led to democratization in US proxy (i.e. substitute) govs as well!

But U.S.-Soviet relations had greatly improved with the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) in 1987 and the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan as well as Cuban forces from Angola; undercut rationale for providing US support to repressive governments - e.g. Chile and South Korea, which began to democratize with U.S. support during the same period as those of Warsaw Pact nations.

Hudson did not discover Hudson Strait, Martin Frobisher did, but its named after him Looking for the North West Passage, sailed for Greenland in a ship aptly named Discovery and discovered Hudson Bay, disputed - maybe Sebastian Cabot did - which Hudson thought was the Pacific in early 1600's.

But he and his men succumbed to the cold and ice, and his men mutinied and set him adrift in a small boat, while they returned to London and were recruited to help find North West passage. Hudson not heard from again.

Reagan The Teflon President term originates was coined by Rep. Pat Schroeder (D-CO) when she took to the House floor in 1983 and said of President Ronald Reagan: "He has been perfecting the Teflon-coated presidency: He sees to it that nothing sticks to him." Reagan elected for his "good old days" campaign which made Americans feel powerful and in control again. A throwback to Teddy Roosevelt and his Big Stick, Reagan saw the White House as a BULLY PULPIT. Part of the image had to do with extraordinary good luck: --release of Iran hostages --survival of assassination attempt, while country reveled at his jokes with emergency room staff

But he had a gloss of invincibility and his personal affability carried Reagan through scandals at the highest levels of his administration all of which he was able to shrug off with a chuckle, a wave, or a shrug. Even major policy disasters rolled off his back: --US Marine barracks bombing in Beirut killed 239 was an indefensible position with no real justification as to their presence, but Reagan assumed "responsibility" without any damage to his image and popularity. --American air raid on Kaddafy home left only two American pilots and some civilians dead, including the leader's child, but Reagan's popularity soared through the attempted assassination. --Even escaped Iran-Contra Scandal unscathed.

Women's Movement 1963-1982 Began with Feminine Mystique and the trapped housewife; but then Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women, or NOW, to act as an lobbyist and interests promoter for women.

By 1968, Women's Lib gained so much attention in the press and public that it outgrew in size and power the Civil Rights Movement; Marches, parades, rallies, boycotts, and pickets brought out thousands, sometimes millions Friedan's Women's Strike for Equality (1970) was a nationwide success; The movement was split into factions by political ideology early on, however (NOW on the left, the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL) on the right, the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) in the center, and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left.

Battle of Belleau Wood

By end 1914, whole Allied army on the Western Front had been forced into a general retreat back towards Paris, two main German armies continued through France. But German advance into France halted by US Marines though more of 1/2 killed; part of marine lore

Declaration for Texas, Distant Government 1835 In Goliad, local Tejanos and Anglo-Texan settlers sign the first declaration of independence for Texas.

By this time Anglo-Texans outnumber locals 10-1 and Texas is under the control of the Mexican state of Coahuila, at the capital Saltillo so far to the south that many Texans find it annoyingly distant. A new Mexican Constitution, enacted in 1836, abolishes states entirely, antagonizing Texans further by requiring all administration to be based in far-off Mexico City.

Roe v. Wade 1973 landmark case that women have a constitutional right to choose an abortion, and that cannot be nullified by state laws.

Catholics, who had opposed abortion since the 1890s, formed a coalition with Evangelical Protestants to try to reverse the decision; Republican party began taking anti-abortion positions as the Democrats announced in favor of choice, issue has inflamed politics ever since.

Stagflation economic situation where the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows down, and unemployment remains steadily high; raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa.

Caused by Johnson's wartime requests for tax cut but increases in domestic and war spending; major expansion of money supply that pushed prices rapidly upward; also a result of declining supremacy in international trade and global economic, geopolitical, commercial, technological, and cultural preponderance of US since the end of World War II; moreover automobile, steel, and electronics industries were also beginning to face stiff competition in the U.S. domestic market by foreign producers who had more modern factories and higher-quality products and were competing for increasingly scarce raw commodities. Nixon promised to tackle sluggish growth and inflation, known as "stagflation", through higher taxes and lower spending; this met stiff resistance in Congress. As a result, Nixon changed course and opted to control the currency; his appointees to the Federal Reserve sought a contraction of the money supply through higher interest rates but to little avail; the tight money policy did little to curb inflation. The cost of living rose a cumulative 15% during Nixon's first two years in office.

Fur Traders and Map Makers

Chouart mapped Lake Superior- Hudson Bay, sold info to English who formed Hudson Bay Co to exploit the knowledge Jolliet and Marquette, looking for Pacific in 1673, reached the Mississippi from Lake Michigan, then floated down to the Arkansas river and found Gulf of Mexico instead, prompting the French to lay claim to ALL Western North America in name of Louis 14th, Sun King.

Lewinsky Affair and Impeachment, Gingrich Gone 1998, reports surfaced of ongoing sexual relations between Clinton and a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky. Clinton initially and vigorously denied the relationship; "I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." His wife Hillary described the allegations as fraudulent smears dredged up by a "vast right-wing conspiracy."

Clinton was forced to retract his assertions after the Lewinsky matter came under investigation by independent counsel Kenneth Starr. Clinton was impeached in the House, but acquitted at his trial by the U.S. Senate; A public backlash forced Speaker Gingrich to resign after a poor showing in the 1998 midterm elections. In 1999, Republican Dennis Hastert of Illinois became Speaker of the House, a position he would hold until 2007, making him the longest-serving Republican Speaker of the House.

Warsaw Pact formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac,

Cold War military alliance treaty between 8 communist states of Central and Eastern Europe to counter NATO; military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CoMEcon, the regional economic organization for the communist States of Central and Eastern Europe; Soviet response to 1955 integration of West Germany into NATO by Paris Pacts of 1954 but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe . . and maintain peace in Europe guided by objective points and principles of UN Charter. became Collective Security Treaty Organization, or CSTO after collapse of USSR and end of Cold War

Piracy in the New World Elizabeth's Sea Dogs and Dutch Corsairs on a grand scale, state sponsored. French and Spanish on a smaller scale, others by individual greed, not state supported.

Columbus' historic discoveries in 1492 coincided with the increasing influence of a brand-new discovery in communications — the printing press. By 1497, Columbus' travel notes had been translated and distributed throughout most countries in Europe, and hundreds of privateers and pirates flocked to the Americas after reading his tales.

Vietnam War

Communists picked where the American allies were weakest and 1950' American advisors began arriving in French Indochina to help the French contain them; U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962; U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965.

Fort Sumter Apr 12, 1861 1st battle of Civil War, Confederates 1-0

Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard bombard Major Robert Anderson and his Union soldiers at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The Civil War officially begins. Apr 14, 1861 Union Surrender at Ft. Sumter after 2 days

1st Military Draft, Mar 3, 1863

Congress enacts the first draft in American history, requiring every man to serve in the army unless he can furnish a substitute or pay the government $300. These escape provisions are wildly unpopular with workers and recent immigrants, and lead to draft riots in New York and other northern cities.

Morgan Report

Congress followed with another investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens—with the exception of the Queen—"not guilty" and not responsible for the coup.[71] Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893. In 1993, a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton. The resolution apologized for the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and said the United States had annexed Hawaii unlawfully.[74]

American Experiment

Constitution not as eloquent as the Declaration of Independence, despite the Preamble, but establishes 1) the US exists to serve the people, not the people to serve the government and 2) government in the US cannot tell citizens what to think or believe about politics, religion, art, science, literature or anything else.

Constitution

Constitutional amendment process layed out --based on Enlightenment: elevated powers of human reason and strove for new forms of government, free of tyranny - also based on ideas of Hume, Locke, Rousseau, Votaire and Kant (struggle between liberty and democracy) --DID NOT PROVIDE FOR DIRECT ELECTIONS EXCEPT FOR HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

Containment articulated in a 1946 cable by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan; became foreign policy doctrine of NATO, idea that inefficient Soviet system would collapse of internal weakness, and no "hot" war would be necessary The policy of containment led to: 1) The Truman Doctrine 2) NATO 3) The Marshall Plan

Containment supported by Democrats and internationalist Republicans led by Sen. Vandenberg of MI, Governor Thomas Dewey of NY, and general Dwight D. Eisenhower, but was opposed by the isolationists led by Sen. Taft of Ohio. It represented a middle-ground position between appeasement and rollback;

Continental Army Established by a resolution of the Continental Congress on June 14, 1775, it was created to coordinate the military efforts of the Thirteen Colonies in their revolt against the rule of Great Britain.

Continental Army disbanded in 1783; 1st and 2nd Regiments went on to form the nucleus of the Legion of the United States in 1792 under General Anthony Wayne; foundation of the United States Army in 1796.

Battle of Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor

Continuing his advance, Union General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Robert E. Lee's Confederate forces at Spotsylvania. Grant loses more soldiers than Lee. Still, General Lee is forced to retreat south. The bloody battle of Cold Harbor is a disaster for the Union. General Ulysses S. Grant makes a series of tactical mistakes that result in the deaths of 7,000 Union in twenty minutes.

Blount Report

Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne. The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report, which concluded the removal of Liliʻuokalani was illegal. The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Liliʻuokalani be reinstated but the Provisional Government refused.

US Recognizes Russian Provisional Government

Czar of Russia is forced to abdicate after Russian Revolution; Alexander Kerensky recognized as head of the Russian Provisional Government

Great Depression: Midwest Dust Bowl Adding to the misery of the times, drought arrived in the Great Plains. The , a phenomenon that continued for several years. Those who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Dust Bowl were lured westward by advertisements for work put out by agribusiness in western states, such as California. The

Decades of bad farming practices caused topsoil to erode, and combined with the warmest weather conditions in a generation, caused an ecological disaster as dry soil was lifted by wind and blown into huge dust storms that blanketed entire towns lured westward, esp. to CA, by jobs in agribusiness

USSR disbands

December 26, 1991, USSR was officially disbanded, breaking up into fifteen constituent parts.

Deism Many of the Founding Fathers believed in deism, NOT orthodox religion or the divinity of the English throne:

Deism is a natural religion. Deists believe in the existence of God, on purely rational grounds, without any reliance on revealed religion or religious authority or holy text. Because of this, Deism is quite different from religions like Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Opponents to American Involvement in WWI

Democrats, most German & Scandinavian Americans wanted US to remain neutral, though thousands US citizens tried to enlist in German army, Irish Catholics in control of Democratic Party hostile to helping Britain; protestants and leaders of women's movement -e.g. Jane Adams - favored pacifist solutions. most prominent was industrialist Henry Ford, who personally financed and led a peace ship to Europe to try to negotiate among the belligerents; no negotiations resulted

Setback for Organized Labor Movement Haymarket Riot viewed a setback for the organized labor movement which was fighting for such rights as the eight-hour workday;

Despite a lack of evidence, eight radical labor activists, some foreign-born, convicted of the bombing and a national wave of xenophobia ensued; 4 men hanged; viewed by many in the labor movement as martyrs.

Vietnamization Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the Communists to the South Vietnamese themselves.

Despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture; US withdrew its troops from Vietnam before the Paris Peace Accords in 1973. In 1975 North Vietnam invaded with conventional army forces and quickly conquered the South. The U.S. was not involved in the fighting in 1975 but did evacuate many Vietnamese. Later nearly one million managed to flee to the U.S. as refugees.

Grange Movement

Despite their remarkable progress and general prosperity, 19th-century U.S. farmers experienced recurring cycles of hardship, caused primarily by falling world prices for cotton and wheat; suffered from a slump in the 1880s when conditions in Europe improved. The farther west the settlers went, the more dependent they became on the monopolistic railroads to move their goods to market, and the more inclined they were to protest, as in the Populist movement of the 1890s Granges set up their own marketing systems, stores, processing plants, factories and cooperatives. Most went bankrupt. The movement also enjoyed some political success during the 1870s. A few Midwestern states passed "Granger Laws", limiting railroad and warehouse fees.

Swell in Immigration Immigration, most of it from Latin America and Asia, swelled during the 1990s, laying the groundwork for great changes in the demographic makeup of the U.S. population in coming decades, such as Hispanics replacing African-Americans as the largest minority.

Despite tougher border scrutiny after the September 11 attacks, nearly 8 million immigrants came to the United States from 2000 to 2005—more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history; Almost half entered illegally.

Harriet Tubman 1849; Harriet Tubman is perhaps the most well-known of all the Underground Railroad's "conductors."

During a ten-year span she made 19 trips into the South, often at night, guided by the North star, and escorted over 300 slaves to freedom, avoiding slave catchers seeking rewards. She "never lost a single passenger." Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison named her "Moses," alluding to the prophet in the Book of Exodus who led the Hebrews to freedom from Egypt

Peace of Paris: Netherlands and Spain

Dutch did not gain anything of significant value at the end of the war. Spanish conquered British West Florida, but Gibraltar remained in British hands; in the long run, the new territory was of little or no value.

Manhattan

Dutch took it from Indians, but other parts of NYC/New Amsterdam Swedish Governor Minuit later offered to pay for with $24 in trade goods Dutch far more rowdy than Puritans, more taverns than churches, also more feudalistic Needed labor, no persecution in Holland to flee, welcomed settlers from everywhere, by 1680 very diverse,

Art. 5 NATO Treaty invoked for first time by US after Sept. 11th attacks; article provides an attack on any member shall be an attack on all"

Eight official actions taken, including : Operation Eagle Assist, etc. a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general

Iran & Latin America

Eisenhower supported CIA efforts to undermine anti-American governments, which proved most successful in Iran and Guatemala.

House of Burgesses

Elected Jamestown Legislative Assembly of citizen "bourgeois" same root word - only land owning males over 17 could vote. Seed from which American Representative Gov would grow - even though still required company in London's approval for decisions until company charter revoked for mismanagement due to the hunger and problems. Then gained influence.

Progressive Era

Election of 1900; Republicans thrilled with success of war with Spain, restoration of prosperity, and effort to obtain new markets through Open Door Policy; election a repeat of 1896, except imperialism added as issue; William Jennings Bryan added anti-imperialism to silver rhetoric, but as defeated in the face of peace, prosperity and national optimism

Ralph Waldo Ellison 1914 - April 16, 1994 was a black American novelist, literary critic, scholar and writer.

Ellison is best known for his landmark novel Invisible Man, which won the National Book Award in 1953; He also wrote Shadow and Act (1964), a collection of political, social and critical essays, and Going to the Territory (1986), and Juneteenth, published in in 1999,

Writers of the Period (Flowering of New England)

Emerson (Concord) Thoreau (Concord) Hawthorne (Salem) Melville (Pittsfield) Longfellow (Cambridge) Whittier (Haverhill and Amesbury) Holmes (Cambridge) Lowell (Cambridge) Dickenson (Amherst

Civil Rights Act of 1866 (and of 1870) First United States federal law to define US citizenship and affirmed that all citizens were equally protected by the law. Mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War and in response to the Black Codes passed by Southern Legislators.

Enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Johnson again vetoed it, but a two-thirds majority in each house overcame the veto, passing the bill into law. John Bingham and some other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law. Thus, following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868, Congress reenacted the 1866 Act in 1870.

Beaver Wars, aka Iroquois Wars or the French and Iroquois Wars a brutal conflict between the French-backed Algonquian tribes of Great Lakes rgion fighting against the English-supported Iroquois Confederacy - led by the dominant Mohawk; mid-17th century in eastern North America

Encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English trading partners, the Iroquois sought to expand their territory and monopolize the fur trade and the trade between European markets and the tribes of the western Great Lakes region. Algonquian and Iroquoian societies greatly disrupted; conflict subsided with loss of Iroqois' Dutch allies in the New Netherland colony, and with a growing French objective to gain the Iroquois as an ally against English encroachment. English used the Iroquois conquests as a claim to the Northwest Territory.

Spread of Electrification and Dependence on Oil

Energy was key to new economy, esp. electricity and oil as electrification reached all cities and towns; consumers and factory owners demanded it for productivity; oil booms in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, resulted in US domination of world petroleum production, even more important in the new age of automobiles and trucks.

PostWar Consumerism

Engine of the American economy and, hence, world power; much higher wages meant that consumption reached far beyond the necessities into luxury items like home ownership, durable goods, travel recreation and entertainment; insatiable demands were generated - driving economic growth

Hudson Bay Company

England based its claim to vast Hudson Bay region based on Hudson's last voyage Hudson Bay Co soon began the fur trade that would bring the wealth a route to Asia was supposed to.

Green Mountain Boys

Ethan Allen led the GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS, in a campaign of intimidation and property destruction to drive New York settlers from the New Hampshire Land Grants. When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Allen and the Boys seized the initiative and captured Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775.

First Hundred Days The economic situation and Democratic victories in 1932 Congressional elections, gave Roosevelt unusual influence over Congress in the first 100 days of office.

FDR used this power to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system, stock market, industry and agriculture. 1. "Bank holiday" and Emergency Banking Act 2. The Glass-Steagall Act 3. Economy Act 4. Farm Program 5. Alphabet Soup

1790 Census

First Census completed, Census Act was passed same year (1790) - - determined how many delegates each state would have in HR: --US total pop almost 4 million; --nearly half lived in southern states --less than 1 million slaves, 50k freee blacks --Philadelphia largest city, 42k then New York 33k

Compromise of 1850 drafted by Whig Senator Henry Clay of KY and brokered by Clay and Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of IL

Five bills passed Congress , which defused a four-year political confrontation between slave and free states regarding territories acquired during the Mexican-American War. Controversy arose over the Fugitive Slave provision since no Black was safe - angry mobs and violent protests occurred.

Shinto Directive

Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as divine leader, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major cause of Japan's military aggression

Solomon Islands and New Guinea Campaign

Following their rapid advance, the Japanese started the Solomon Islands Campaign from conquered main base at Rabaul, Papaua N.G. in 1942 and seized several islands; ultimately converged with the New Guinea campaign.

Ford Foundation

Ford left most of his vast wealth to the Ford Foundation and arranged for his family to control the company permanently.

Free Soil Party Formed

Formed of Whig and Liberty anti-slavery members who oppose expansion of slavery into new western territories. Nominate former president Van Buren for prez in the 1848 election; he wins 10% of the vote, splitting the Democratic base, facilitating the election of Mexican-American War hero and Whig candidate Zachary Taylor to the presidency.

Anti-German Sentiment

Former president TR denounced "hyphenated Americanism", insisting dual loyalties impossible in wartime; Justice Depart tried to prepared a list of 500k German aliens, 4,000 imprisoned on allegations of spying endorsing German war effort; thousands forced to buy war bonds to show loyalty; even Red Cross banned them; also stoked by incidents of actual German human war crimes in Belgium, as well as sabotage, spy rings and infiltration into the US

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty treaty between US and UK, negotiated in 1850 by Clayton and Sir Bulwer/Dalling in attemtps to build a Nicaragua Canal connecting Pacific and Atlantic.

Four essential points: 1. bound both parties not to "obtain or maintain" any exclusive/unequal control of the proposed canal 2. guaranteed the neutralization of the canal. 3. parties agreed "to extend their protection by treaty stipulation to any other practicable communications, whether by canal or railway in the area 4. stipulated that neither side would ever "occupy, or fortify, or colonize, or assume or exercise any dominion over Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Mosquito Coast or any part of Central America", nor make use of any protectorate/alliance to such ends.

Peace of Pars: French Gains Minor

France won a propaganda victory over Britain after its defeat in the Seven Years' War, but its material gains were minor - Tobago, Senegal and small territories in India - and its financial losses huge, Historians link those disasters to the coming of the French Revolution.

1932 Election

Franklin D. Roosevelt campaigned on the promise of "a new deal for the American people," a phrase that has endured as a label for his administration and its many domestic achievements. Republicans got the blame for the Depression and were easily defeated.

1777 Marquis d Lafayette "Hero of Two Worlds" 20 year old Frenchman, volunteers for Revolution

French aristocrat, served Continental Army with distinction during the Revolutionary War, providing tactical leadership while securing vital resources from France. Lafayette fled his home country during the French Revolution, but the "Hero of Two Worlds" regained prominence as a statesman before his death on May 20, 1834.

Ferdinand de Lessups builder of the Suez Canal in Egypt; began to excavate Panama Canal in 1880 in Panama, province of Colombia

French efforts advanced further than America's Nicaraguan plans, but Malaria, yellow fever, and other tropical diseases end them de Lessups co. goes bankruptcy after 9 years and a loss of approximately 20,000 lives, American interest in a canal continues unabated.

1779 Bonhomme Richard

French give Bonhomme Richard ship named in honor of Ben Franklin's Poor Richard Almanac to Jon Paul Jones

1756-63 Seven Years War - aka French and Indian War In other wars Colonists merely played supporting roles; but in the F&I War - England and France fought for absolute dominion over North America after George Washington discovered French's colonial plans

French outnumbered by English, but they were better organized, more experienced fighters, and had the most Indian allies b/c Indians hated the English for their treachery and abuse. When William Pitt took over the war effort in 1758 and emphasized naval warfare, he found key to overall victory. --string of victories gave English control over the American colonies and then all of Canada, including Montreal

Presidential Reconstruction Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson - a staunch supporter of Unionism and states rights; new southern state legislatures were allowed to passed restrictive "black codes" to control the labor and behavior of former slaves and other African Americans.

Further, land confiscated by the Union Army and distributed to the freed slaves by the army or the Freedmen's Bureau, established by Congress in 1865, reverted to its prewar owners. Apart from being: 1) required to uphold the abolition of slavery, i.e. comply with 13th Amendment, 2) swear loyalty to the Union and 3) pay off war debt . . . .southern state governments given free reign to rebuild themselves. Outrage in the North over these codes eroded support for the approach known as Presidential Reconstruction and led to the triumph of the more radical wing of the Republican Party.

Horatio Gates was a retired British soldier who served as an American general during the Revolutionary War. He took credit for the American victory in the Battles of Saratoga (1777) — a matter of contemporary and historical controversy — and was blamed for the defeat at the Battle of Camden (1780).

Gates has been described as "one of the Revolution's most controversial military figures" because of his role in the Conway Cabal, which attempted to discredit and replace George Washington; the battle at Saratoga; and his actions during and after his defeat at Camden.

Lee Surrenders, Apr 9, 1865

General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant in a farmhouse in the town of Appomattox Court House, Virginia. The war is over.

Turning Point: Siege of Fort Meigs Fort Meigs was a fortification along the Maumee River in Ohio ; The British army, supported by Tecumseh's Confederacy, failed to capture it during the Siege of Fort Meigs, as was the case with other forts.

General William Henry Harrison established the fort named it for the Governor of Ohio, Jonathon Meigs. Harrison withstood the British attack for four days, at which point a troop of Kentucky militia arrived to help; siege lasted 9 days, and British gave up, returned to Canada; first significant failure for the British, marked the turning point; gave Americans new hope, and was the start of more victories, including another attack on this particular fort.

Wolf-pack Tactics

German U-boats patrol lines on scout for convoys; if spotted would be chased by a "shadower" that was responsible for reporting location for coordinated U-Boat assault using as many u-boats as possible to overwhelm escorts. However British soon captured a u-boat enigma cipher machine and begin re-routing convoys around known patrol lines.

Black Tom

German saboteurs in the 1916 bombing of Black Tom island; the operation had been directed and financed by German intelligence officers under diplomatic cover.

Omaha Beach codename for Normandy Beach; responsibility US troops w/ objective to secure beachhead to link w/ British landings to the east, and Utah Beach to west;

Germans filled beaches landmines, less experienced German troops at beach days prior, but 352nd moved in and US divisions pinned/mowed down, by superior enemy fire. small units then squeezed through the minefields between Nazi machine-gun bunkers; and attacked them from the rear, allowing more men to come safely ashore.

German Reprisal Killings of Belgian Civilians Germans killed 6k Belgian noncombatants, including women and children, and burned 25k houses and buildings as reprisals for sabotage of their rail systems

Germans opened the war on Western Front with a modified version of the Schlieffen Plan: quickly attack France through neutral Belgium before turning southwards to encircle French at German border but Belgians fought back, and delayed Germans in their quest Outraged Americans

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary; Italy had also been member of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but did not join the Central Powers, as Austria-Hungary didn't like its terms; Later Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria join the Central Powers.

Treaty of Versailles 1919

Germany required to admit guilt, return rich Alsace-Lorraine to France, surrender overseas colonies, and pay $32 billion in reparations that ultimately go uncollected under treaty, German rearmament strictly limited and Allies take temporary control of German economy League of Nations is accepted by all signatories, but Republican-controlled US Senate refuses to ratify it and without American participation - is doomed to pointlessness.

Wilson's Reasons for Entering the War argued U.S. had to fight to: 1) maintain its honor and 2) have a decisive voice in shaping the new postwar world;

Germany's resumption of submarine attacks on passenger and merchant ships in 1917 became the primary motivation behind Wilson's decision to lead US into WWI.

Election of 1964 Johnson soundly defeated Goldwater in the general election, winning 64.9% of the popular vote, and losing only five states in the Deep South, where blacks were not yet allowed to vote, along with Goldwater's Arizona.

Goldwater's race energized the conservative movement, chiefly inside the Republican party. It looked for a new leader and found one in Ronald Reagan, elected governor of California in 1966 and reelected in 1970. He ran against President Ford for the 1976 GOP nomination, and narrowly lost, but the stage was set for Reagan in 1980

Perestroika & Glastnost def. "Restructuring" and "Openness" part of emerging dual approach to reform in foreign and domestic policy - had to concede to US domination in foreign-policy spending in order to tackle economic problems at home;

Gorbechev's political movement for reforms within Communist Party during 80's; aimed to boost production of consumer goods but needed to reduce arms spending and foreign aid to communist govs to do that; Perestroika argued to be the cause of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe, and the end of the Cold War.

Little Rock

Governor Orval Eugene Faubus of Arkansas used the Arkansas National Guard to prevent school integration at Little Rock Central High School in 1957. President Eisenhower nationalized state forces and sent in the US Army to enforce federal court orders.

Adams Ends the Gag Rule At first, only a small group of congressmen, led by Rep. John Q. Adams of MA, opposed the rule. Adams used a variety of parliamentary tactics to try to read slavery petitions on the floor of the House, but each time he fell victim to the rule.

Gradually, as antislavery sentiment in the North grew, more Northern congressmen supported Adams's argument that, whatever one's view on slavery, stifling the right to petition was wrong. In 1844 the House rescinded the gag rule on a motion made by John Quincy Adams.

Ocala Demands Farmers' Alliance called for regulation—if not the outright nationalization—of the railroads; currency inflation to provide debt relief; the lowering of the tariff; and the establishment of government-owned storehouses and low-interest lending facilities.

Granger movement replaced by Farmers' Alliance, political organizations with elaborate economic programs whose purpose was to "unite the farmers of America for their protection against class legislation and the encroachments of concentrated capital."

Sutter's Mill 1848, 1 month before end of Mexican War, James Marshall discovers gold at Sutter's Mill, along the American River near Sacramento, California.

Had the Mexicans discovered California's gold earlier, history may well have turned out much differently. There would have been a much larger Mexican presence in California, possibly enough to withstand Manifest Destiny.

Federalist Party the world's first voter-based political party

Hamilton led the Federalist Party, created largely in support of his views; he was opposed by the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; it despised Britain and feared that Hamilton's policies of a strong central government would weaken the American commitment to Republicanism.

Hawaii

Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one comprised entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U.S. state not located in the Americas. The state does not observe daylight saving time. The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was Hawaii's first documented contact with European explorers. Cook named the islands the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich.

Gov. George Clinton an American soldier and statesman, Founding Father; He Governor of New York from 1777 to 1795, and again from 1801 to 1804, then served as the fourth Vice President of the United States from 1805 to 1812, under Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

He and John C. Calhoun are the only persons to have served as Vice President under two different U.S. Presidents. Gov. George Clinton best known for his spoils system and stealing governor's race from Hamilton's candidate Jay, by declaring himself the winner instead

Jeanne Kirkpatrick One of the Neo-Conserves; an American ambassador and an ardent anti-communist; a long-time Democrat, who turned Republican in 1985; served as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 campaign, then became first woman to serve as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations

Her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine" advocated U.S. support of anticommunist governments around the world, including authoritarian dictatorships, if they went along with Washington's aims—believing they could be led into democracy by example. She wrote, "Traditional authoritarian governments are less repressive than revolutionary autocracies." Kirkpatrick served on Reagan's Cabinet on the National Security Council, Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Defense Policy Review Board, and chaired the Secretary of Defense Commission on Fail Safe and Risk reduction of the Nuclear Command and Control System.

Rosa Parks' Arrest an African-American Civil Rights activist, whom the United States Congress called "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

Her birthday, February 4, and the day she was arrested, December 1, have both become Rosa Parks Day, commemorated in both California and Ohio. On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled.

Wounded Knee Incident American Indian Movement (AIM) founded in 1968 to stop police harassment of Indians in Minneapolis. Borrowed tactics from anti-war student protests.

Highly visible publicity campaign helped get group of young whites who had a murdered a Sioux named Yellow Thunder a 6yr prison sentence - considered a victory in an often racist anglo-judicial system. In 1973, members AIM occupied Wounded Knee for 71 days to protest conditions on the reservation.

"John Brown's Body" The song "John Brown's Body" made him a heroic martyr and was a popular Union marching song during the Civil War.

Historians agree John Brown played a major role in the start of the Civil War; emotional effect of Brown's raid was greater than the philosophical effect of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, and revealed a deep division between North and South.

Radical Republicans

Historians' interpretations of the Radical Republicans have dramatically shifted over the years, from the pre-1950 view of them as tools of big business motivated by partisanship and hatred of the white South, to the perspective of the neoabolitionists of the 1950s and afterwards, who applauded their efforts to give equal rights to the freed slaves. Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for freedmen (recently freed slaves).[1] During the war, Radical Republicans often opposed Lincoln in terms of selection of generals (especially his choice of Democrat George B. McClellan for top command) and his efforts to bring states back into the Union. The Radicals passed their own reconstruction plan through Congress in 1864, but Lincoln vetoed it and was putting his own policies in effect when he was assassinated in 1865.[2] Radicals pushed for the uncompensated abolition of slavery, while Lincoln wanted to pay slave owners who were loyal to the union. After the war, the Radicals demanded civil rights for freedmen, such as measures ensuring suffrage. They initiated the Reconstruction Acts, and limited political and voting rights for ex-Confederates. They bitterly fought President Andrew Johnson; they weakened his powers and attempted to remove him from office through impeachment (they were one vote short). The Radicals were vigorously opposed by the Democratic Party and often by moderate and Liberal Republicans as well.[3]

Great Plains broad expanse of flat land covered in prairie, steppe and grassland between MS River and Rocky Mtns; Covers CO, KS, MT, NE, NM, ND, OK, SD, TX, and WY, as well as Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan; supports/ed extensive cattle ranching and dry farming.

Historically the Great Plains were the range of the bison and of the culture of the Plains Indians - Blackfoot, Crow, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, etc. Coronado and De Soto first explorers, then fur trade brought lots of whites from France, Spain, Britain, Russia and US, Lewis and Clark published lots of info on the area

1776 Battle of Long Island:

Howe forces withdrawal of GW's rebel troops from Brooklyn to Manhattan, then Brits retreat and don't finish them off at the opportunity, rebels escape and leave NY

Civil Rights Movement & Government Policy JFK supported enforcement of desegregation in schools and public facilities; Att.Gen. Robert Kennedy brought more than 50 lawsuits in four states to secure black Americans' right to vote;

However, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, concerned about possible communist influence in the civil rights movement and personally antagonistic to King, used the FBI to discredit King and other civil rights leaders;

Armistice with Cuba 1898 Spain announces an armistice with Cuba which will halt the fighting with Cuba;

However, Spain only agrees to allow Cuba to have limited self-government and the U.S. Congress gives President William McKinley the right to use force against Spain.

Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 aka Pendleton Act placed federal employees on merit system; ended spoils system in federal government; permitted the professionalization and rationalization of the federal administration;

However, local and municipal government spoils system survived much longer, and was thriving during Roosevelt's Administration: Tammany Hall ring, survived well into the 1930s when NYC reformed its own civil service; Illinois modernized its bureaucracy in 1917 under Frank Lowden, but Chicago held out against civil service reform until the 1970s

Iraq War After six weeks of combat between the coalition and the Iraqi army, the invading forces had secured control of many key regions;

Hussein had fled his palace, his regime clearly over; on May 1, President Bush declared, under a sign reading "mission accomplished", that major ground operations were at an end. Saddam Hussein's sons Qusay and Uday were killed by U.S. forces; Saddam himself was captured in December 2003 and taken into custody. Nevertheless, fighting with the Iraqi insurgency continued and escalated through the 2004 U.S. national elections and beyond; But cost Bush and US dearly- lost 1/3 supporters at home, international displeasure with US in Europe and Middle East at an all-time high

Bill Clinton Aged 46, Clinton was one of the youngest presidents in US history and first born after WWII; Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a "generational shift";

Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees over nonpayment of taxes; painted as a Vietnam War draft dodger; intense debate over his proposal to permit gays to serve in the military; outcome was a new "don't ask, don't tell" compromise policy and loss of initiative in other areas

Separate But Equal Doctrine

In 1896, the U.S. Supreme Court effectively upheld the Jim Crow system of racial segregation by its "separate but equal" doctrine. "Separate but equal" remained standard doctrine in U.S. law until its repudiation in the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education.

Birth of Panama, New State bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south; capital and largest city is Panama City,

In 1903 Panama proclaimed its independence and concluded the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with US, granting sovereign rights to area of canal, where U.S. would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity," From 1903 until 1968, Panama was a constitutional democracy dominated by a commercially oriented oligarchy. During the 1950s, the Panamanian military began to challenge the oligarchy's political hegemony.

Hay - Herran Treaty

In 1903, the United States and Colombia signed the Hay-Herrán Treaty to finalize the construction of the Panama Canal but Congress of Colombia rejected the measure and US moved to support the separatist movement in Panama to gain control over the remnants of the French attempt at building a canal.

Big Stick Diplomacy aka Roosevelt's Corollary to Monroe Doctrine; "Speak Softly and carry a Big Stick; " i.e. negotiate peacefully while threatening with military;

In 1904, Roosevelt announced his "Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States would intervene in cases where Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable in the interest of bringing democracy and financial stability to them; announced as warning during German-British Blockade of Venezuela for acts against its citizens and their property, aka Venezuelan Affair . U.S. made numerous interventions, mostly to stabilize the shaky governments and permit the nations to develop their economies. The intervention policy ended in the 1930s and was replaced by the Good Neighbor policy. very REALPOLITIK; Monroe doctrine was more passive - asked Europeans not increase influence in the Americas

Mexican Revolution aka Mexican Civil War revolt against established order that changed to multi-sided civil war with shifting power struggles,

In 1916, US invaded Mexico in retaliation for Pancho Villa's 1) raid on Columbus, NM and 2) killing of 16 US citizens when Villistas attacked a train on the Mexico North Western Railway, near Santa Isabel, Chihuahua, Wilson sent troops under Brig. Gen.Pershing into Mexico to capture Villa. Pershing failed and returned to US to prepare for WWI, but event further damaged the already strained United States-Mexico relationship and caused Mexico's anti-United States sentiment to grow stronger

1924 Election

In 1924, Coolidge was easily elected the slogan "Keep Cool With Coolidge". Overall, the Harding and Coolidge administrations marked a return to the hands-off style of 19th-century presidents in contrast to the activism of Roosevelt and Wilson. Coolidge, who spent the entire summer on vacation during his years in office, famously said "The business of the American people is business."

Eastern Bloc The Eastern Bloc was the name used by NATO-affiliated countries for the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact - which are Soviet Union, Albania (warsaw pact until 1968), Bulgaria, czechoslovakia, East Germany (until 1990), Hungary, Poland, and Romania

In 1939, the USSR entered into the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany that contained a secret protocol that divided Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Eastern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia in northern Romania were recognized as parts of the Soviet sphere of influence. Lithuania was added in a second secret protocol in September 1939

Death of Stalin

In 1953, Stalin died, and after the 1952 presidential election, President Dwight D. Eisenhower used the opportunity to end the Korean War, while continuing Cold War policies.

OECD Nations Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; international economic organisation of 34 countries founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade; describes itself as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seeking answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. In 1948, the OECD originated as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, OEEC, led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan rejected by the Soviet Union and its satellite states.

In 1961, the OEEC was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and membership was extended to non-European states. Most OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index (HDI) and are regarded as developed countries. The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris, France. All European states including Turkey are members except the microstates and Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and Romania; Canada, US, Japan, Mexico, Chile and Israel are members. China and Russia are not.

Iran-Contra Affair aka Irangate, Contragate, or the Iran-Contra scandal, Under the Boland Amendment, further funding of the Contras in Nicaragua by the US government had been prohibited by Congress; but Senior officials, esp. Oliver North, during Reagan's second-term secretly facilitated the sale of arms to Iran, which was the subject of an arms embargo; in hopes that the arms sales would secure the release of several US hostages and proceeds of the sale could be used to fund the Contras in Nicaragua.

In 1985 Reagan authorized the sale of arms in Iran in an unsuccessful effort to free U.S. hostages in Lebanon; he later professed ignorance that subordinates were illegally diverting the proceeds to the Contras, a matter for which Marine Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, an aide to National Security Advisor John M. Poindexter, took much of the blame; Reagan's approval ratings plummeted in 1986 and many Americans began to seriously question his judgement. While the president's popularity improved in his final two years, he would never again enjoy the support he had had in 1985. Predictably, the Democrats regained control of Congress in the 1986 midterm elections. Oliver North meanwhile achieved a brief celebrity status in 1987 during his testimonies before Congress.

US-UN Relations under Reagan Reagan was sharply critical of the United Nations, once the darling of liberals; repudiated its corruption, inefficiency and anti-Americanism.

In 1985-7 the U.S. withdrew from UNESCO, which had failed in its cultural missions, and began to deliberately withhold its UN dues. American policymakers considered this tactic an effective tool for asserting influence in the UN. When the UN and UNESCO mended their ways, the US returned and paid its dues.

Voluntary Export Restraint

In May 1981, with the American auto industry mired in recession, Japanese car makers agreed to limit exports of passenger cars to the United States. This "voluntary export restraint" (VER) program, initially supported by the Reagan administration, allowed only 1.68 million Japanese cars into the U.S. each year. The cap was raised to 1.85 million cars in 1984, and to 2.30 million in 1985, before the program was terminated in 1994

Bin Laden Killed

In May 2011, President Obama announced in a televised speech to the nation that al-Qaeda leader and culprit behind many deadly acts of terrorism (including the September 11 attacks) Osama bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces at a compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.

2012 Elections

In November 2012, Obama was reelected President, defeating his Republican challenger, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, in the Electoral College by 332 to 206 and in the popular vote by 51.06% to 47.21%.

Ferdinand Marcos and Philippines Reagan also continued American support for the autocratic Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, an ardent anti-Communist.

In a 1984 presidential debate sponsored by the League of Women Voters, he explained his administration's support of Marcos by stating, "...what is the alternative? It is a large communist movement", referring to active Communist guerrillas operating in the Philippines at the time. The U.S. also had significant strategic military interests in the Philippines, knowing that Marcos's government would not tamper with agreements to maintain U.S. naval bases in the country. Marcos was later ousted in 1986 by the mostly peaceful People Power movement, led by Corazón Aquino.

The World's Factory

In addition to huge domestic market for consumers, American money and manufactured goods flooded into devastated Europe, South Korea, and Japan and helped in their reconstruction; US manufacturing dominance would be almost unchallenged for a quarter-century after 1945.

Foreign Affairs Carter's term is best known for the 444-day Iranian hostage crisis, and the move away from détente with the Soviet Union to a renewed Cold War.

In foreign affairs, Carter's accomplishments consisted of the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the creation of full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and the negotiation of the SALT II Treaty; also championed human rights throughout the world and used human rights as the center of his administration's foreign policy.

Radical Reconstruction began in 1867 and 1870 with Reconstruction Act and passing of 15th amendment, newly enfranchised blacks gained a voice in government for the first time in American history, winning election to southern state legislatures and even to the U.S. Congress.

In less than a decade, however, reactionary forces-including the Ku Klux Klan-would reverse the changes wrought by Radical Reconstruction in a violent backlash that restored white supremacy in the South.

Iran Hostage Crisis after Islamic Revolution in Iran, n 1979, Carter allowed the former Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi into the United States for medical treatment.

In response Iranian militants seized the American embassy in Iranian hostage crisis, taking 52 Americans hostage and demanded the Shah's return to Iran for trial and execution; hostage crisis continued for 444 days and dominated the last year of Carter's presidency, ruining the Presidents tattered reputation for competence in foreign affairs. Carter's responses to the crisis, from a "Rose Garden strategy" of staying inside the White House to the failed military attempt to rescue the hostages, did not inspire confidence in the administration by the American people.

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Obama's early policy decisions addressed a continuing the Great Recession - global financial crisis and have included changes in tax policies, foreign policy initiatives and the phasing out of detention of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba.

In response to the deepening recession, Obama signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a bill aimed at stimulating the economy which provided $787 billion in federal funds for tax relief, as well as significant investments in infrastructure improvements, social welfare programs, education programs, healthcare, and housing.

Early al-Qaeda attacks 1) 1993 Yousef's truck bomb WTCenter in NYC - killed 6 2) Khobar Towers housing US Military in KSA - killed 19 3) US Embassy in Kenya - killed 224 4) 2000 USS Cole bombing off coast of Yemen, killing 17

In response, U.S. launched cruise missile strikes on a terrorist training camp in Afghanistan yet this failed to destroy al-Qaeda's vast network

Aaron Bur Kills Hamilton in Duel New York Senator and Vice President whose career always seemed to be entwined with that of Alexander Hamilton, the leader of the Federalist Party. Burr served one term in the Senate, then ran for president, in 1800. He received 73 Electoral votes, the same number as Jefferson.

In the House of Representatives, Hamilton spoke out so vehemently against Burr that the House elected Jefferson and Burr became vice president. He was later part of a plot to lead the New England states into secession. Hamilton exposed the plot, and Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel. Burr killed Hamilton on July 11, 1804. He was indicted for murder but never tried. He escaped and later tried to form a new republic in the Southwest; for this, he was tried for treason but found not guilty. He later went back to practicing law.

1992 Election Following the success of the First Gulf War, George H. W. Bush enjoyed very high approval ratings as president; However, economic recession and a reneged campaign pledge dogged Bush, sinking his formerly high approval ratings Bill Clinton won the 1992 contest with 43% of the vote in a three way race against Bush's 38%.

Independent candidate Ross Perot tapped the discontent of the electorate with both parties, drawing roughly evenly from both candidates to receive a record 19% of the popular vote, but no electoral votes.Perot's result qualified his Reform Party to receive Federal Election Commission matching funds for campaign contributions in the 1996 election, thus laying the groundwork for another three-way race during the 1996 presidential election.

Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 1971 Price and Wage Controls under Nixon, a ninety-day freeze on all wages and prices above their existing levels; did not stabilize the economy

Inflation subsided temporarily, but the recession continued with rising unemployment. To combat the recession, Nixon reversed course and adopted an expansionary monetary and fiscal policy, lifting the controls and inflation resumed its upward spiral. Nixon's erratic policies were a sign of confusion. With little understanding of the international forces creating the economic problems, Nixon, American economists, and the public focused on immediate issues and short-term solutions; set the stage for a more conservative tone, more aggressive foreign policy and a retreat from welfare-based solutions for minorities and the poor that would characterize the subsequent decades.

Tet Offensive Turning point in the war, occurred as surprise attacks at Tet-Vietnamese New Year; shocked US public which had been led to believe that NVA were incapable of launching such a massive effort;

Intense fight at Hue, led to US destruction of the city and NVA executed thousands of civilians in Massacre at Huế. failed in its goal of overthrowing the SVA, but was a political disaster for Johnson as Republicans, like CA Gov Reagan demanded victory or withdrawal, while on the left strident demands for immediate withdrawal escalated.

Mother Jones

Irish-American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community organizer; coordinated major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the World. called "the most dangerous woman in America" for her success in organizing mine workers and their families against the mine owners;organized a Children's March from Philadelphia to the home of then president Theodore Roosevelt in New York to protest lax enforcement of the child labor laws in the PA mines and silk mills, Mother Jones magazine, established in 1970, is named for her.

Suez Crisis aka Tripartite Aggression an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by Britain and France to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Nasser from power; first major strain among the NATO alliance

Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward Suez Canal after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) nationalized the canal, leased to Britain; Israelis soon joined by French and British, which nearly brought the Soviet Union into the conflict, and damaged their relationships with the United States. US, USSR, and UN, the Soviet Union forced the three invaders to withdraw; Instead of supporting its NATO partners, the Eisenhower administration stated that it opposed French and British imperial adventurism in the region by sheer prudence, fearing that Egyptian leader Nasser's standoff with them would bolster Soviet power in the region.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed in 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident.

It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia; gave the president very broad discretion to use military force as he saw fit.

Jacksonian Democracy Political movement during 2nd party system toward greater democracy for common man, lasted from Jackson's 1828 election to slavery issue and American Civil War after 1850 when third party system emerged.

Jackson's policies followed Jeffersonian democracy from previous era, fought Adams and Whigs. Both Whigs and Jacksonians wanted to avoid battles of slavery, however. Jackson participated in Spoils System politics.

Jacksonian vs. Jefferson Democracy Jeffersonians gave weight to educated elites, which Whigs also supported, but Jacksonians didn't care for.

Jacksonians promoted strong presidency and executive at the expense of Congress, and sought to broaden public participation in gov - for white males only - ; demanded elected judges, geographical expansion of "Manifest Destiny"

Battle of Midway

Japanese navy launched offensive to destroy US Pacific Fleet at Midway Island - a strategic spot both sides wanted as air base; American intelligence interpreted plan and Admiral Nimitiz ambushed Japanese fleet, Japan lost 4 carriers; Turning point of the war in Pacific b/c US seized initiative, on offensive, undertook major land offensive for the remaining duration of the war.

Auto Industry Struggles given breathing space after the Reagan administration imposed voluntary import restraints on Japanese manufacturers (allowing them to sell a maximum of 1.3 million vehicles in the US per year) and imposed a 25% tariff on all imported trucks (a lighter 3% tariff was put on passenger cars).

Japanese responded by opening assembly plants in the US to get around this, and in doing so were able to say that they were providing Americans with jobs. The VIR was repealed in 1985 after auto sales were booming again, but the tariffs remain in effect to this day. With the event of CAFE regulations, small cars came to dominate in the 1980s, and much like with electronics, Japanese makes bested American ones in terms of build quality and technical sophistication.

National Bank

Jefferson balked at Hamilton's establishment of a national bank, which was part government owned, 80%stock sold to investors, to store federal funds, collect and move and dispense tax money and issue notes - But GW went along with the idea anyway. IN FIVE YEARS HAMILTON HAD TRANSFORMED THE US INTO THE HIGHEST CREDIT RATING IN THE WORLD.

Washington D.C.

Jefferson hated Hamilton's FIRST proposed financial plan which he believed a boon to the eastern state (bail out of debt) while southern states paid all their debts BUT he and Madison swung the South to support it in exchange for establishing new federal city in the South on banks of Potomac (D.C.), Philadelphia would be temporary seat of government until new city ready.

Post-War African Americans Segregation was constitutional under Plessy v. Ferguson 1896; Voting rights were discriminated against, fewer than 10%blacks voting in deep south;

Jim Crow laws which enforced segregation of the races and the second-class status of African Americans followed end of reconstruction and stayed in place through post-war era until 60's; Although both parties pledged progress in 1948, the only major development before 1954 was the integration of the military

Impeachment of Johnson Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 130 years later, also ending in acquittal, it was the only impeachment trial of a US President. Johnson tests constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act replacing Sec. of War Edwin M. Stanton with General Ulysses S. Grant. USC rejected the case, Grant returns the office to Stanton upon Senate protest.

Johnson then appoints Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, an individual far less favorable to the Congress than Grant but Stanton refuses to yield, barricading himself in his office, and HRep initiated formal impeachment proceedings. In sum, Johnson's appointment of Thomas was the last straw for the House Republicans who detested the Southern Democrat. Johnson was just barely acquitted. As a result, for the rest of his term he was powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction and the country.

Johnson, 1963-69 After Kennedy's assassination, vice president Lyndon Johnson served out the remainder of the term, using appeals to finish the job that Kennedy had started to pass a remarkable package of liberal legislation that he called the Great Society.

Johnson used the full powers of the presidency to ensure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. helped Johnson to win a historic landslide in the 1964 presidential election over conservative champion Senator Barry Goldwater. Johnson's big victory brought an overwhelming liberal majority in Congress; broke decades long control of Congress by the Conservative Coalition

1960's Civil Rights activism that erupted in street protests, rioting, civil unrest, anti-war movement, and a cultural revolution;

Johnson was able to push Kennedy's agenda with national mood change and political savvy to pass historic Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Election of 1964

Johnson was rewarded for his liberal Great Society programs, put into place when he took over after Kennedy's assassination, with with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater, which broke the decades-long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition. But the Republicans bounced back in 1966, and Republicans elected Richard Nixon in 1968. Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980.

SALT: Detente with USSR After the China trip, Nixon met Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and signed the SALT Treaty in Vienna; but detente was ineffectual in Middle East and Africa Détente had both strategic and economic benefits for both superpowers. Arms control enabled both superpowers to slow the spiraling increases in their bloated defense budgets.

Johnson's failure to defeat Communist forces and deficit-spending to sustain the war effort weakened the U.S. economy for decades to come, contributing to a decade of "stagflation." Meanwhile, the Soviets could neither stop bloody clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops along their common border nor bolster the declining Soviet economy, in part because of heavy military expenditures. The détente was ineffectual in the Middle East and Africa, especially southern and eastern Africa, with the outbreak of militaristic engagements.

Mormon War of MS 1838 conflict which occurred between Latter Day Saints (Mormons) and their neighbors in the northwestern region of Missouri - 100 miles from Kansas City; referred to as the Missouri Mormon War to differentiate it from Utah Mormon War (also known as the "Utah War") and the lesser known Illinois Mormon War.

Joseph Smith surrendered at Far West; 22 people were killed; An unknown number of non-combatants died due to exposure and hardship as a result of being expelled from their homes in Missouri. nearly all Mormons in Missouri, estimated at more than ten thousand, were forced to leave the state, of these refugees settled in or near what would become the city of Nauvoo, Illinois.

Roaring Twenties reprsented tales of excess like: --F.Scott Fitzgerald --Great Gatsby As well as disillusionment with war and society: --John Dos Passos - - Three Soldiers (WWI novel) --Ernest Hemingway - - The Sun Also Rises

Journalists bucked conventions too: H.L Mencken skewered "booboisie" complacent middle-class puritanical Americans Sinclair Lewis: Main Street, Babbitt, Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry (religious hypocrisy, won Nobel Prize) Hollywood began to distract the nations from its few troubles and the first "talkie" The Jazz singer was produced.

Kennedy very close 1960 election pitted Republican Vice President Richard Nixon against the Democrat John F. Kennedy In Congress the Conservative Coalition blocked nearly all of Kennedy's domestic programs, so there were few changes in domestic policy, even as the civil rights movement gained momentum; Kennedy's assassination led to him being revered as a hero and a martyr.

Kennedy's victory due to economic recession, the numerical dominance of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans, the votes that Kennedy gained among Catholics practically matched the votes Nixon gained among Protestants, Kennedy's better organization, and Kennedy's superior campaigning skills; Nixon wasted energy campaigning in all 50 states instead of focusing on swing states; Catholics finally felt accepted in America; Kennedy Family had long been leaders of the Irish Catholic wing of the Democratic Party; JFK was middle-of-the-road or liberal on domestic issues and conservative on foreign policy, sending military forces into Cuba and Vietnam.

14 July Revolution Iraqi revolution that resulted in overthrow of Hashemite monarchy established by King Faisal I in 1921 under the auspices of the British; established the Republic of Iraq.

King Faisal II, the regent and Crown Prince 'Prime Minister Nuri al-Said were assassinated; 1958- 2003, Iraq remained a de facto Arab nationalist and socialist one-party state. Toppling of the pro-Western government in Iraq's along with internal instability, caused Lebanese President to call for American assistance - a move that incited threats of nuclear war by Khrushchev.

Great Oklahoma Land Rush With a single shot from a pistol the mad dash began, and land-hungry pioneers on horseback and in carriages raced forward to stake their claims to the best acres, under the y Homestead Act; Indians get the boot again

Land Run 1889: Land confiscated from Five Civilized Tribes; Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole who had been relocated there in the Indian Removals for siding with he Confederacy in the Civil War. The Land Run 1891: opened the Iowa, Sac and Fox, Potawatomi, and Shawnee lands to settlement. 1893, the largest land run with more than 100,000 people pouring into the Cherokee Strip of Oklahoma to claim valuable land;

Andrew Johnson Sworn in After Lincoln's Assassination At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Andrew Johnson, a senator from Tennessee, was the only U.S. senator from a seceding state who remained loyal to the Union.

Lincoln appointed him military governor of Tennessee, and in 1864 he was elected vice president of the United States.

Election of Lincoln Triggered South's seccession

Lincoln didn't want to make slavery illegal where it already existed because he knew it would lead to heightened tensions; wanted only to declare slavery illegal western US territories to stop its growth; thought slavery could eventually be abolished, but not until 1900s; wanted slow and peaceful transition. The South seceded because it was afraid of what Lincoln would do as president, even seceded before he took office.

Emancipation Proclamation, Jan 1, 1863

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation. It frees all slaves in territory captured by the Union Army, and orders the enlistment of black soldiers. From this point forward, the Civil War is a war over slavery.

O Captain! My Captain!: Walt Whitman's Elegies to Lincoln Whitman was concerned with politics throughout his life; supported the Wilmot Proviso and opposed the extension of slavery; his poetry presented egalitarian view of races though he held common prejudices of era; called for the abolition of slavery, but later he saw it as threat to democracy;

Lincoln's death profoundly impacted him, subject of "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd" and "O Captain! My Captain!" Whitman also delivered (sporadically) annual public lectures commemorating Lincoln's death; calling Lincoln "the grandest figure yet, on all the crowded canvas of the Nineteenth Century" Whitman transformed Lincoln and his death into a symbolic referent for thoughts on the war, comradeship, democracy, union, and death.

Normalization of Relations With China Nixon sought to improve relations with Soviet Union and China, by abandoning containment and adopting a peaceful relationship; Nixon turned away from Taiwan towards China; Sec of State Henry Kissinger made a secret trip to Beijing; Nixon's official visit televised; significant in Cold War terms, China was bitterly hostile to Russia - both sides agreed that "the enemy of my enemy is my friend".

Made a historic visit to Communist China; Relations with that country had been largely hostile since the Korean War, and the United States still maintained that the Nationalist regime in Taiwan was the legitimate government of China; President Kennedy had planned to reestablish ties in his second term, but his death, along with the Vietnam War and the Cultural Revolution, caused any chance of normalized relations to disappear for the next several years.

End of Reconstruction In the 1870's, violent opposition in the South and the North's retreat from its commitment to equality, resulted in the end of Reconstruction. Reconstruction ended at different times in each state, the last in 1877, when Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the contentious presidential election of 1876 over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden.

Many Republicans came to believe that the South should solve its own problems without further interference from Washington. Reports of Reconstruction corruption led many Northerners to conclude that black suffrage had been a mistake. When anti-Reconstruction violence erupted again in Mississippi and South Carolina, the Grant administration refused to intervene. End of Reconstruction marked the end of the brief period of civil rights and civil liberties for African Americans in the South, where most lived.

40 Acres and a Mule Concept of agrarian reform for former slaves in the South.

Many felt entitled to own the land they long worked as slaves, widely believing the federal government would give it to them long after proclamations such as Sherman's Special Field Orders, No. 15 and the Freedmen's Bureau Act were explicitly reversed. In fact, only small scale land-distribution occurred under military rule during and shortly after the war. Federal and state policy during the Reconstruction era emphasized wage labor, not land ownership, for African Americans.

Teddy Roosevelt American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and historian; 26th President; leader of the Republican Party; spokesman for the Progressive Era.

McKinley's assassination made him youngest President in history,age forty-two; "Square Deal" domestic policies promised the average citizen fairness, pursuit of anti-trust litigation, low railroad rates, and guaranteeing pure food and drugs.

Reaganomics: 1981 federal budget Reagan's 1981 economic legislation, however, was a mixture of rival programs to satisfy all his conservative constituencies - monetarists, cold warriors, middle-class swing voters, and the affluent -

Monetarists were placated by tight controls of money supply; cold warriors, esp. neoconservs like Kirkpatrick, won large increases in defense budget; wealthy taxpayers won sweeping three-year tax rate reductions on both individual (marginal rates would eventually come down to 50% from 70%) and corporate taxes; and the middle cl ass saw that its pensions/entitlements would not be targeted; But Reagan refused to touch half of government spending - Social Security - for fear of an electoral backlash and the administration was hard pressed to explain how his program of sweeping tax cuts and large defense spending would not increase the deficit.

Yalta Conference aka Crimea Conference, aka Argonaut Conference WWII meeting of heads of US, UK, and USSR to discuss Europe's post-war reorganization; Leaders were FDR, Churchill, and Stalin Yalta became subject of controversy because of its impact on the Cold War to come.

Mopping up; Roosevelt attended with 3 goals: 1) establish a meaningful UN 2) persuade Russians to declare war on Japan and hasten to end that part of the war 3) decide the fate of Poland, since both Russia and Germany wanted it But Russia's commitment to help defeat Japan MOST IMPORTANT, Stalin knew that and bargained heavily, Russia got: --Manchuria and Mongolia --half of Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands off northern Japan --soviet occupation zone created in Korea; why the division of North and South Korea took place --a Veto power in the UN that was given to all major nations (P5 security council?)

Kermit Roosevelt, Jr. TR's grandson and CIA officer who coordinated Operation Ajax orchestrating the 1st successful overthrow of a foreign gov - Iran's prime minister, Mosaddeq, returning Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, to Iran's Sun Throne in 1953

Mossadegh, a nationalist, concerned Washington because he was supported by the Iranian Communists at the height of the cold war. Roosevelt, the chief of the C.I.A.'s Near East and Africa division, spend most time trying to persuade Pahlavi, depicted as a coward, to lead a coup; 1st attempt nearly failed and shah fled to Baghdad; CIA urged Roosevelt to leave Iran but he refused; finally able to convince coup leader, Zahedi, to emerge from hiding and make the radio address that won the the nation over; shah stayed in power until the Islamic revolution of 1979.

Korean War in American Thought

Most contemporary Americans perceptions of the Korean War come from tv series M*A*S*H. Remains ambiguous, Korea wasn't the "good war", for Americans but a far off mystery, like Vietnam.

Johnson's Daisy Girl Ad probably lost Goldwater the election since he campaigned on nukes

Most famously, the Johnson campaign ran a commercial entitled the "Daisy Girl" ad, which featured a little girl picking petals from a daisy in a field, counting the petals, which then segues into a launch countdown and a nuclear explosion. a voiceover from Johnson is played: "These are the stakes. To make a world in which all of God's children can live, or to go into the dark. We must either love each other, or we must die." "Vote for President Johnson on November 3rd. The stakes are too high for you to stay home."

anti-slavery clause

Much of Jefferson's Declaration of Independence draft was ultimately adopted by the full Congress, but it removed his clause on the king's culpability in promoting the slave trade in America and in encouraging slaves to rise up in insurrection against their slaveholders. John Adams supported Jefferson's stand and decades later wondered if the failure to publish the draft had been due to its "vehement philippic against Negro slavery."

NATO NTM-I(raq) NOT a combat mission; training and strengthening Iraqi security capabilities

NTM - I(raq): Iraq training mission established at the request of Iraqi Interim Government under UN Sec. Council Resolution to assist US forces during 2004 Iraq War by developing Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions for effective and sustainable capability to meet the security needs of the nation;

Swedish Nation

New Sweden rose to its greatest heights during the governorship of Johan Printz (1643-1653), but his autocratic rule left many dissatisfied and he returned to Sweden. New governor Rising tried to take areas under Dutch control, seized Casimir and renamed it Ft. Trinity, but then lost it to Dutch Stuyvesant who permitted separate "Swedish Nation" to exist which it did until 1681 when William Penn annexed it into Pennsylvania.

Climax of Liberalism mid-1960s emerged with Pres. Johnson's (1963-69) in Great Society programs, including civil rights, the end of segregation, Medicare, extension of welfare, federal aid to education at all levels, subsidies for the arts and humanities, environmental activism, and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty.

New liberals of 1960's weren't radical, did not try to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power or redistribution of wealth; internationally it was strongly anti-communist, aimed to defend the free world, encourage economic growth and ensure plenty fairly distributed; influenced by Keynesian theories - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth, thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare, housing, health, and educational programs.

NATO Military Interventions No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval. The US/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.[76]

None during Cold War; 1st operations Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait when Airborne Early Warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of South Eastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area

World War II and the end of the Great Depression expansion of Federal spending to support World War II helped bring Great Depression to an end; not a triumph of free enterprise, but government bankrolling business.

Nor did the New Deal substantially alter the distribution of power within American society and economy; and it had only a small impact on the distribution of wealth among the population.

V-J Day Victory over Japan Day, Since Japan was the last remaining Axis Power, V-J Day also marked the end of World War II.

On August 15, 1945, news of the surrender sparked spontaneous celebrations over the final ending of World War II. On September 2, 1945, a formal surrender ceremony was held in Tokyo Bay aboard the USS Missouri. At the time, President Truman declared September 2 to be VJ Day.

Juneteenth Unofficial holiday celebrated mostly by African Americans. Does not have national recognition. Spontaneous celebration in remote western territories of Texas and Louisiana, etc., of former slaves on hearing the news they were free, 2 years after Emancipation Proclamation.

On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger informed slaves in the area from the Gulf of Mexico to Galveston, Texas, that they were free. Lincoln had officially issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, but it had taken two more years of Union victories to end the war and for this news remote area. According to folk traditions, many of the newly freed slaves celebrated the news with ecstasy. Many of them began to travel to other states in search of family members who had been separated from them by slave sales.

Decoration Day aka Memorial Day

On May 1, 1865, northern abolitionist James Redpath, who had come to Charleston, SC, to organize schools for freed slaves, led black children to a cemetery for Union soldiers killed in the fighting nearby to scatter flowers on their graves. Southern women had begun to do the same thing to the graves of fallen Confederate soldiers. Beginning of the tradition of Decoration Day, as it was known, ceremony to honor the fallen of the war.

Daniel Morgan was an American pioneer, soldier, and United States Representative from Virginia.

One of the most gifted battlefield tacticians of the American Revolutionary War, played a key role in Battle of Saratoga; he later commanded troops during the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion

1847 Battle of Buena Vista

Polk transfers Taylor's forces to join Gen. Winfield Scott's invasion of central Mexico at Veracruz. At the battle of Buena Vista, over 3,400 Mexican soldiers and about 650 Americans are killed. Although Santa Anna declares a great Mexican victory, Americans are left holding the field when Santa Anna's army withdraws.

PostWar: Growing Middle Class assembly line and union factory work paid well and served as stepping stones to middle class;

Post-War economy grew dramatically, "upward mobility on a rocket ship," within a generation millions of of workers lifted into the class with standard of living once reserved for the wealthy; blue-collar workers had become biggest buyers of many luxury goods and services and consumers enjoyed higher levels of disposable income than in any other country.

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags 1867 white Southerns generally stayed away from elections, preferring military rule to letting blacks vote in democratic election and control passed to the carpetbaggers/ scalawags, who maintained control as long as the Republican party was in power in the South.

Post-War political vacuum, confederate leaders temporarily prohibited from political process; Republican governments filled void by depending on votes of newly enfranchised blacks, Scalawags - derogatory, mans worthless livestock, applied to native white Southerners who supported federal reconstruction plan and cooperated with blacks Carpetbaggers - also derogatory, from the North, carried bags of cloth, motivated by profit or idealism . . . today term can apply to any recently arrived opportunist. Some were quite sincere in assistance offers.

War of 1812 The War of 1812 has often been called the Revolutionary War Part II and sometimes, "The Forgotten War"; another war between America and Great Britain; caused in part by disagreements over shipping and trade on the high seas. It was also fought to decide how much influence the United States would have in foreign affairs.

Pres. James Madison pushed by frontiersmen, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky, into war with Brits. War hawks cited British alliances with Indians and English impressment of sailors as tyrannical subversion. Seen by the United States and Canada as a war in its own right, it is frequently seen in Europe as a theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, as it was caused by issues related to that war (especially the Continental System). Support in the US was divided with the West and South looking for a fight, but people of the New England strongly opposed to war. Opposition grew as war continued.

Alamo and Battle of San Jacinto Davy Crocket and Jim Bowie among the dead. 1836, Pivotal Event in Texas Revolution, after 13-day siege

President Gen. Santa Anna's troops assaulted and killed all defenders inspiring many Texans to join Texian Army that would ultimately defeat Mexicans at the Battle of San Jacinto, ending revolution. Mexico refused to acknowledge sovereignty of Texas.

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman established that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces.

American Cargo Ships Routinely Searched

President Thomas Jefferson wanted to keep American goods flowing overseas and, at the same time, keep America out of foreign wars. Britain and France were at war with each other, as was much of the rest of Europe. Both sides thought that American ships were supplying the other with food, weapons, and other supplies. American ships were routinely stopped by both France and Britain. Each demanded to search the cargo holds. Sometimes, these situations ended in violence.

Military Industrial Complex aka military-industrial-congressional complex comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them; include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; type of iron triangle. A similar thesis was originally expressed by Daniel Guérin, in his 1936 book Fascism and Big Business, about the fascist government support to heavy industry he defines as "an informal and changing coalition of groups with vested psychological, moral, and material interests in the continuous development and maintenance of high levels of weaponry, in preservation of colonial markets and in military-strategic conceptions of internal affairs."

President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower coined the term as a WARNING in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists, and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals so that security and liberty may prosper together."

Election of 1912

Progressive Gov. NJ, Woodrow Wilson, ran against Taft and Roosevelt and won, probably b/c Republican supporters split by division in party, Wilson, together with new Democratic congress, enacted progressive legislative programs, unparalleled until new deal, first tarriff revision and second reorganization of banking and currency system, with federal reserve act.

Contract with America Document released by Republican Party during 1994 Congressional election campaign, written by Newt Gingrich and Richard Armey; in part using text from former President Ronald Reagan's 1985 State of the Union Address, the Contract detailed the actions the Republicans promised to take if they became the majority party in the House for the first time in 40 years. Many of the Contract's policy ideas originated at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank.

Proponents say the Contract was revolutionary in its commitment to offering specific legislation for a vote, describing in detail the precise plan of the Congressional Representatives, and broadly nationalizing the Congressional election; its provisions represented view of many conservative Republicans on the issues of shrinking the size of government, promoting lower taxes and greater entrepreneurial activity, and both tort reform and welfare reform. Critics of the Contract describe it as a political ploy and election tool designed to have broad appeal while masking the Republicans' real agenda and failing to provide real legislation or governance. The 1994 elections resulted in Republicans winning 54 House and 9 U.S. Senate seats. The fate of the proposals in the Contract were mixed with some becoming law while some failed to pass the House or the Senate or were vetoed by President Clinton.

Patrick Henry --humble background, son of frontier farmer --licensed to practice law and made a name of himself --won a seat in the House of Burgesses --early radical and ambitious self-promoter; known for fiery orations

REPRESENTED FRONTIER INTERESTS AGAINST LANDED ESTABLISHMENTS --attended both Continental Congresses, then made speech in Virginia: . . . "GIVE ME LIBERTY OR GIVE ME DEATH" -after war, opposed Constitution but later reversed himself

Radio

Radio was a new industry that grew explosively from home-made crystal sets, picking up faraway stations to stations in every large city by the mid-decade. By 1927 two national networks formed, the NBC Red Network and the Blue Network, ABC. The broadcast fare was mostly music, especially by big bands.

Nixon Impeachment Hearings The House Judiciary Committee opened formal and public impeachment hearings against Nixon in 1974; evidence was strong, persuasive and public.

Rather than face impeachment by the House of Representatives and a possible conviction by the Senate, he resigned, effective August 9, 1974. His successor, Gerald R. Ford, a moderate Republican, issued a preemptive pardon of Nixon, ending the investigations of Nixon but eroding his own popularity.

Marine Barracks Bombing Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), but after 1982 Sabra and Shatila Massacre,U.S. forces moved into Beirut to encourage Israeli withdrawal; US intervention in Lebanese Civil War led to the 1983 bombing of Marine Barracks killing 241 American troops

Reagan had stood by Israel's invasion of Lebanon in mid-1982 to maintain the support of Israel on one hand, but also to quell the influence of Israel's pro-Soviet enemy Syria in Lebanon; Shortly after the bombing, the U.S. withdrew its remaining 1600 soldiers.

Air Strikes Against Libya

Reagan launched an retaliatory strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya, killing at least 15 people, including Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter, after it was found to have connections to a bombing at a disco in West Berlin frequented by US Troops that killed two American soldiers and wounded 79 other US servicemen.

Reagan Revolution Reagan, former governor of CA, won the Republican nomination in 1980 by winning most of the primaries. After failing to reach an unprecedented deal with Ford, who would be a sort of co-president, Reagan picked his chief primary rival, George H.W. Bush, as the vice-presidential nominee.

Reagan promised to rebuild the US military, which had sharply declined in strength and morale after the Vietnam War, and restore American power and prestige on the international front. He also promised an end to "big government" and to restore economic health by use of supply-side economics.

Reagan's Supreme Court Appointees O'Conner, Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy

Reagan stunned the nation by appointing the first woman to the Supreme Court, Sandra Day O'Connor in 1981. He promoted conservative leader William Rehnquist to Chief Justice in 1986, with arch-conservative Antonin Scalia taking Rehnquist's slot. His fourth appointment in 1987 proved controversial, as the initial choice had to withdraw (he smoked marijuana in college), and the Senate rejected Robert Bork. Reagan finally won approval for Anthony Kennedy.

Significance of Whiskey Ring Scandal

Republicans increasingly seen as corrupt and too close to unethical businesses and business practices

Civil War's Human Cost: US' most costly war by any measure Civil War - one in every ten Northerners was killed or incapacitated; one in four Southerners was. Disease killed greatest number of men of both sides; three out of every four combat deaths were caused by rifle bullets; chief weapon was the percussion rifle, which was deadly accurate to about 300 yards. The war saw the first use of repeating rifles, land mines, and the submarine.

Revolution fought by small bodies of troops on both sides; primary weapon was the smooth bore musket that was exceedingly inaccurate at distances greater than 30 yards. Disease killed more men than combat. In WWII, disease not leading cause of death; only 1.8% of American servicemen killed in action; Of the major combatants in World War II, U.S. troops had the lowest rate of dead and injured; leading cause was artillery or mortar shells that accounted for over 2/3's of the dead and wounded. In Vietnam, deaths due to combat accounted for 82% of all dead while disease became less of a threat due to improved medical treatment and rapid evacuation to hospitals. An American serviceman who served in Vietnam ran only about a 3% risk of death or injury

American Colonial Rule of Philippines

Roosevelt continued the McKinley policies of removing the Catholic friars and modernizing the Philippine; but increasingly began to see islands as "our heel of Achilles." By then US had turned away from Asian issues to concentrate on Latin America, and Roosevelt redirected Philippine policy to prepare the islands to become the first Western colony in Asia to achieve self-government; The Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans when the Japanese invaded in 1941, and aided the American re-conquest of the islands in 1944-45; independence came in 1946.

Labor agitation

Roosevelt's first term saw a massive amount of labor upheaval: 1. 1934 West Coast waterfront strike that brought all of San Francisco into a four-day general strike, 2. Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934 causing the governor to declare martial law, 3. 1934 textile workers strike on East Coast

1908 Election

Roosevelt's popularity was at its peak but unwilling to break the 2-term tradition and supported William Howard Taft. On the Democratic side, William Jennings Bryan ran for a third time, but managed to carry only the South.

Transcendentalism

Roots in Boston and Cambridge in 1830s Western branch in ST. Louis in 1840s Parted from philosophies of John Locke who asserted that knowledge comes from the outside, through our senses (tabula rasa) 1800s transcendentalism asserts that knowledge comes from beyond our senses Humanism + Naturalism + Soul

San Francisco System

SF Treaty with Security Treaty signed same day, signifies effects of Japan's relationship with US and of role in international arena, and ways in which these effects have governed Japan's war history

East India Co Granted Monopoly on Tea Shipments

Sam Adams and other Sons of Liberty continued to fan revolutionary embers and ignited one when 1773, Parliament granted a LEGAL MONOPOLY ON TEA SHIPMENT TO AMERICA TO THE EAST INDIA CO, funneled tea business through loyalist merchants, including sons of Governor Hutchinson of MA. --East India Co could now undercut American merchants on sale of tea; what would be next?

Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemmings

Sarah "Sally" Hemings (c. 1773 - 1835) was an enslaved woman of mixed race owned by President Thomas Jefferson and reputed to have had a long-term relationship and six children with him,[1] of whom four survived and all gained freedom. The youngest of six siblings by the planter John Wayles and his mulatto slave Betty Hemings, Hemings was three-quarters European and a half-sister of Jefferson's wife, Martha Wayles Skelton

Bloody Sunday: Selma - Montgomery March

Sheriff Jim Clark of Dallas County, Alabama, loosed his deputies during the "Bloody Sunday" event of the Selma to Montgomery march, injuring many of the marchers and personally menaced other protesters.

Lost Colony

Sir Walter Raleigh, brother to Humphrey Gilbert whose British Hope ship was lost at sea, inherited his royal discovery patent and made first attempt to start a colony on Roanoke Island in 1585, but was rescued from starvation by Sir Francis Drake and returned with settlers to England. 2nd attempt ill planned, bad weather, inhospitable Indians, attacked by Spanish ships, pioneers left by Roanoke were never heard from again. May have intermarried with Indians or moved to Jamestown, but mystery remains today.

First Party System: 1792-1816. Federalists (Hamilton, Adams) vs. Democratic-Republicans (Madison, Jefferson). Era of Good Feelings: 1816-1824. Democratic-Republicans ascendant, Federalists marginalized. Second Party System: 1837-1852. Democrats (Andrew Jackson) vs. Whigs (Henry Clay). Third Party System: 1854-1896. Republicans (mainly Northeastern and Midwestern power base) vs. Democrats (in control of the "Solid South" from 1874). Fourth Party System: 1896-1932. Republicans (McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt; in the ascendant) vs. Democrats (Woodrow Wilson). Fifth Party System: Began in 1933 with the FDR Administration, but whether it came to an end in the 1960s, or the 1990s, or is still with us, is controversial. I incline to the theory that the failure of Goldwater in 1964, followed by the growth of Goldwater's wing of the party into "movement conservatism," which ultimately triumphed in 1980 with the election of Reagan, represents the emergence of the

Sixth Party System: Which we're living in now. Includes the "Republican Revolution" of 1994. The Sixth Party System has been characterized by a wholesale exchange of the Dems' and Pubs' geographical-regional bases, following the success of Nixon's "Southern Strategy," which broke the "Solid South" and transformed the GOP into a predominantly Southern party (which would have bemused both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis to no end). This realignment has resulted in making both parties more ideologically homogeneous than they were before -- conservative "Southern Democrats" and liberal "Rockefeller Republicans" have alike been marginalized, or or else switched party affiliation. However, in the process, both parties have shifted their political center-of-gravity to the right. The Dems took control of Congress in 2006; most pundits expect them to increase their majority this November; and Obama is leading McCain in the presidential polls. I'm thinking this might mean the end for movement-conservative predominance. In the next decade, the Democrats will be in the ascendant, and the most important political fights will be between their pro-business and left-populist wings (Obama represents the former, by the way; his economic policies and advisors are mostly Chicago-School libertarian). The Republicans may recoup their fortunes by marginalizing the movement conservatives within their ranks and becoming a party that has a place for liberals, as the party was in Nixon's day; indeed, many conservatives already feel marginalized, and have loudly said so, by McCain's candidacy.

Reagan's Economic Program and Recession of 1982 1982, Reagan's economic program was beset with difficulties from 1979 recession; the effect of Reaganomics was a soaring budget deficit; Government borrowing, along with the tightening of the money supply, resulted in sky high interest rates - e.g. 20% briefly, etc. -and a serious recession with 10-percent unemployment

Some regions of the "Rust Belt" descended into virtual depression conditions as steel mills and other industries closed. Many family farms in the Midwest and elsewhere were ruined by high interest rates and sold off to large agribusinesses. Reagan allowed the Federal Reserve to drastically reduce the money supply to cure inflation, but it resulted in the recession deepening temporarily. His approval ratings plummeted in the worst months of the recession of 1982. Democrats swept the mid-term elections, making up for their losses in the previous election cycle.

End of Detente: Soviet Invasion of Afganistan invaded Afghanistan to prop up Marxist regime there; Carter declared US boycott of 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow; after 9yrs Soviets fail to suppress rebels and pull out of country, marxist regime overthrown

Soviets were expanding influence to Third World with the help of allies like Cuba and pace of their military spending steadily rose;

Henry Clay

Speaker of the House that may have made a "corrupt bargain" by using political influence to help Adams win, so Clay could become Sec. of State and make a more successful campaign for President than the he did in 1824.

Spanish Part V: Jesuits, Universities, St. Augustine --1549 Jesuit missionaries arrive in S. America --1551 Universities founded in Lima and Mexico City --1565 ST AUGUSTINE , OLDEST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT established by Europeans in US founded by Admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles; colony of French Protestants (aka HUGUENOTS) wiped out by de Aviles at Fort Caroline in FL, de Aviles later killed large number of shipwrecked French in FL too.

St. Augustine razed by English privateer Francis Drake in 1586, but Spain ruled it until 1763 when British took control again. Then Spain ruled it again from 1783-1821 WHEN FLORIDA BECAME A TERRITORY OF USA. --1605 OR 1609 (date in dispute) Sante Fe, New Mexico founded as capital of Spanish colony of New Mexico. SANTA FE HAS BEEN A SEAT OF GOVERNMENT LONGER THAN ANY OTHER STATE CAPITAL.

Gettysburg Address Dedication of the National Cemetery at the battlefield in Gettysburg, PA; Lincoln delivers two-minute speech at site where confederates and union troops slaughtered; "Four score and seven years ago" refers to Dec of Independence written in 1776

Stresses and Memorializes: 1) Principles of human equality in Dec of Independence 2) war as struggle for preservation of Union and struggle for the principle of human equality 3) founding principles of US in context of Civil War and sacrifices of life given at Gettsyburg 4) virtues of America's representative democracy - that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Student-Led Movements

Students and seminarians in both the South and the North played key roles in every phase of the movement. Church and student-led movements, such as the Nashville Student Movement, developed their own organizational and sustaining structures. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC, founded in 1957, developed the "jail-no-bail" strategy. SNCC's role was to develop and link sit-in campaigns and to help organize freedom rides, voter registration drives, and other protest activities.

Birth of American Nation

Sugar Act and Stamp Act set off: FORCES THAT MOST LONDON POLITICOS WERE TOO SMUG TO ACKNOWLEDGE "It is safe to say that British bungling, economic realities, profound philosophical revolution called the Enlightenment and historical inevitability all played roles in the birth of the American nation." (Davis)

Sweden one of the Great Powers

Sweden "Great Power" in 17th century, took part in Thirty Years' War, Mid-Century kingdom included part of Norway, all of Finland and stretched into Russia. Sweden's control of portions of modern Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Germany made the Baltic Sea essentially a Swedish lake.

Johnson's Reconstruction Policy for the South aka Presidential Reconstruction

Sworn in as president after Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Johnson fell out of favor with Congress and the country due to his lenient resident Reconstruction policy that included: 1) almost total amnesty to ex-Confederates, 2) a program of rapid restoration of U.S.-state status for the seceded states, and 3) the approval of new, local Southern governments, which were able to legislate "Black Codes" that preserved the system of slavery in all but its name.

Support for the War

TR and other Republican War Hawks; intellectuals, Yankees, and families with close ties to Britain; most prominent Samuel Insull of Chicago, a leading industrialist who had emigrated from England. Insull funded many propaganda efforts, and financed young Americans who wished to fight by joining the Canadian military.

Fur Tradeposts

Tadoussac founded on St. Lawrence, Champlain founded Quebec, defeating Iroquois in 1608

War in Afghanistan objective of 2001 invasion, Operation Enduring Freedom, was to remove the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban lead government from power in Afghanistan, and to capture top level al-Qaeda leaders, including its founder Osama bin Laden;

Taliban was quickly overthrown; Karzai installed as Afghanistan's interim president; With the approval of the new Afghan Constitution by the Loya jirga and election of President Karzai in 2004, Afghanistan later held its first parliamentary elections in over 30 years in 2005

9/11; Airline Industry Bailout, Patriot Act, Dept of Homeland Security in days following 9/11; President Bush ordered all flights grounded and U.S. airspace remained closed for the rest of the week. An emergency bailout package for the airline industry was passed, and stocks fell dramatically when markets re-opened the following week. Bush and Congress passed the controversial USA PATRIOT Act, aimed at enhancing security, and established the Department of Homeland Security, a mass consolidation of many federal agencies charged with investigation, intelligence, and emergency management. A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources but was discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times.

Telecommunication usage by known and suspected terrorists was studied through the NSA electronic surveillance program. On October 7, 2001, the United States invaded Afghanistan as part of a global War on Terrorism, aimed at rooting out al-Qaeda, the Taliban, and other terrorist organizations.[152]

Platt Amendment

Teller Amendment prevented US annexation or domination of Cuba, but expansionists argued it was "ignorant of actual conditions" and thus US should be released from its obligation; Platt Amendment is a rider to the Army Appropriation Act of 1901; was accepted by Cubaafter "strong pressure" from Washington; Cuba could not impair independence or permit foreign power to secure lodgement in control over island, nor incur debts beyond means In general, it restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations; established Cuba's boundaries would not include the Isle of Pines (Isla de la Juventud) until its title could be established in a future treaty; demanded that Cuba sell or lease lands to the United States necessary for coaling or the development of naval stations.

Iraq Liberation Act President Clinton also presided over cruise missile strikes on Iraq in 1996 and bombing attacks on Iraq in 1998, which were launched in response to Saddam Hussein's violation of several UN resolutions, including repression of ethnic minorities (Kurds) and removing UN weapons inspectors.

The 1998 campaign, in particular, was meant to de-stabilize the Iraqi government and degrade the power of Hussein; Clinton also signed the Iraq Liberation Act to appropriate funds to Iraqi opposition groups in the hopes of overthrowing Hussein's regime and establishing democracy.[24]

Antietam, Sep 17, 1862 A draw

The Battle of Antietam is the bloodiest day in United States history. Over 26,000 men are killed, wounded or missing in action on both sides. Though officially a draw, the battle stops General Robert E. Lee's invasion of Maryland and he retreats back to Virginia.

"High Water Mark of the Rebellion"

The Battle of Gettysburg has often been referred to as the "High Water Mark of the Rebellion." Many consider it to be a turning point in the Civil War because the Union victory placed the Confederacy on the defensive and ended Gen. Lee's most ambitious attempt to invade Union territory. The Confederates never again reached the military strength they held at Gettysburg, yet the Civil War raged on for two more years.

Battle of Nashville; Dec 15, 1864

The Confederate Army of the Tennessee is crushed by the Union Army of the Cumberland in Nashville. The war in the West is nearly over.

Northwest Ordinance

The Congress of the Confederation enacted the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to provide for the administration of the territories and set rules for admission as a state. The territory included all the land of the United States west of Pennsylvania and northwest of the Ohio River. It covered all of the modern states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as the northeastern part of Minnesota.

Monroe Doctrine Named after President James Monroe, who announced it in a speech on December 2, 1823, the Doctrine warned European countries against colonizing or interfering with the governments of countries in North or South America, promising American intervention as a response.

The Doctrine also contained a promise that the U.S. would not interfere with existing European countries or colonies: The Monroe Doctrine also included a warning to Russia, which had been sending ships to Alaska in search of territory for colonization. The U.S. eventually bought the Alaska Territory from Russia in 1867.

Dumbarton Oaks

The Dumbarton Oaks Conference or, more formally, the Washington Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization was an international conference at which the United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders.

Labor Struggles & Sharecropping Although owning land was key to economic independence and autonomy; blacks were not given land as they had expected, instead Johnson returned land to its previous owners in the summer of 1865

The Freedmen's Bureau informed them they could either sign labor contracts with planters or be evicted from the land they had occupied. Those who refused or resisted were eventually forced out by army troops. Selected to work as laborers on large white-owned farms and plantations in order to earn a living; they clashed with former slave masters bent on reestablishing a gang-labor system similar to the one that prevailed under slavery. In sharecropping, Black families preferred to rent small plots of land in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year, rather than receive wages and be subjected to the discipline of the landowner.

NAACP, CORE, and the National Urban League emerging church, civic, and student groups joined forces with these existing organizations in the struggle for civil rights

The NAACP and its Director, Roy Wilkins, provided legal counsel for jailed demonstrators, helped raise bail, and continued to test segregation and discrimination in the courts as it had been doing for half a century; CORE initiated the 1961 Freedom Rides which involved many SNCC members, and CORE's leader James Farmer later became executive secretary of SNCC.

Sacajawea a Lemhi Shoshone woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition as an interpreter and guide during their exploration of the Western United States.

The National American Woman Suffrage Association of the early twentieth century adopted her as a symbol of women's worth and independence, erecting several statues and plaques in her memory, and doing much to spread the story of her accomplishments. In 2000, the United States Mint issued the Sacagawea dollar coin in her honor, depicting Sacagawea and her son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau. In 2001, she was given the title of Honorary Sergeant, Regular Army, by then-president Bill Clinton.[2]

Tenure of Office Act

The Republican-dominated Congress greatly opposed Johnson's Reconstruction program and in March 1867 passed the Tenure of Office Act over the president's veto. The bill prohibited the president from removing officials confirmed by the Senate without senatorial approval and was designed to shield members of Johnson's Cabinet like Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, who had been a leading Republican radical in the Lincoln administration.

1898 Treaty of Paris

The Spanish-American War officially ends when the U.S. and Spain sign the Treaty of Paris. The U.S. takes possession of Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico for $20 million.

Tariff Act of 1890 and Protectionism

The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was framed by Representative William McKinley and raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. Protectionism, a tactic supported by Republicans, was fiercely debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats. The McKinley Tariff was replaced with the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act in 1894, which promptly lowered tariff rates.

START Treaty with Russia & Talks with N.Korea, Israel, and Palestinian Authority Early in his presidency, he successfully negotiated the New START treaty with Russia, which made significant reductions in their nuclear arsenals.

The U.S. also maintains ongoing talks, led by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, with North Korea over its nuclear weapons program, as well as with Israel and the Palestinian Authority over a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th-century enslaved people of African descent in the United States in efforts to escape to free states and Canada with the aid of abolitionists and allies who were sympathetic to their cause. Quakers very active in the route.

Fall of Richmond, Apr 2, 1865

The Union Army captures Richmond, Virginia, which is nearly leveled by shelling and fire.

Battle of Fredricksburg; Dec 13, 1862 Confederates 5 - Union 1

The Union Army under General Ambrose E. Burnside suffers a horrible defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg in Virginia. Fourteen individual assaults on an entrenched Confederate position cost the Union 13,000 casualties.

Lebanon Crisis: Operation Bluebat A Muslim rebellion that was allegedly supplied with arms by the UAR through Syria caused President Chamoun to complain to the United Nations Security Council.

The United Nations sent a group of inspectors that reported that it didn't find any evidence of significant intervention from the UAR; then Chamoun requested help from US after 14 July Revolution in Iraq and US agreed per Eisenhower doctrine The Soviet Premier, Nikita Khrushchev, threatened to use nuclear weapons in the event of US intervention.[4][not in citation given

Thirteenth Amendment Ends Slavery, Lincoln Re-elected

The United States Congress approves the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which will abolish slavery. Lincoln is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States.

US Post-WWII Vision Only major industrial power whose economy emerged intact and strong, FDR thought personal relationship with Stalin key to Post-wwii order, Truman more skeptical.

The United States envisioned the new UN as a Wilsonian tool to resolve future troubles, but it failed; U.S. rejected totalitarianism and colonialism, in line with the principles laid down by the Atlantic Charter of 1941: self-determination, equal economic access, and a rebuilt capitalist, democratic Europe that could again serve as a hub in world affairs.

Treaty of Ghent

The War of 1812 ended when the Treaty of Ghent was signed at the end of 1814, guaranteeing that the United States and Britain would end their battle.

Results of Korean War Results of the Korean War --54,000 Americans died, 100k wounded --2million Koreans killed --Situation in Korea almost exactly what it had been just before the war. --War produced a massive call for militarization and a buildup of American conventional and nuclear forces, strengthening what Eisenhower would later label the "military-industrial complex." --The appearance of a war chest, that Nixon was accused of keeping for Republicans, provided by fat cat contributors existed and was legal, but looked terrible and he almost resigned over it, until he took to the airways and gave the "Checkers" speech about the little dog given to his daughter that they vowed to keep. The speech saved his career and helped the Republican's chances.

The aftermath of the Korean War set the tone for Cold War tension between the superpowers. The Korean War was important in the development of the Cold War, as it showed that the two superpowers, United States and Soviet Union, could fight a "limited war" in a third country. The "limited war" or "proxy war" strategy was a feature of conflicts such as the Vietnam War and the Soviet War in Afghanistan, as well as Angola, Greece, and wars in the Middle East. The Korean War was the first war in which the United Nations (UN) participated.[clarification needed] Some commentators[who?] argued that it showed that the UN was a powerful organization for helping to keep world peace.[citation needed] The UN Command in South Korea is still functional. The war scarred both North and South Korea. Both nations suffered massive damage to their economies and infrastructure, as a result of bombings, artillery strikes and loss of skilled workers. In the aftermath of the war, South Korea was able to modernize and industrialize with the help of the United States.[citation needed] By contrast, North Korea's economy was at first robust, but in the 1990s it went into crisis.

No Child Left Behind, Partial Abortion Ban, Medicare Improvement Other laws enacted in his first term included the No Child Left Behind Act education reform bill in 2002, the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003 and the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act in 2004.

The first eight months of his term in office were relatively uneventful; however, it had become clear by that time that the economic boom of the late 1990s was at an end. The year 2001 was plagued by a nine-month recession, witnessing the end of the boom psychology and performance, with output increasing only 0.3% and unemployment and business failures rising.

The Young Men The direct perpetrators of the Sabra and Shatila killings were the "Young Men", a gang recruited by Elie Hobeika, a prominent figure in the Phalanges, the Lebanese Forces intelligence chief and liaison officer with Mossad, from men who had been expelled from the Lebanese Forces for insubordination or criminal activities.

The killings are widely believed to have taken place under Hobeika's direct orders. Hobeika's family and fiancée had been murdered by Palestinian militiamen, and their Lebanese allies, at the Damour massacre of 1976,[11][12] itself a response to the 1976 Karantina massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims at the hands of Christian militants. Hobeika later became a long-serving Member of the Parliament of Lebanon and served in several ministerial roles.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Heavily punished abetting escape and forced law enforcement officials—even in states that had outlawed slavery—to assist in their capture. Included as provision in the Compromise of 1850.

The law increased risks for escaped slaves, more of whom therefore sought refuge in Southern Ontario (then called the United Province of Canada), which, as part of the British Empire, had abolished slavery. Racial tensions were also increasing in Philadelphia as waves of poor Irish immigrants competed with free blacks for work.

Panic of 1893 more railroad bubble; run on gold supply

The panic of 1893 was a serious economic depression in the United States; similar to panic of 1873, marked by overbuilding and shaky financing of railroads, resulting in a series of bank failures; worst economic depression the United States had ever experienced at the time. One cause traced to investment encouraged by the Argentine agent bank, Baring Brothers; However, a failure in the wheat crop and a coup in Buenos Aires ended further investments. This shock started a run on gold in the U.S. Treasury, as investors were cashing in their investments.

Impressment Forced "recruitment" of sailors into the British Navy. The British Empire was so large by the late 18th Century that the number of sailors needed to staff the ships that sailed around the world was not nearly enough. As a result, the British government decided to "supplement" the Navy with kidnappees.

These included Americans, kidnapped from American ships and coastal cities and forced to serve aboard British ships. Nearly 6,000 Americans were impressed in the early 1800s, when Great Britain was at war with Emperor Napoleon of France. Naturally, Americans were outraged about this practice.

Olympic Park Bombing In July 1996, in the midst of the 1996 Summer Olympics at Centennial Olympic Park in Atlanta, Georgia, a homemade bomb was detonated, resulting in the deaths of 2 people and injuring over 100;

This was followed by similar attacks at two abortion clinics and a lesbian nightclub; In 2003, suspect Eric Robert Rudolph was arrested and sentenced in 2005 to five life sentences for these attacks

Administration of Justice Act aka The Murdering Act

To assure trials more conducive to the Crown than the prejudices of local juries, the Act granted a change of venue to another British colony or Great Britain in trials of officials charged with a crime growing out of their enforcement of the law or suppression of riots.

Federal Trade Commission Act sponsored by Wilson Admin.

To resolve the long-standing dispute over trusts, the Wilson Administration dropped the "trust-busting" legal strategies of Roosevelt and Taft and relied on the new Federal Trade Commission to issue orders prohibiting "unfair methods of competition" by business concerns in interstate trade;

1776 Common Sense 2nd of two factors that led mass support for independence, 1st being British use of the Hessian mercernaries

Tom Paine publishes Common Sense in clear, simple English, structuring it as a sermon with bibical references, rather han haughty philosophical ones, connected independence with common dissenting protestant beliefs to present a distinctly American political identity. Sold and read everywhere, galvanized widespread support for independence!

Spanish-American War America sympathies on side of Cuban struggle for independence, wanted to rid Western Hemisphere of European influence

Turning point of American History and Foreign Policy, marked the rise of US as global military power, show of Naval power with defeat of Spanish fleet in Philippines and Cuba, although planning was poor - US won the war

Azizabad Airstrike and Shift of Focus to Iraq after the Battle of Tora Bora and success with Operation Anaconda, US began focusing on Iraq, shifting military and intelligence resources away from Afghanistan in War on Terror; After a 2010 profile on U.S. Army General and ISAF Commander Stanley McChrystal was published in Rolling Stone Magazine,[62] McChrystal was forced to resigned from his position after making controversial remarks about Obama administration officials.[63] President Obama then announced ISAF to be commanded by General David Petraeus.[64] On May 1, 2011, President Barack Obama announced that the U.S. conducted an operation that killed al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden at his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan.[65] The announcement drew worldwide praise, with spontaneous celebrations at Ground Zero, Times Square and out side of the White House.[66] The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad led to a rise in diplomatic tensions between the U.S. and Pakistan.[67] With civilian deaths from the U.S.'s drone program in so called "signature strikes", the 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan, which led to the deaths of 24 Pakistani military officers, and the closure of NATO supply lines to neighboring Afghanistan, U.S.-Pakistan relations remain fractured as a result of the War on Terror.[67][68][69][70] In mid-2011 President Obama announced the start of the withdrawal of the additional 33,000 troops deployed from the 2010 troop surge.[71] By December 2011, the first round of 10,000 troops were withdrawn, with the second round of 23,000 troops later withdrawn in September 2012.[72][73] As of February 2014, a total of 2,307 U.S. troops were killed and 19,656 injured due to the Afghanistan War.[74] Estimates from the Brown University Watson Institute for International Studies also suggest that between 16,725-19,013 Afghan civilians died as a result of the war.[75] ISAF ceased combat operations and was disbanded in December 2014, with a small number of troops remaining behind in an advisory role as part of ISAF's successor organization, the Resolute Support Mission.

U.S. saw mounting skepticism from European allies over the war at the 2006 Riga summit. U.S.-Afghan diplomatic relations began to flare after the August 2008 Azizabad airstrike in Herat Province, which killed 91 civilians, including 60 children and 15 women; sparking protest over "collateral damage"; with a 40% increase in civilian deaths in 2008.

Iceland Occupation 1941 despite official neutrality policy, after negotiations with Churchill, Roosevelt ordered US occupation of Iceland to replace the British invasion forces;

UK persuaded Althing to approve American occupation; Marines landed, then Navy established air base at Reykjavik; 40k US troops outnumbered Icelandic men Agreement to remain until the end of the war, but US military didn't leave until 2006!

Combined Chiefs of Staff

US Joint Chiefs with their British Counterparts; gave orders and devised strategies

Battle of Bismarck Sea

US and allies sink a major convoy bringing troops and supplies to N.G.; p Japanese made no further attempts to reinforce Lae by ship, greatly hindering their ultimately unsuccessful efforts to stop Allied offensives in New Guinea.

Post-WWII Balance of Power

US emerged as world's more influential superpower, forming worldwide network of military alliances, but Communist hegemony covered one third of the world's land;

Operation Torch General Dwight Eisenhower commanded the assault on North Africa, and Major General George Patton struck at Casablanca;

US initially wanted to land in Occupied Europe asap, but entered war in North Africa to try to open up a second front through Europe's Southto: 1) reduce German pressure on Soviet troops 2) clear the Axis powers from North Africa, 3) improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea, and 4)prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe

Merrill's Marauders US special forces in minor American front of Pacific War WWII, China Burma India Theatre

US special forces under Frank Merill, jungle warfare unit, advanced 750 miles through dense jungle supporting British Empire and Chinese forces in Burma; suffered many casualties.

Black Tuesday and Black Thursday signaled start of 10-year Great Depression affecting all Western industrialized countries; caused by expansion of the 1920's market, speculation and overpricing.

US stock market grew tremendously in 1920's, then peaked, prices declined and speculation increased in 1929; Black Thursday was first day of panic as 12million shares traded and banks and investment co's bought large blocks fo stock to stop the panic; then the following "Black Tuesday" the market crashed, 16 million traded and prices crumbled

Flying Fortresses

USAAF Eighth Air Force's B-17 bombers: because of their heavy defensive armament of ten to twelve machine guns, and armor plating; were so heavy forced to carry smaller bomb loads than British bombers.

Dred Scott African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857

USC decided 7-2 against Scott: --as person of African ancestry was not a US Citizen and thus no diversity of citizen jux --never ceased being a slave and was PROPERTY OF HIS OWNER, NO DIFFERENT THAN A MULE OR A HORSE. --- residence outside Missouri did not emancipate him under MS Compromise, which was unconstitutional as it would improperly deprive Scott's owner of property.

Operation Queen

Unable to push north into Netherlands, Allies tried to push towards the Rhine and captured Aachen, but Germans had the advantage of their fortification system, the Siegfried line; long battle of attrition ending in stalemate at Hurtgen forest, made slow progress, but Allies finally made it to edge of Rhine, the Rur.

WWI Legacy on US Homefront

Under President Wilson war represented climax of the Progressive Movement as it sought to bring reform and democracy to the world. but the atrocities of the war shattered Americans' faith in reform and moral crusades, spurred prohibition, and bitter debate over civil liberties. women's suffrage movement profited by WWI

Republicans Take Control of House Although the recession reached bottom in June 2009 and began to move up again, voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery. The Republicans - who stood in opposition to President Obama's policies that were being implemented - won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and reduced the Democratic majority in the Senate in the 2010 midterm elections.

Under the new Congress, which had a Republican House and a Democratic Senate, President Obama and Congress clashed for months over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling and whether or not to extend the payroll tax cuts for middle-income citizens that Obama signed into law. After months of heated debate, the debt ceiling was ultimately raised and the tax cuts extended. However, Obama's approval ratings continued to hover at around 46%,[169] while Congress had an even lower approval rating of 11%.

Hay Market Square Riot 1886 organized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wounding of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick Reaper Works.

Unidentified rioter threw bomb at police who opened fire and chaos ensued. Seven police officers and at least one civilian died; Knights of Labor dealt fatal blow

Gettysburg, Jul 1 - July 4, 1863 Turning point - South beaten so badly, never recovered. Union 2 - Confederates 6

Union Army under General Meade defeats Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. One of the bloodiest battles of the war, also marks the farthest advance of the Confederate Army into northern territory.

Fort Wagner and the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry 1st SC Volunteers recruited from freed slaves, ; 54th was one of the first official African-American units in US; though many African-Americans had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides. The 1989 movie "Glory" told the story of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry. It won three Academy Awards.

Union General Gillmore attacked Ft Wagner spearheaded by the 54th; Unit's white abolitionist colonel and recruiter, Robert Gould Shaw, was killed, buried as insult with racist slurs in mass grave with men, family said it was an honor. Brigade scaled parapet but after brutal hand-to-hand combat were driven out with heavy casualties; Proved Black Troops would fight bravely if given the chance.

Sherman Burns Atlanta and Marches to the Sea, Sep 2, 1864 and Nov 15, 1864

Union General Sherman captures Atlanta and burns it to the ground. Sherman begins his famous March to the Sea, cutting a swath of destruction 300 miles long and 60 miles wide through Georgia. "All war is hell," he comments.

"Revolution of 1800" Jefferson's election confirmed the emergence of a two-party system in American politics a development that must have seemed ironic to some Federalists and Democratic-Republicans because most of them had believed with George Washington that the appearance of parties would do more harm than good.

Washington commanded respect enough to engineer unanimous presidential victories in 1789 and 1792, but during the presidency of Washington's successor, John Adams, political factions began warring openly. Adams and the Federalists had led the nation into an undeclared naval war with France and in the process expressed an activist concept of government that Vice President Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans thought contradicted democratic principles.

Ismailia, Egypt A town founded during and on the construction of the Suez Canal, British had a base there in WWI, 1950's British Military HQ and Civilian Adminstration Centre of Canal Zone ther e

When Brits tried to suppress rebel Egyptian police in Ismailia, anti-Western riots in Cairo led to destruction and deaths of several foreigners, inc. 11 Brits and to the overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy King Farou and the Egyptian Revolution that followed. British forces pulled out of Ismaïlia in 1954. In 1973 the Battle of Ismailia took place in the city.

End of McCarthyism

When McCarthy launched a major attack on the Army for promoting a Communist dentist in the medical corps, his recklessness proved too much for Eisenhower, who encouraged Republicans to censure McCarthy formally in 1954. The Senator's power collapsed overnight. Senator John F. Kennedy did not vote for censure.

Cow/Cattle Towns 1867 cities that sprang up at railroad terminals in the West; Abilene and Dodge City, Kansas, were two early and celebrated cow towns (also called cattle towns).

When Union Pacific Railroad reached areas, cowboys began driving large herds of cattle from Texas northward along the Chisholm Trail for transport to markets in the eastern United States.

Nathanael Greene: was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia.

When the war began, Greene was a militia private, the lowest rank possible; he emerged from the war with a reputation as George Washington's most gifted and dependable officer. Many places in the United States are named for him. Greene suffered financial difficulties in the post-war years and died suddenly of sunstroke in 1786.

Iron Curtain

When the war ended in Europe in 1945, Soviet and Western - U.S., British, and French - troops were located along a line through the center of Germany; With the onset of the Cold War in Europe in 1947, the East-West lines stabilized except that Yugoslavia broke with the Soviets and gained American support.

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers; repealed by Magnuson Act 1943

While most immigrants were welcomed, Asians were not. Many Chinese had been brought to the west coast to construct railroads, unlike European immigrants, were seen as being part of an entirely alien culture.

Baken Formation

While public attention focused on supplies from the Middle East, the main source was actually Canada. After 2007, new methods of extraction opened up vast new deposits of oil in the Bakken Formation in North Dakota and Montana.

Emancipation Proclamation

While the Emancipation Proclamation itself did not free a single slave, it was an important turning point in the war, transforming the fight to preserve the nation into a battle for human freedom; a union victory would now mean large-scale social revolution in the South; but Lincoln did not have a plan for how this would unfold and was assassinated before devising Reconstruction.

Nicaraguan Revolution Carter fails to prevent Nicaragua from overthrowing its capitalist, pro-west regime, under Somoza and going Communist with Sandinistas - FSLN

Who lost Nicaragua? Ronald Reagan asked this question in 1980. With some justification, Reagan blamed Carter's vacillation for weakening Somoza; Carter's predecessors exploited Nicaragua as a quasi-colony, run by local despots. Yet, by fundamentally ignoring the true aspirations of the Nicaraguan people, the Reagan administration lost the Nicaraguan civil war, and repeated the folly that has plagued our Nicaraguan policy since.

Election of 1916

Wilson re-nominated by Democrats under slogan "He kept us out of War", all the while preparing nation for war, nearly defeated by the preparedness movement's candidate Hughes, SC justice and NY governor Election makes it clear that Americans want to stay out of the conflict as Wilson tries again to negotiate Peace with both sides, and calls for "a league of peace" before congress;

Federal Reserve Act Act ensured greater flexibility in money supply, and issuing of federal reserve notes - paper dollars - to met demands; money supply issues faded from politics

Wilson successfully negotiated a compromise between Wall Street and agrarians, based on Senator Aldrich's discoveries that Europeas had more efficient central banks to support business at home and abroad; divided the country into 12 districts, with a Federal Reserve Bank in each, all supervised by a Federal Reserve Board. These banks were owned by local banks and served as depositories for the cash reserves of member banks;

US Entered Naval Arms Race

Wilson, embraced a long-term building program designed to make the Navy the equal of the Royal Navy by the mid-1920s; admirals were Mahanians; wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships equal to Britain; but facts of submarine warfare were ignored.

Lewis and Clark aka Corps of Discovery Expedition, first American expedition in Western US, departed from St. Louis on Mississippi River, making their way through the continental divide to the Pacific Coast. Secondary objectives to study area's plant and animal life, scientific, and establish trade with local Indians, economic.

With the Louisiana Purchase, the size of the country doubled. The landscape of the United States and North America would be forever changed. Such a large land had many Americans living in it, but the bulk of it was unknown to Americans. So Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore it.

Fall of the Philippines and Dutch East Indies MacArthur flew to Australia, vowing "I came out of Bataan and I shall return." Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright surrendered on 8 May; the [25] The Japanese Navy seemed unstoppable as they seized the Dutch East Indies to gain its rich oil resources. The American, British, Dutch, and Australian forces were combined under the ABDA command but its fleet was quickly sunk in several naval battles around Java.

Within hours of Pearl Harbor Japanese air forces from Formosa destroyed U.S. Far East Air Force near Manila; trapping American and Filipino forces on the Bataan peninsula. Roosevelt evacuated Gen. MacArthur and the nurses, but there was no way to save the trapped men against overwhelming Japanese naval power.

Treaty of Detroit (originally between US Gov and Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot and Potawatomi Native American nations) 1950 landmark contract between GM and UAW helped create mass prosperity/growing equality in US over the next two decades by setting standard for unions and non-union corps alike

Workers shared in rising productivity, and unions shifted to employers many of the risks that come from life in a capitalist economy - comprehensive health insurance, pensions, cost-of-living adjustments and income protection during economic downturns. For more than three decades, auto executives, driven by the consequences of globalization and their own bumbling mismanagement, have attacked the treaty's principles.

Women's Suffrage World War I provided the final push for women's suffrage in America; Women's war work increased support and contributed to the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

World War I led to several important advances for women. After President Woodrow Wilson announced that World War I was a war for democracy, women were up in arms. Members of the NWP held up banners saying that the United States was not a democracy. On January 1918 the President acceded to the women who had been protesting at his public speeches and made a pro-suffrage speech. The next year Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment giving women the right to vote. Also, Dep. of Labor created the Women in Industry Service during the war which became Women's Bureau, headed by Mary van Kleeck.

Gone With the Wind written by Margaret Mitchell, who received the Pulitzer Prize for the book, first published in 1936; second favorite book of American readers, just behind the Bible; story is set in Clayton County, Georgia, and Atlanta during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era

Written from the perspective of the slaveholder, Scarlett O'Hara, a historical novel, the story is a Bildungsroman or coming-of-age story; portrayal of slavery and African Americans is controversial, and use of racial epithet and ethnic slurs. However, the novel has become a reference point for subsequent writers about the South, both black and white.

Americans In Mexico City 1847 Polk sends Nicholas P. Trist, chief clerk in State Department, to Mexico along with Gen. Winfield Scott's forces in order to negotiate a peace treaty with Mexico.

Yet Scott's invasion of Mexico City so destabilizes the Mexican government that no negotiations can occur until the ensuing Mexican power struggle ends. Polk tries to recall Trist, but Trist disobeys his orders, staying to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848.

NY Times "State of the Union" The New York Times reported in January 2015: In short: The state of union, while far stronger than when Mr. Obama took office, remains troubled. The financial crisis has ended, with job growth picking up and the American economy among the world's strongest right now.

Yet the great 21st-century wage slowdown continues, with pay raises for most workers still meager. In other positive news, the deficit has fallen sharply, thanks to a combination of slower health-cost growth and budget cuts (the latter championed by Republicans). Many more people have health insurance, thanks to Mr. Obama's health law. More people are graduating from college — although Mr. Obama is likely to fall short of his vow to have the United States lead the world in college graduates by 2020. On the negative side, climate change appears to be accelerating, creating serious health and economic risks. The fall in gasoline prices, though welcome for many struggling families, won't help the climate. And with Mr. Obama delivering his address the day after Martin Luther King's Birthday, it's also worth remembering that the country's racial divides remain deep, with African-Americans still far behind other Americans by many measures.

Battle of Leyte Gulf off Phlippine Island of Leyte, which US Army had just invaded; Philippines recaptured

a decisive American victory that sank virtually the entire remaining Japanese fleet in the largest naval battle in history. General MacArthur fulfilled promise to return to Philippines by landing at Leyte in 1944; grueling re-capture of the Philippines took place from 1944 to 1945 and included the battles of Leyte, Luzon, and Mindanao.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

a landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal" New Orleans Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens), brought the suit and had arranged for Homer Plessy's arrest in an act of civil disobedience in order to challenge Louisiana's segregation law

Globalization and the New Economy

a recovery began starting in 1994 and began accelerating thanks to a boom created by Internet and related technologies prompting a Wall Street technology-driven bubble, which Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan described in 1996 as "irrational exuberance". By 1998, the economy was booming and unemployment below 5% Post-Cold War, Japan's economy had stagnated and China was emerging as US's foremost trading partner in more and more areas.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki aka Operation Downfall President Harry Truman gave the order to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945;

a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August after it appeared that the Japanese high command was not planning to surrender; Approximately 140k people died in Hiroshima from the bomb and its aftereffects by the end of 1945, and approximately 74k in Nagasaki.

The Seven Days Battles Confederates 3-Union 1

a series of six major battles over the seven days from June 25 to July 1, 1862, near Richmond, Virginia, during the American Civil War. General Robert E. Lee attacks George McClellan's Union Army of the Potomac near Richmond, Virginia. Huge casualties cause McClellan to withdraw north towards Washington.

Rise of Populism In 1890, Severe agrarian distress brought on by a series of droughts that devastated the West - Western Kansas lost half its population - led to the rise of populism:

a short-lived left-wing political movement; highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads, and allied itself with the labor movement.

Czech Hedgehogs

a static anti-tank obstacle defense made of metal angle or very effective in keeping tanks from getting through a line of defense; maintains its function even when tipped over by a nearby explosion.

Wildcat Strike

a strike action undertaken by unionized workers without union authorization, support, or approval; aka unofficial industrial action; key pressure tactic used in May 1968 protests in France.

Crazy Horse war leader of the Oglala Lakota; fought against encroachments on the territories of the Lakota people, including leading a war party to victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn

after surrendering to U.S. troops under General Crook Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a military guard's bayonet, while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in Nebraska. among the most notable and iconic of Native American tribal members; was honored by the U.S. Postal Service in 1982 with a 13¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

Operation Dragoon

aimed to secure southern half of France, successfully forced Germans out of southern France,

Iroquois Six nations: -Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora nations

aka Haudenosaunee, historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy, known as the Iroquois League to the French and the Five Nations to the English, but later became Six nations. absorbed many other peoples into their cultures as a result of warfare and by offering shelter to displaced nations. The Erie and Wyandot are often considered Iroquoian peoples because of their similar language and lifestyles.

New York

aka New Netherlands, founded by the Dutch who had become a true world power in early 1600's with world's largest merchant marine fleet, Amsterdam was Europe's busiest and richest city, NYC = New Amsterdam established by Dutch, but Albany aka Fort Orange was 1st Dutch trading post in the area

Syphilis

aka The French Disease, b/c French soldiers got it in Naples spread it through France and Europe, then Portughese sailors took it to Africa, India and Asis on their voyages, not clear that we can blame it on the Columbus and the Indians, too much evidence for pre-Columbian existence in Europe

Constitutional Convention May 25, 1787: new plan of government drawn up at a "convention" of delegates at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,

all states except RI sent delegates, GW selected to preside over the Constitutional Convention; represented wealthy merchants of the North and wealthy slaveholding plantation owners of the South; but overall one of the most politically experienced groups of men the world has ever seen - with special interest groups and regionally minded legislators

Paris Peace Treaties Allied powers signed with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland 1947, as the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference, after World War II in 1945.

allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to resume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations; settlement included payment of war reparations; , commitment to minority rights and territorial adjustments ended Italian Colonial Empire in Africa, Greece and Albania; changed many borders.

Suburbia emerged with the development of cheaper and better automobiles, suburban life style centered around children and housewives, with the male breadwinner commuting to work;

also a result of innovations of the single-family housing market with low interest rates on 20 and 30 year mortgages, and low down payments, especially for veterans; Meanwhile, suburban population swelled because of the baby boom; provided larger homes for larger families, security from urban living, privacy, and space for consumer goods

Silverites political movement in the late-19th century that advocated that silver should continue to be a monetary standard along with gold, as authorized under the Coinage Act of 1792;

also advocated free coinage of silver; wanted to lower the gold standard to silver allowing inflation of the money supply. Many Silverites were in the West, where silver was mined. The Silverites' main presidential candidate was William Jennings Bryan, whose famous Cross of Gold speech argue

NATO Gulf of Aden Anti-Piracy Operation Ocean Shield deployed warships to protect maritime traffic in Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates,

also helped strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states; offers protection for Operation Allied Provider distributing World Food Programme aid in Somalia - - Russia, China and South Korea have sent warships to participate as well.

17th Amendment

also sponsored by Taft, ratified in 1913, mandated the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people, replacing the prior system established in the original Constitution, in which they were selected by state legislature

Sons of Liberty One member of Parliament, protesting the new Stamp Act, used the phrase "SONS OF LIBERTY" to describe colonists and it was quickly adopted by men in every colony.

an organization of patriots created in Thirteen Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight the abuses of taxation by the British government; best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in reaction to new taxes.

The Ruhr

an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.a population of eight and a half million, it is the largest urban agglomeration in Germany; consists of several large, industrial cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north;

Tocqueville's America French political thinker and historian best known for his works Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). I

analyzed the improved living standards and social conditions of individuals, as well as their relationship to the market and state in Western societies.

Uncle Tom's Cabin aka Life Among the Lowly best-selling novel of the 19th century and the second best-selling book of that century, following the Bible.

anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe; Published in 1852, helped lay the groundwork of popular support for the Civil War; NO OTHER LITERARY WORK SINCE THOMAS PAINE'S COMMON SENSE IN 1776, when it incited a wave of pro-independence fervor, had the same political impact. Turned millions of American hearts and minds against slavery.

Ford administration witnessed the final collapse of South Vietnam after the Democrat-controlled Congress voted to terminate all aid to that country; attempts to curb inflation unsuccessful; only solution seemed to be encouraging people to wear shirt buttons with the slogan WIN -Whip Inflation Now - ;

appointed USC justice, John Paul Stevens, who retired in 2010; During his office, nation celebrated 200th birthday on July 4, 1976; Ford's pardon of Nixon just before the 1974 midterm elections not well received; Democrats made major gains, bringing to power the New Left - a generation of young liberal activists, many of them suspicious of the military and the CIA

"Civil Disobedience" aka "Resistance to Civil Government" an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau, 1849

argues individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice. Influenced Gandhi and MLK, lots others. Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

Peace Dividend

argument that warming of US-USSR relations should drastically reduce military spending; lost in political debate with onset of Gulf War when President H.W. Bush argued for a "new world order" freer from threat of terror . . .

Ghost Dance Movement religious movement of numerous Native American belief systems. Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka, Jack Wilson, said reunites living with spirits of the dead and bring peace, prosperity, and unity to native peoples throughout the region

associated with Wilson's (Wovoka's) prophecy of a peaceful end to white expansion while preaching goals of clean living, an honest life, and cross-cultural cooperation by Native Americans; believed to have contributed to Lakota resistance to assimilation under the Dawes Act.

Attacks of September 11 4 airliners hijacked by 19 AlQaeda terroists: 1) American Airlines Flight 11, struck the North Tower of the World Trade Center 2) United Airlines Flight 175, striking the South Tower 3) American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington 4) United Airlines Flight 93 - official story is passengers attempted to regain control of the plane and it crashed near Shaksville, PA; but I think intercepted by National Guard before it hit the Pentagon

attacks killed 2,977 victims, including 2,135 American civilians, 72 law enforcement personnel, 343 firefighters, and 55 military personnel; single deadliest international terrorist incident and the most devastating foreign attack on American soil since the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor; refocused American attention to a long war on terrorism, beginning with an attack on al-Qaeda and its Taliban supporters in Afghanistan.

Independent Republics formed

austria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkey, but Arab lands from Ottoman empire went to Britain and France, which many believe are the true causes of the war anyway, Germany sought colonies in africa and middle east, as did other European powers

Hawthorne

author of Scarlet Letter, House of 7 Gables rejected these "seekers for they know not what" and mocks their Utopian communities (Brook Farm) in Blithdale Romance, depicting New England obsession with sin and guilt and rejected grim Puritanism that dominated the era

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists Congressional act after 9/11; resulted in invasion of Afghanistan in President Bush's broader Global War on Terrorism

authorized President Bush to use all necessary and appropriate force against the nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001;

Indian Removal Act of 1830

authorized government to extinguish Indian titles to lands in Southeast.

1776 King Louis 16th

authorizes secret arms and munitions assistance for the Americans

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards force the Big Three to downsize existing automobile categories; before the mass production of automatic overdrive transmissions and electronic fuel injection, the traditional front engine/rear wheel drive layout was being phased out for the more efficient and/or integrated front engine/front wheel drive, starting with compact cars. Using the Volkswagen Rabbit as the archetype, much of Detroit went to front wheel drive after 1980 in response to CAFE's 27.5 mpg mandate.

auto industry faced a precipitous decline during the 70s due to climbing inflation, energy prices, and complacency during the long years of prosperity in the 50s-60s; There was a loss of interest in sports and performance cars from 1972 onward, and newly mandated safety and emissions regulations caused many American cars to become heavy and suffer from drivability problem. Chrysler and Ford approached bankrupcy; only General Motors fared relatively better; sport of auto racing voluntarily sought reductions. The 24 Hours of Daytona was canceled in 1974. Also in 1974, NASCAR reduced all race distances by 10%. At the Indianapolis 500, qualifying was reduced from four days down to two, and several days of practice were eliminated.

Western Theatre of Civil War Encompassed major military and naval operations in the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as Louisiana east of the Mississippi River. Operations on the coasts of the states, except for Mobile Bay, are considered part of the Lower Seaboard Theater.

avenue of military operations by Union armies, chief among them the Army of the Tennessee, directly into the agricultural heartland of the South via the major rivers of the region (the Mississippi, the Tennessee, and the Cumberland).

Allies

based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire; Later Italy, Japan and the US joined the Allies

Women's Suffrage

began with the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention; reorganized after the Civil War, gaining experienced campaigners, many of who had worked for prohibition in the Women's Christian Temperance Union. By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rightsthough women had made significant legal victories, gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody

Second Industrial Revolution aka Technological Revolution, was a phase of the larger Industrial Revolution corresponding to the latter half of the 19th century, sometime between 1840 and 1860 until World War I;

begun around the time of the introduction of Bessemer steel in the 1850s and culminated in early factory electrification, mass production and the production line.

W.E.B. Dubois co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909; editor of the NAACP journal "The Crisis"

believed capitalism was root of racism, an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor; grew up relatively tolerant and integrated MA community; graduated Harvard, first African American to earn doctorate, professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University;

George Rogers Clark "Conqueror of the Old Northwest" highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War; leader of the Kentucky - then a part of Virginia - militia throughout much of the war;

best known for his celebrated captures of Kaskaskia (1778) and Vincennes (1779) during the Illinois Campaign, which greatly weakened British influence in the Northwest Territory. Because the British ceded the entire Northwest Territory to the United States in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, Clark has often been hailed as the "Conqueror of the Old Northwest".

Freedman Bureau Act In 1865 Lincoln signed a bill creating the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands; aka Freedmen's Bureau, this federal agency oversaw the difficult transition of African Americansfrom slavery to freedom.

born out of abolitionist concern for freed slaves, headed by Union General Oliver O. Howard for the entire seven years of its existence; given power to dispense relief to both white and black refugees in the South, provide medical care and education, and redistribute "abandoned" lands to former slaves. The latter task was probably the most effective measure to ensure the prosperity and security of the freedmen, but it was also extremely difficult to enact.

Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson American baseball player who became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era; use of nonviolence, and talent challenged the traditional basis of segregation, contributing significantly to the Civil Rights Movement.

broke baseball color line when Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base 1947; first major league team to play a black man since 1880s, the Dodgers ended racial segregation that had lasted for six decades; Robinson was constantly slurred and received death threats throughout his career; he was first black television analyst in MLB, first black VP of major corp - Chock Full o Nuts; established Freedom National Bank an African-American-owned financial institution based in Harlem; posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal.

Battle of Shiloh Apr 8, 1862 - Apr 9, 1862 Union 1 - Confederates 2 Grant's aim to take Corinth, a vital rail center that if captured would give the Union total control of the region but is surprised by Johnston's troops at Shiloh in Tennessee; chances Confederate victory diminished as troops from Buell's army arrive to shore up Grant's Union line;

bullet severed artery in Johnston's leg, causing him to bleed to death, highest ranking officer to be killed in Civil War; Beauregard takes over, but Grant takes Corinth for a major Union victory; One of bloodiest engagements, level of violence shocks North and South alike; more casualties than in all previous American wars combined.

Elections of 1980 a key turning point in US politics; signaled new electoral power of suburbs and Sun Belt, with Religious Right a first-time major factor; watershed disposal of commitment to anti-poverty programs and affirmative action of Great Society; also commitment to hawkish foreign policy; major issues of the campaign were the economic stagflation, threats to national security, the Iranian hostage crisis, and the general malaise that seemed to indicate America's great days were over; Carter easily beat back a primary challenge by liberal icon Senator Edward "Ted" Kennedy of Massachusetts who's involvement in the Chappaquiddick incident 1969 when he left the scene of the accident hindered his chances of ever becoming President of the United States

but Carter seemed unable to control inflation and had failed in his rescue effort of the hostages in Tehran. Carter dropped his détente-oriented advisers and moved sharply to the right against the Soviets, but Reagan said it was too little, too late. Reagan won a landslide victory with 489 votes in the electoral college to Carter's 49. Republicans defeated twelve Democratic senators to regain control of the Senate for the first time in 25 years. Reagan received 43,904,153 votes in the election (50.7% of total votes cast), and Carter, 35,483,883 (41.0%). John Anderson won 5,720,060 (6.6%) popular votes. Regan had campaigned on supply side economics; Critics charged that Reagan was insensitive to the plight of the poor, and that economic troubles of the 1970s were beyond any president's ability to control or reverse. Rise of the Sun Belt and railing against "liberal" programs was a potent theme in the 1980 presidential race and the 1994 mid-term elections, when the GOP captured the House of Representatives after 40 years of Democratic control;

Bonn Agreement aka Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re-Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions; initial series of agreements passed 2001 intended to re-create the State of Afghanistan following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in response to 9/11,

but no nationally agreed-upon government had existed in Afghanistan since 1979, thus it was felt necessary to have a transition period before a permanent government was established; A nationally agreed-upon government would require at least one loya jirga to be convened; however, in the absence of law and order in the wake of the rapid victory of American and Afghan Northern Alliance forces, immediate steps were felt to be required.

"The Measure of the Guilded Age, begining in the 1870's, was that . . .

by the 1890's, the goliaths of US business, railroading, and finance had gained de facto control over many state legislatures, the federal judiciary and the US senate. " Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy

Forward/Advance Air Fields military terms for a relatively primitive airfield used for refueling and re-arming air units as part of forward operations near the enemy;

called advanced airfield for its advanced position, not advanced facilities, advantages - penetrate deeper into enemy-held territory, surprising the enemy with unexpected range; disadvantages - subject to enemy observation and attack; They may be expected to change hands after a battle; in wwii often had to be built in inhospitable places e.g. on tiny coral islands, mud flats, featureless deserts, dense jungles, or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire.

Oslo Accords 1990s, US played an active role in peace efforts in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict;

called for the gradual ceding of control of Palestinian areas to the Palestinians in exchange for peace and were sigbned by President Clinton, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, and Palestinian Prime Minister Yasser Arafat in 1993; However, Rabin was assassinated in 1995 and by 2000, the Camp David Summit failed to yield a new agreement.

Rejection of U.S./Soviet détente and the Neoconservs Reacting to perceptions of American decline internationally and domestically, a group of academics, journalists, politicians, and policymakers, led by Norman Podhoretz - labeled "neoconservatives" - since many of them were still Democrats, rebelled against the Democratic Party's leftward drift on defense issues in the 1970s and blamed liberal Democrats for nation's weakened geopolitical stance;

called old detente policy "appeasement" and "appeasement" of "evil"; opposed most-favored nation trade status for the Soviet Union, and supported unilateral American intervention in the Third World as a means of boosting U.S. leverage over international affairs; aligned themselves with Ronald Reagan and the Republicans, who promised to confront pro-Soviet Communist expansion; main targets were the old policies of containment of communism and Détente with the Soviet Union; wanted rollback and the peaceful end of the Communist threat rather than aimless negotiations, diplomacy, and arms control.

Okies and Arkies derogatory names for Dustbowl migrants from OK and AK flooded the labor supply of the agricultural fields, driving down wages, pitting desperate workers against each other;

came into competition with Mexican laborers, who were deported en masse back to their home country.

Sexual Revolution counterculture movement dismantled many social taboos related to casual, extramarital sex, divorce, and homosexual rights; Pornography and homosexuality were completely legalized in the US after a number of court decisions during the 60s striking down anti-obscenity and anti-sodomy laws, and in 1973 the American Medical Association removed homosexuality from its index of mental disorders. As the 70s drew to a close however, there was a growing disgust among many conservative Americans over the excesses of the sexual revolution and liberalism, which would culminate in a revival of conservatism during the next decade, combined with the event of AIDS

cases?

Federal Laws That Gave More Rights to Women Even though ERA failed; many federal laws (e.g. those equalizing pay, employment, education, employment opportunities, credit, ending pregnancy discrimination, and requiring NASA, the Military Academies, and other organizations to admit women), state laws (i.e. those ending spousal abuse and marital rape), Supreme Court rulings (i.e. ruling the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women), and state ERAs established women's equal status under the law, and social custom and consciousness began to change, accepting women's equality.

cases? list of laws?

Battle of Saint-Mihiel Involved Pershing's American Expeditionary Forces, part of Pershing's plan to break through German lines and capture fortified city of Metz,

caught Germans retreating and disorganized, victorious over Germans at St. Mihiel, but was not able to take Metz as attack faltered due to problems of supplying its massive army when artillery and food supplies had to be left behind on muddy roads increased the stature of the U.S. Army in the eyes of the French and British forces, and again demonstrated the critical role of artillery during World War I and the difficulty of supplying such massive armies on the move casualties 120k; first use of terms D-Day and H-Hour,

Joint Chiefs of Staff formed by FDR; made the final decisions on American military strategy and as the chief policy-making body for the armed forces;

chaired by Admiral Leahy and Marshall who became it's dominant voice on strategy; Unlike other leaders, FDR rarely overrode his military advisors; FDR avoided State Dept. and conducted diplomacy though aides - esp. Harry Hopkins who also controlled $50 billion in Lend Lease funds, so Allies listened to him.

Universal Military Service - "UMT"

championed by leaders in preparedness movement, called 600k men who turned 18 every year to spend 6 months in military training, and be assigned to reserve units; small regular army primarily a training agency. Public opinion not willing to go that far.

Monetary Policy before the Federal Reserve

control of the money supply in the hands of unregulated private banks who carried out loans and payments with bank notes, backed by promise of redemption in gold, even though the official medium of exchange was gold coins; system encouraged to reach beyond their cash reserves and prompted panics and runs on banks to turn bank paper into gold

Reconstruction Finance Corporation - RFC modeled after War Finance Corp WWI, independent gov corp that made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations to boost confidence in Great Depression

created because Federal Reserve only had authority to act as a lender of last resort during financial panics but was not able to lend to every bank or firm; continued to operate through the New Deal where it became more prominent and through World War II;

Flying Tigers a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority;

created by Claire L. Chennault, a retired U.S. Army Air Corps officer working in China as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in Sino-Japanese War. destroyed 296 enemy aircraft

1999 NATO Kosovo Intervention: To stop Milosevic Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians, UN Sec. Council demanded ceasefire but UN Spec. Evoy Holbrooke's negotiations broke down and he handed the matter to NATO which began 78-day bombing campaign targeting Yugoslavia's military capabilities;

criticized for high civilian casualties and bombing of Chinese embassy, but Milosevic finally accepted peace plan, ending Kosovo War. also deployed ACE Mobile Force (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo; also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.

Rise of the Sun Belt contributed to new era of 6th party system; 1970s Southwest, Southeast, esp. FL and CA which surpassed New York as the nation's most populous state in 1964; By 80's exceeded industrial regions of the Northeast and Midwest--the Rust Belt which steadily lost industry, and have little population growth;

culmination of changes that began in American society starting in the 1950s, as cheap air travel, automobiles, the interstate system, and the advent of air conditioning all spurred a mass migration south and west; changed nation's political climate; strengthened conservatism in direct opposition to concerns of Rust Belt; deteriorating region burdened by labor unions, high taxes, and populated mainly by those either unable or unwilling to move elsewhere, particularly minority groups and senior citizens; Northeast and Midwest have remained more committed to social programs and more interested in regulated growth than the wide-open, sprawling states of the South and West. Northeast and Midwest have been increasingly voting for Democratic candidates in federal, state and local elections while the South and West are now the solid base for the Republican Party.

Sixth Party System characterized by electoral shift from coalitions of the Fifth Party System during the New Deal to Republican Party becoming dominant party in the South, rural areas, and suburbs; while the Democratic Party increasingly started to rely on a coalition of African-Americans, Hispanics and white urban Progressives.

debated, but most historians believe we are now in 6th party system; how got here also hotly debated; A critical factor was the major transformation of the political system in the Reagan Era or "Age of Reagan" of the 1980s and beyond led by Ronald Reagan

Panama Canal

1st planned in Nicaragua by McKinley, President Teddy Roosevelt oversaw the realization of a trans-isthmian canal; but complete/ribbon cut under Wilson.

Spanish Part IV: Buenos Aires, Bogota, De Soto --1536 Buenos Aires founded by Spanish who leave the area five years later due to Indian attacks, bu settlers from Paraguay and Juan de Garay, re-establish Buenos Aires in 1580. --1538 Bogota (Colombia) founded by de Quesad, Spanish military leader who conquered Chibcha Indians

--1539 De Soto, Incan veteran, explores Florida. Authorized to conquer and colonize S.E. US region. --1539 First printing press set up in New World, Mexico City --1540 Grand Canyon discovered --1541 De Soto discovers Mississippi River, Coronado explores New Mexico across TX, OK, KS and dies (1542) by Mississippi River.

Solid South permanent resentment, distrust, and cynicism among white Southerners toward the federal government after Reconstruction helped create the "Solid South"

" which typically voted for the (then-)socially conservative Democrats for all local, state, and national offices.

Upon hearing the news of tea dumping in Boston Harbor, King George said:

"The die is now cast. The Colonies must either submit or triumph."

Legislative Powers - Congress

--Passes federal laws --Establishes lower federal courts and number of federal judges --Can override prez's veto with 2/3rds vote

Electoral College Electoral College created to defend against overdose of democracy or impulses of the majority:

--each state should choose electors equal to representation in Congress; i.e. House plus Senate seats --could choose the electors anyway the state wanted --electors would meet and vote for 2 candidates for prez --winner was man with majority, if not a clear majority, then House decided where each state got 1 vote

"Atlanticist"

foreign policy group of upper-class lawyers, bankers, academics, and politicians of the Northeast that emerged in the preparedness movement, committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism - included TR and other war hawk Republicans

Utah Beach codename for particular area of Normandy Beach

landing craft bound for Utah, as with so many other units, went off course, coming ashore two kilometers off target. The 4th Infantry Division faced weak resistance during the landings and by the afternoon were linked up with paratroopers fighting their way towards the coast.

Seventh Amendment

lays out the rules of common law and trial by jury.

Amerindians Substantial Achievements

made in agriculture, math, architecture, etc. But lacked writing with a few exceptions

Freemasons

many founding fathers, and subsequent American presidents/elite, were also Freemasons (a member of an international order established for mutual help and fellowship, which holds elaborate secret ceremonies.

Fordism

mass production of inexpensive goods coupled with high wages for workers.

Japan Historical Era Names

named after Emperors, i.e. Meiji and Taishō, and the lesser part of the Shōwa eras, known by posthumous names: Emperor Meiji (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taishō (Yoshihito), and Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito).

Boston

named after England's great Puritan city, 1st secondary school and Harvard established by Puritans there as training for clergymen

Virginia

named for "virgin queen" Elizabeth by Sir Walter Raleigh on his first trip to Roanoke

American Air Strategy

neutralization of bypassed Japanese strongpoints like Rabaul and Truk through repeated bombings.

muckrackers

newspaper articles, esp in as McClure's and Collier's, on trusts, high finance, impure foods and abusive railroad practices; journalists like Ida M. Tarbell, who crusaded against the Standard Oil Trust, became known as "Muckrakers".

Front Porch Campaign

of sound money, Instead of going to the people, McKinley would remain at home in Canton and allow the people to come to him - a brilliant strategy and a legend in American political history. Visits heavily subsidized by Mark Hanna, rich - well connected campaign manager, Canton had been made "cheaper than staying at home", Mckinley molded q&a sessions to suit interest of each delegation.

Spain's Decline

once controlled a vast colonial empire, but by the second half of the 19th century only Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and some African possessions remained

Log Cabin

only significant lasting Swedish contribution, chief form of pioneer housing that expanded American frontier of 18th century

Tammany Hall NYC political organization formed in opposition to Federalists Party that lasted nearly 2 centuries, leadership mirrored local Democratic Party's executive committee;

originally respected for aid given to city's poor and immigrant populations, later known for charges of corruption levied against"Boss" Tweed.

Sixth Amendment

outlines the rights of the accused: 1) the right to have a "speedy and public" trial, 2) right to be informed of the charges made against him, 3) the right to call witnesses in his defense, and 4) the right to have an attorney in his defense.

Realpolitik

political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

Civil War: Two Different Countries, Two Different Cultures and Two Different Ideologies Destined for Collision North: racing toward modernity, urban and industrial revolutions; agriculture still key, but railroads, canals, steamship lines, banks, factories shaped economy;

population mushrooming with influxes of European immigrants, esp. 1.5 million Irish, who settled in northern mill towns in 1845 during Potato famine South: largely agrarian, slave-based economy, same as in Jefferson's time when the gentleman planters helped create the nation. fewer immigrants and less need for cultural change.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 first aimed to curb monopolistic practices of Robber Barrons; landmark antitrust federal statute passed by Congress in 1890

prohibits certain business activities government regulators deem anti-competitive, and requires government to investigate and pursue trusts. has since been used to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.

Demand for Cotton and Slaves As world demand for cotton grew - room to grow more cotton and slaves to plant, pick, and produce it underscored all southern economic policies and american expansion:

prompting one foreign war and southern talk of conquest of Cuba and other lands to the south. Slave population grew at astonishing rate (700k in 1860 to 3.5 million in 1860) and though overseas slave trade prohibited, slave trade between US states was booming.

Equal Rights Amendment - ERA

proposed amendment, passed by Congress in 1972 but failed by 3 states to be ratified; defeated by bitches conservative women, led by activist Phyllis Schlafly arguing it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the draft; also lost support among radicals as too soft, pro-abortion, sexual rights and african american activists as insignificant to their causes; feminist movement dominated by relatively affluent white women; Failure of the ERA marked the end of the women's liberation movement.

Citizens' Army

rebels who strike in Dublin without Casement's leadership or German weapons

Portugal, England, and France

refused to invest in CS's plan to open a direct sailing route to China and Indonesia, which he called the Indies

West Indies

region of the Caribbean Basin and North Atlantic Ocean that includes the islands of the Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago.

Rust Belt

region straddling the upper Northeastern United States, the Great Lakes, and the Midwest States, referring to economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.

National Guard

regular army & Preparedness leaders; saw it as politicized, provincial, poorly armed, ill trained, too inclined to idealistic crusading (as against Spain in 1898), and too lacking in understanding of world affairs; one of few institutions that excepted black men on equal footing.

Democrat Opposition to War

saw the Preparedness movement as a threat; leading warhawks prospective Republican presidential candidates; rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard, hostile to rich and powerful in the first place; Working with them Wilson able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces.

The Glass-Steagall Act designed to prevent another Great Depression from happening again;

separated savings and loan banks; forbid purchase of stocks with no money down; removed currency from gold standard which limited the money supply, causing deflation; banned private ownership of gold bullion and certificates until 1975.

Peace of Paris

series of treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War: Treaty of Paris 1783 and Treaties of Versailles 1783

What's Good for General Motors is Good for the USA

spoken by GM CEO Charles "Engine" Wilson, later Eisenhower's Sec. of Defense

Anne Hutchinson

starts Portsmouth - banished from Boston for heretical interpretations of sermons

Army Reorganization Act

strengthened numbers to 175k plus National Guard to 450k

1st Peacetime Draft

sudden defeat of France in spring 1940 caused US to greatly grow its armed forces, including the first peacetime draft.

P-38 Lightning

superior fighters, which gave Americans an edge in range and performance, used in Battle of Bismarck

Mugwamps Republican political activists who bolted from the Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the election of 1884.

switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine; supposedly made the difference in New York state and swung the election to Cleveland. Algonquian (Natick) mugquomp, "important person, kingpin" implying that they were "sanctimonious" or "holier-than-thou," in holding themselves aloof from party politics.

Post WWII Europe

the British, under Labour Party, was at first more anti-Communist than U.S; but economy in bad shape, however, and could no longer afford anti-Communist activity in Greece; asked the U.S. to intervene there; Truman agreed with the Truman Doctrine in 1947.

Recession of 1937 Apart from the WPA and CCC, most New Deal spending programs, such as the PWA and AAA, operated through private firms.

the economy eventually recovered from the low point of the winter of 1932-33, with sustained improvement until 1937, when the Recession of 1937 brought back 1934 levels of unemployment; broad consensus among scholars that the New Deal policies did not lengthen and deepen the depression;

Articles of Confederation

the first written constitution of the United States. Stemming from wartime urgency, its progress was slowed by fears of central authority and extensive land claims by states before was it was ratified on March 1, 1781.

Principle of Distribution

the proceeds of the government land sales would be distributed among the states according to population; Distribution was discarded in 1842

Red Summer of 1919 Post WWI 1919: strikes, riots and scares

turmoil throughout 1919; huge no's returning veterans could not find work; fear of subversion resumed Red Scare, massive strikes in major industries (steel, meatpacking) and violent race riots. Radicals bombed Wall Street, and workers went on strike in Seattle in February. During 1919, a series of more than 20 riotous and violent black-white race-related incidents occurred. These included the Chicago, Omaha, and Elaine Race Riots.

Mercenary state

when a state offers its own army regiments to fund its government, like the Prince of Hesse in Germany offered his troops to Brits in Revolutionary War.

Redeemers and Bourbon Democrats

white elites called the "Redeemers"—the southern wing of the "Bourbon Democrats" were in firm political and economic control of the south until the rise of the Populist movement in the 1890s.

Manifest Destiny

19th century prevailing attitude that the US, not only could, but was destined to stretch from coast to coast. Fueled western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.

Secretary of State Stepping Stone to the presidency during early America, Vice President wasn't as politically significant;

1st Sec of State to become prez Thomas Jefferson, others soon followed: James Madison, James Monroe, John Adams, Martin Van Buren, James Buchanan But from the Civil War on a number of secretary of states have tried, but none have become president . . . maybe Hillary?

Ancona

27 Americans dies in Austrian submarine attack on Italian liner

Rainbow Division

2nd contingent of Americans to be deployed to Western Front under Colonel MacArthur

Rise of the Robber Barrons and Monopolies 1. US transformation into industrial society with little business regulation, 2. extensive untapped natural resources being discovered as territories expanded,

3. large waves of immigrants provided cheap labor and 4. government investments in infrastructure Railroad builders, needing political influence to build railroads, became particularly adept at in influencing politicians through use of lobbyists or outright bribery.

9 History Changing WWI Consequences 1) 10million soldiers died, 21 million wounded; 2) four empires collapsed 3) independent republics formed that led to instability later 4) Arab lands went to Britain and France

5) Bolsheviks took power in Russia 6) Fascists triumphed in Italy 7) Mass murder of Armenians in Turkey 8) Massive Influenza epidemic that killed 25 million worldwide 9) Germany devastated and ceded territory to Belgium

Operation Market Garden

Allies failed to captured several key bridges in Netherlands and force way into Rhine and North German Plain to advance to Denmark and Berlin and link with paratroopers who had been dropped in behind German lines in Netherlands

Allied Victory in North Africa

Allies stop German advance in Tunisia, pushing them back, then smash through the Mareth Line - and Axis surrender N. Africa; Allies turn toward Sicily and Italy.

True Discoverers of America

Amerindians, who followed herds of woolly mammoths they hunted, walked from Siberia over the Bering Strait in the Ice Age, then probably Norse sailors at Greenland and Newfoundland 500 years before Columbus;

Pan-American Security Zone 1939 Declaration of Panama, signed by the nations of North and South America; signatories would not tolerate belligerent acts within the zone.

Another incidence of violation of its neutrality policy; FDR declared Atlantic area adjacent to Americas a zone protected for US naval escorts bound for Europe; helping UK who was largely dependent upon Atlantic convoys.

Nixon Took Dollar Off Gold Standard By the summer of 1971, Nixon was under strong public pressure to act decisively to reverse the economic tide. On August 15, 1971, he ended the convertibility of the U.S. dollar into gold, which meant the demise of the Bretton Woods system, in place since World War II.

As a result, the U.S. dollar fell in world markets. The devaluation helped stimulate American exports, but it also made the purchase of vital inputs, raw materials, and finished goods from abroad more expensive.

Nobel Peace Price for End of Russo-Japanese War

At the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War in September 1905, President Roosevelt leveraged his position as a strong but impartial leader in order to negotiate a peace treaty between the two nations. "Speaking softly" earned the President enough prestige to even merit a Nobel Peace Prize the following year for his efforts.

Belgian Gates

Cointet-element, also known as a Belgian Gate or C-element, was a heavy steel fence of about three metres wide and two metres high, typically mounted on concrete rollers, heavily used as a mobile anti-tank obstacle during World War II.

Cuba

Communism moves too close to home when the Soviets formed an alliance with Cuba after Fidel Castro's successful revolution in 1959.

Polar Bear Expedition

Concurrently to and for similar reasons as American Expeditionary Force Siberia, about 5,000 American soldiers were sent to Arkhangelsk aka Archangel, Russia by Wilson as part of the separate Polar Bear Expedition.

Second Continental Congress

Crisis point, Lexington bloodshed meant war, chance to bottle up whole British army in Boston, but needed to win over the delegates of the South: GEORGE WASHINGTON from VA was selected as COMMANDER OF NEW CONTINENTAL ARMY

Casablanca Conference agreed RAF Bomber Command operations against Germany would be reinforced by the USAAF in a Combined Operations Offensive plan called Operation Pointblank under British command

Directive read "Your primary object will be the progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic system and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened."

Prohibition & 18th Amendment 18th amendment prohibited manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol in an attempt to reduce alcoholism and political corruption of saloon-based politicians;

Drinking or owning liquor was not illegal, only the manufacture or sale; Volstead Act authorized federal government to enforce Prohibition in the states National prohibition ended mostly in 1933, some states kept it longer; most historians consider it to have been a failure because organized crime was strengthened.

Mayflower Compact Significance 1. considered first written constitution in America, 2. startling revelation of capacity of Englishmen in the era of kings and queens for self-government and 3. was a second instance of Englishmen's determination to live in colonies under rule of law

Efforts in stark contrast to other English colonies throughout the world where law was simply the will of the king or the church.

Uncle Tom's Cabin Plot

Eliza, a slave who wants to keep her child who is about to be sold, sets off in search of the Underground Railroad; Eva, the angelic but sickly daughter of a New Orleans plantation owner, and Uncle Tom, the noble slave sold to a series of owners, but retains his dignity through all the degradation he suffers in hopes of being reunited with his family that will live together in Tom's idealized cabin on a KY farm.

Transcendentalists - Emerson

Emerson urged Americans to stop imitating Europe and go beyond the world of the senses, emphasizing individuality and intuitive spirituality, balked at emerging industrial society around him

"The business of America is business," proclaimed by President Coolidge

Entrepreneurship flourished; Business interests had control of the regulatory agencies established before 1915 and used progressive rhetoric, emphasizing technological efficiency and prosperity as the keys to social improvement; "spiritualizing" business prosperity and make it serve progressive ends

Roaring Twenties

Except for a recession in 1920-21, the United States enjoyed a period of prosperity in all sectors except agriculture and coal mining; new industries flourished: electric power, movies, automobiles, gasoline, tourist travel, highway construction and housing;

Mormon Trail The Mormon Trail or Mormon Pioneer Trail is the 1,300-mile (2,092 km) route that members of LDS Church traveled from 1846 to 1868. Today, part of the United States National Trails System, as the Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail.

Extends from Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah, settled by Brigham Young and his followers beginning in 1847; the trail follows much the same route as the Oregon Trail and the California Trail; these trails are collectively known as the Emigrant Trail.

Battle of Vicksburg, Jul 4, 1863

Far to the West on the Mississippi River, General Ulysses S. Grant takes Vicksburg after a long siege. At this point, the Union controls the entire river, cutting the Confederacy in two.

First Party System: Federalists and Republicans model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system existing in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824.

Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison -"Republican Party." Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800.

Race to Berlin

Following the defeat of the German army in the Ardennes, Allies crossed heart of Germany, Allies cross the Rhine , execute a pincer movement trapping 300k Germans in Ruhr Pocket, US troops turned east - met Soviets on Elbe River. Germans surrendered Berlin to Soviets 2, May 1945.

Checks and Balances:

For every power the framers granted to one branch of government, they created an equal power of control for the other two: "check" the power to "balance" the branches.

American Moses

For his role in the Mormon migration, Brigham Young is sometimes referred to as the "American Moses."

First Indochina War

France was hard-pressed by Communist insurgents; U.S. in 1950 started to fund the French effort on the proviso that the Vietnamese be given more autonomy.

1780 Battle of Yorktown

French navy victorious and additional French troops arrive; Combined French-American forces siege of Yorktown; Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, ends British hopes, reinforcements for Brits don't make it in time.

Election of 1988

George H.W. Bush, Reagan's VP easily won the Republican nomination and defeated Dukakis in a landslide due to a number of famous Dukakis campaign blunders - e.g. M1 Abrams tank ad, etc.

US Senate Explosion & JP Morgan shot

German Professor at Cornell University explodes a bomb in US Senate and shoots JP Morgan next day, captured and committed sucide

Zimmermann Telegram last straw before US finally entered WWI

German offer to return AZ, NM, and TX to Mexico if it joined the Central Powers was revealed to Americans; gave President Wilson enough support to call for war, Britain intercepted and held the note until the right time to entice US to enter the war five more American ships sunk by U-boats without warning; Finally Congress declared war April 6, 1917.

Hooverville

Great Depression shanty town built by homeless people named after Herbert Hoover, who was widely blamed for it; term coined by Democrats, hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s and hundreds of thousands of people lived in these slums

Stamp Act of 1765 set stiff tariffs on every kind of printed matter, newspapers, legal docs, playing cards: --Riots broke out, most violent in Boston, where Governor Hutchinson's house destroyed by angry mob, in NY home of officer in charge of the stamps also ransacked, boycotts of the stamps followed by a boycott of all English goods

Hit by the hard economic warfare, London merchants screamed and the law was repealed in 1766 just years before the War of Independence broke out While the Sugar Act reflected Parliament's power to tax trade, Stamp Act was different; was a direct tax on everyone

Alger Hiss

House Un-American Activities Committee, with young Congressman Nixon playing a central role, accused Alger Hiss, a top Roosevelt aide, of being a Communist spy, using Whittaker Chambers testimony and documents, aka "Pumpkin Papers"; Hiss was convicted and sent to prison, with the anti-Communists gaining a powerful political weapon; launched Nixon's meteoric rise to the Senate 1950 and the vice presidency 1952.

1777 Battle of Brandywine in PA

Howe drives GW's army toward Philadelphia; Congress forced to flee

Wobbly Shop Model of Workplace Democracy

IWW contends all workers should be united as a social class to supplant capitalism and wage labor with industrial democracy.; in which workers elect their managers and other forms of grassroots democracy self-management are implemented.

Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Armed Forces

Imperial Japan's slogan for rapid industrialisation and militarization . . Fukoku Kyōhei; led to emergence as a world power, member of Axis alliance, and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific region.

John Brown Attacks Federal Arsenal White American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States.

In 1859, Brown led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry that ended with his capture. Brown's trial resulted in his conviction and a sentence of death by hanging. Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, electrified the nation.

Bayonet Constitution

In 1887, Kalākaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii which was drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, reducing the King to a figurehead without authority; new constitution included a property qualification for voting, disenfranchising most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favoring the wealthier, white elite; King Kalākaua, was succeeded by his sister, Queen Liliʻuokalani, who was the last monarch of Hawaii.

Teller Amendment

In 1898 Congress responds to McKinley's war speech with the Teller Amendment. The amendment, which McKinley signs, says that the U.S. cannot annex Cuba.

China Becomes Foe

In 1949, the communist leader Mao Zedong won control of mainland China in a civil war, proclaimed the People's Republic of China, then traveled to Moscow where he negotiated the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship; thus moved from close US ally of the U.S. to a bitter enemy that would go to war in late 1950 in Korea.

Bosnia and Kosovo mid-1990s, US involved in the Bosnian War through NATO, most notably the 1995 bombing campaign, which finally led to the Dayton Peace Agreement which ended the war by the end of 1995.

In early 1998, the region became volatile again as war erupted between the army of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo Liberation Army, a guerrilla group; A 1999 NATO bombing campaign struck Yugoslavia, resulting in the deaths of hundreds of Yugoslavian soldiers and civilians. As a result, Yugoslavia withdrew from Kosovo and Kosovo became an independent state.

Invisible Line of Demarcation Between New World and Old

In effect, Monroe was drawing an invisible line of demarcation between the New World and the Old World, in terms of spheres of influence; nearly all Latin American colonies had declared themselves independent; Cuba and Puerto Rico were two exceptions close to U.S. borders

Withdraw of US Troops from Iraq

In foreign policy, President Obama withdrew U.S. troops from Iraq in large numbers, bringing the Iraq War to an end in December 2011. At the same time, he also increased troop levels in the Afghanistan War.[167]

Freedmen's Bureau and Civil Rights Bills Freedman' s Bureau Bill: extended the life of the bureau originally established as a temporary organization that assisted refugees and freed slaves, Civil Rights Bill: defined all persons born in the United States as national citizens who were to enjoy equality before the law.

In response to Black Codes, Congress sent these 2 bills to Johnson for signature, but he vetoed them causing a permanent rupture in his relationship with Congress that would culminate in his impeachment in 1868! The Civil Rights Act became the first major bill to become law over presidential veto.

Easter Uprising

Irish rebellion to create diversionary revolution in Ireland to distract Great Britain from war in Europe, German ship carrying arms and German Uboat carrying Sir Roger Casement to lead uprising captured by British and hanged along with 15 others; Seen as harsh tyranny, American sentiment for England falls to wartime low

FDR's Death: Even the Japanese were sad Great man with human flaws: --didn't help blacks much or minorities --interned Japanese --had a mistress --held dictatorial powers (that got the nation through the Depression)

It was April 1945, end of war with Europe was in sight as the allied armies pressed their invasion into the German heartland. . Sympathies poured in from all over the world, including Japan, Truman succeeded.

ISAF After 9/11, US called on its NATO allies for help, Bonn Agreement drew up plans for the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was a NATO-led security mission in Afghanistan, established by the United Nations Security Council in December 2001

Its main purpose was to train the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) and assist Afghanistan in rebuilding key government institutions, but is also engaged in the 2001-present war with insurgent groups.

Rivalry Between Hamilton and Jefferson Both men supported rival newspapers that took cheapshots at each other, lots of mudslinging.

Jefferson was aristocratic elite, but detested monarchy, saw Hamilton and his allies as a "British party" trying to restore a form of elected monarchy to the new nation: --disdained money politics and money men --wanted a weak gov and democracy of farmers and workers --Hamilton favored English, Jefferson the French and their Revolution

English Foothold in New World at Newfoundland

John Giovanni Cabot sailed for British in 1496, looking for trade route to Asia, reached vast rocky coastline and called it New Found Land, claimed it for King Henry VII Prior discoverers thought NewFoundland was an island off the coast of China!

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Soviet Russia and Germany Sign Peace Agreement; ended Russia's participation in WWI; protects Germany's eastern front allowing it to concentrate on the west

Kerensky's provisional government overthrown by Bolsheviks who make peace with Germany; US denies decognition of new Soviet Russia government

Lynchings

Local law enforcement was weak in southern rural areas, allowing outraged mobs to use lynching to redress alleged-but-often-unproven crimes charged to blacks

Age of Enlightenment

Locke's "A government is not free to do as it pleases." influenced Jefferson and influences of science - Newton's law of nature

"Guns and Butter" name for LBJ's domestic and foreign policies

Lyndon Johnson's commitment to both "guns and butter" (the Vietnam War and the Great Society)

Ghost Dance and Sitting Bull Throughout 1890, the U.S. worried about the increasing influence at Pine Ridge of the Ghost Dance spiritual movement, which taught that Indians had been defeated and confined to reservations because they had angered the gods by abandoning their traditional customs.

Many Sioux believed that if they practiced the Ghost Dance and rejected the ways of the white man, the gods would create the world anew and destroy all non-believers, including non-Indians. On December 15, 1890, reservation police tried to arrest Sitting Bull, the famous Sioux chief, who they mistakenly believed was a Ghost Dancer, and killed him in the process, increasing the tensions at Pine Ridge.

Most Advanced Amerindian Society by Time Columbus Arrived

Mayans, then later the Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru

Mexican Independence from Spain 1821

Mexico starts to populate Texas in 1819. But Mexican liberals and even Yorkinos (the radical populist faction in Mexico) of the federal republic wind up in charge of the colonization effort. These people greatly admire North American entrepreneurship and culture. Sep 27, 1821 Mexican Independence Mexico achieves full independence from Spain.

Great Puritan Migration 1629-1642 inspired by first pilgrim who landed at Plymouth, had arrived at a bad time to plant, half didn't make it through the winter; Still managed to carve out existence through effort, repaid their debts and bought out shares of their venture

Migration brought mostly Anglican Puritans by Massachusetts Bay Company; 14-20k left England for West Indies and New England because life under Charles I had grown intolerable

Anti-Masonic, Liberty, and Free Soil Parties

Minor parties in Second Party System: Anti-Masonic Party, which was an important innovator from 1827 to 1834; abolitionist Liberty Party in 1840; and anti-slavery Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852.

Paris Pacts of 1954

NATO integrated West Germany into its alliance, freaked Russia out who created Warsaw Pact

Post-Cold War Revitalization of Intl' Institutions Since end of Cold War, U.S. has sought to revitalize Cold War institutional structures, especially NATO, as well as multilateral institutions, e.g. International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank through which it promotes economic reforms around the globe.

NATO was set to expand initially to Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic and has since moved further eastward; U.S. policy also placed a special emphasis on the neoliberal "Washington Consensus", manifesting in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which went into effect in 1994.

Third Great Awakening in evangelical Protestantism late 1850s to the 1900s; strong sense of social activism; believed Second Coming of Christ would come after mankind had reformed the entire earth.

New groups emerged: Holiness movement and Nazarene movements, and Christian Science; Old ones flourished - Catholic Church and Jewish communities grew rapidly with mass immigration.

1972 Election Riding on high approval ratings, Nixon was re-elected in 1972, soundly defeating the liberal, anti-war George McGovern;

Nixon effectively eliminated any major issue McGovern could build his platform on by ending the draft, initiating the withdrawal from Vietnam, and restoring ties with China. McGovern was ridiculed as the candidate of "acid, amnesty, and abortion" and on Election Day, Nixon carried every state except Massachusetts. However, it was a personal victory, as the Democrats retained control of Congress. but he became a lightening rod for public hostility over Vietnam; morality - esp. My Lai Massacre further eroded support for the war and increased Vienamization.

Post WWII Culture prevailing social attitude was one of belief in science, technology, progress, and futurism; little nostalgia for the prewar era; emphasis was on having everything new and more advanced than before. Americans began to watch t.v.; Americans moved to the comfortable suburbs; G.I.'s wasted no time, and baby boomers were born: --Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care book --Norman Vincent Peale's The Power of Positive Thinking (self-help)

Nonetheless, the social conformity and consumerism of the 1950s often came under attack from intellectuals: With the prosperity of the era, the e.g. Henry Miller's books The Air-Conditioned Nightmare and Sunday After The War and there was a good deal of unrest fermenting under the surface of American society that would erupt during the following decade.

Boston Harbor Arrival

November 1773 three tea cargo ships reached Boston; Adams and John Hancock (richest man in America and most threatened by the monopoly) vowed the tea would not be landed and negotiated for 2 months; but Governor Hutchinson, whose sons stood to profit, put his back up.

US Declares War on Germany and Italy

On 11 December 1941, four days after Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, US declares war on Germany and Italy, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declare war on the US on the same day

Pickett's Charge

On the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Gen. Lee orders General George Pickett to assault entrenched Union positions. More than half of the 12,000 Confederate soldiers who participate in the charge are slaughtered as they walk slowly across a 3/4-mile field into a hail of gunfire.

The Southern Manifesto

One hundred and one members of the United States House of Representatives and 19 Senators signed "The Southern Manifesto" condemning the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education as unconstitutional.

Laos and Cambodia

Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive.

Pennsylvania's Constitution

Penn fathered a constitution that was remarkably progressive for the era, Frame of Government which included governor elected by ballot

Walking Purchase

Penn took only as much Indian territory for which he paid as a man could walk in 3 days, but his son later took much more.

Big Week

Planners targeted the Luftwaffe and succeeded brilliantly - losses were so heavy German planners were forced into a hasty dispersal of industry and the day fighter arm never fully recovered.

Cross of Gold

Pleading with the convention not to "crucify mankind on a cross of gold", William Jennings Bryan won the Democrats' presidential nomination; one of the most famous speeches in American political history.

Progressive Era Accomplishments

Political action, mostly by middle class caught between political machines and big corporations, resulted in: 1. strengthening of child labor laws and new ones added 2. 8hr work day on public works projects 3. worker compensation laws 4. tax laws on inheritances that laid groundwork for federal income tax

Bartholomew Dias

Portughese, Cape of Good Hope; a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese scholarly seaport founder on coast of Portugal, influenced and supported many Portuguese discoveries and discoverers

Stadacona and Hochelaga

Pre-French Indian names for Quebec and Montreal, which was the furthest inland post the French controlled before Louisiana

Northwest Territory Territory Northwest of the River Ohio, more commonly known as the Northwest Territory, was an organized incorporated territory of the United States.

Previously, it was part of the British Province of Quebec, and a territory under British rule set aside in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 for use by Native Americans, which was assigned to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783).

English Settlement at Jamestown, Virginia Significance: Jamestown represents dawn of English supremacy in the New World and beyond.

Protest Reformation and Spanish desire to defend Roman Catholicism spurred fierce rivalry between England and Spain in Europe. Spain had grown lazy and corrupt, English sank Spanish Armada in 1588 with the help of a violent storm and Spain never recovered.

US Neutrality

Public Opinion strongly divided, neutrality was strict policy when war began; but outraged at suspected German sabotage of Black Tom and Kingsland explosion in NJ; After peace missions fail and Germans sink Lusitania and American merchant ships Wilson realizes US needed to enter war to shape peace;

Pilgrims

Puritan separatists who founded 2nd permanent English settlement in America After split of Catholic church that created Church of England, Puritans felt Church of England too popish and wanted to purify it. Viewed as extremists they were forced underground and eventually left to Netherlands and America seeking religious tolerance.

Reagan administration by 2010 a consensus had emerged among scholars that Reagan revived conservatism and turned the nation to the right by demonstrating a "pragmatic conservatism" that promoted ideology within the constraints imposed by the divided political system; he revived faith in the presidency and American self-confidence, and contributed critically to ending the Cold War.

Reagan's approach to presidency a departure from his predecessors; he delegated a great deal of work to his subordinates - they handled day-to-day affairs; He used very strong aides especially chief of staff James Baker (Ford's campaign manager), and Michael Deaver as deputy chief of staff, and Edwin Meese as White House counsel, as well as David Stockman at the Bureau of the Budget and his own campaign manager Bill Casey at the CIA.

Election of 1920

Republican Party returned to power with landslide victory of Warren G. Harding, who promised a "return to normalcy" after the years of war, ethnic hatreds, race riots and exhausting reforms. Harding used new advertising techniques to lead the GOP to a massive landslide, carrying the major cities as many Irish Catholics and Germans, feeling betrayed, deserted the Democrats.

Compromise of 1876 purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election, pulled federal troops out of state politics in the South, and ended the Reconstruction Era.

Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops whose support was essential for the survival of Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.

Ole Miss and U of Alabama Governors Ross Barnett of Mississippi and George Wallace of Alabama physically blocked school doorways at their respective states' universities.

Riots broke out at Ole Miss, killing two; United States Air Force veteran James Meredith won a lawsuit that allowed him to attend Ole Miss, but had to be accompanied by US Marshalls - - Thousands of students, residents from the surrounding area and many from out of state, many armed, were involved. Many Mississippi citizens joined in on "their battle against 'Catholic, Communist, Northern'"intervention in Mississippi white people's business.

The New Woman

Roaring Twenties led to a "new woman": --bobbed hair, short dresses, exotic dances --BIRTH CONTROL, in the form of diaphragms --THE VOTE

T.R.'s Legacy

Rooselvelt's actions in office left lasting changes: --strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission --creation of cabinet Dept of Labor and Commerce --Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Law, inspired by muckrakers TR also added 50 wildlife refuges, 5 new national parks, and initiated the system of designating National Monuments.

Swift v. Co

Roosevelt used the Sherman Antitrust law to go after other "bad trusts" , monopolies like the beef (Swift & Co v US) and tobacco industries. He wasn't a radical, he supported monopolies as long as they could be regulated.

Flowering of New England part of the American Renaissance American ideals of individual freedom and democratic spirit expressed by transcendentalists and other thinkers Transcendentalists Anti-transcendentalists Brahmins Fireside Poets

Rush of optimism characterized American expansion, reform, and literature Technological increases + increase in reading audience = increased opportunities for writers American literature achieved a "universal voice"

Russian Supply Shortages

Russian Economy stalled between 1964-1982 and supply shortages of consumer goods become even more notorious.

White Russians

Russian civil war fighters against Bolsheviks, Wilson sent troops to Siberia to assist

Savannah Captured: March to the Sea - Dec 21, 1864 Offered to Lincoln as a Christmas present

Savannah is captured, ending the March to the Sea. Union General Sherman offers the city to Lincoln as a Christmas present.

Whiskey Ring Scandal group of whiskey distillers in St. Louis, Mo., Milwaukee, Wis., and Chicago, Ill who bribed IRS officials in DC in order to keep liquor taxes for themselves; Republicans increasingly seen as corrupt

Sec.Treasury Brisbow exposed the ring, then allegations made that funds used by Republican Party in Pres. Grant's re-election campaign; Grant not suspected, his private secretary, Orville E. Babcock, was indicted in the conspiracy but acquitted.

Gag Rule 1836 Senate had been accepting and burying increasing numbers of D.C. anti-slavery petitions in a committee, preserving basic right of citizens while protecting slave states' interests. John C. Calhoun proposed that Senate accept NO anti-slavery petitions. He believed if slavery issue ever reached congressional floors, it would shake the Union at its foundations.

Senate rejected his plan and came up with its own: It would vote not on whether to receive the petition itself—but on whether to accept the question of receiving the petition. classic example of postponing the inevitable with confusion, obscurantism and politics .

Japanese Shinto Emperor

Shinto legend claims emperors of Japan descended in unbroken line from first Emperor, and native Japanese people themselves are descended from kami who were present at the founding of Japan;

1860 census

Showed South was ultimately doomed in the war because Union had too many advantages over it, thought of itself as David against Goliath-like Patriots against Tyranny of British, but Goliath would win

16 to 1

Silverites famous slogan was "16 to 1" - that is, the ratio of sixteen ounces of silver equal in value to one ounce of gold, a ratio similar to that established in the Coinage Act of 1834.

Leagacy of Monroe Doctrine The Monroe Doctrine has evolved through the years. At the time of its introduction, it was viewed as a statement of American prominence.

Since then, it has been invoked to justify interventions in Latin America that were not always welcome. One of the last revisions of the Doctrine was by Cordell Hull, who was Secretary of State for a time under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1933, Hull signed a protocol asserting that the U.S. would follow a policy of nonintervention.

Louisiana Purchase largest and most extraordinary land purchase in the history of the United States; also the cheapest per square mile Government wanted to protect American shipping and settlements around the territory, and especially near New Orleans - huge French settlement.

So President Thomas Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to buy New Orleans and the surrounding area. Napoleon refused, had dreams of a western empire. On a second attempt, Jefferson sent James Monroe as well to France; Napoleon badly needed money and offered to sell all of the Louisiana Territory, more than 828,000 square miles! Livingston and Monroe offered $15 million. Both sides agreed, and the Louisiana Territory became American. The final transfer came in 1803.

Soviet Post-WWII Vision

Soviets sought to contain capitalism near their borders; Stalin absorbed the Baltics; neutralized Finland and Austria, and set up pro-Moscow regimes in Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, and Bulgaria; at first collaborated with Tito in Yugoslavia, then they became enemies; Stalin ignored his promises at Yalta Feb. 1945 when he had promised that "free elections" would go ahead in Eastern Europe;

Taft

Taft, a former judge, first colonial governor of the U.S.-held Philippines and administrator of the Panama Canal, made some progress with his Dollar Diplomacy; continued the prosecution of trusts, further strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission, established a postal savings bank and a parcel post system, expanded the civil service, and sponsored the enactment of 16th and 17th amendments to Consitution.

1819 Adams-Onis Treaty Established the Sabine River boundary with Louisiana Territory

The Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain is signed in Washington, allowing for the American purchase of Florida. In exchange, the U.S. gives up all claims to Texas. The subsequent outcry condemns Secretary of State (and future president) John Quincy Adams for allowing "the loss of Texas," and subsequently a scramble ensues to acquire Texas by purchase.

Peace of Paris: Britain Losses

The British lost their Thirteen Colonies and the defeat marked the end of the First British Empire.

Axis of Evil In his State of the Union address in January 2002, President GW Bush called Iran, Iraq, and North Korea an "axis of evil" Bush's attempt to get the country on board with his plans to go to war with Iraq;

The Bush administration later began making a public case for an invasion of Iraq, accusing them of violating the 1991 UN-imposed ceasefire, supporting terrorism and being in possession of weapons of mass destruction later, the latter of these accusations were proved to be false, and the first two are considered very dubious by most historians

Turning Point of Korean War General MacArthur's forces landed at Incheon and cut the North Korean forces in half, forcing them to retreat back into North Korea and eventually all the way to the Yalu River at the border of NK and China.

The Chinese considered allied troops at the Yalu River an act of war and actually sent troops against our forces. After we thwarted that attack China lost interest and the North Koreans surrendered. The 38th parallel was agreed to as the partition between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea and that is how it still stands today.

Monitor vs Merrimack Mar 9, 1862

The Confederate ironclad USS Merrimack battles the Union ironclad USS Monitor in Chesapeake Bay. The battle is a draw but it makes wooden ships obsolete and ushers in the era of steel warships, changing naval warfare forever.

The State of Texas Lame-duck President Tyler called on Congress to pass his treaty by simple majorities in each house.

The Democratic-dominated House of Representatives complied with his request by passing an amended bill expanding on the pro-slavery provisions of the Tyler treaty. Texas formally relinquished its sovereignty to the United States on February 19, 1846.

Ruhr River

The Ruhr is a medium-size river in western Germany, a right tributary of the Rhine; runs east and west and connects in the west at the Rhine which runs north and south; major industrial area

Second Battle of Bull Run, Aug 30, 1862 Confederates 4-Union 1

The Second Battle of Bull Run is a resounding victory for Confederate General Stonewall Jackson. Union General John Pope is blamed for the loss and is relieved of his duties after the battle.

People's Party aka Populists Worked with sympathetic Democrats in the South and small third parties in the West, the Farmer's Alliance made a push for political power and a new party emerged.

The elections of 1890 brought the new party into coalitions that controlled parts of state government in a dozen Southern and Western states and sent a score of Populist senators and representatives to Congress. reached its zenith in the 1894 midterm election, when it took over ten percent of the popular vote. In 1896, the Populists endorsed the Democratic presidential nominee, William Jennings Bryan, adding their own vice presidential nominee. By joining with the Democrats, the People's Party lost its independent identity and rapidly withered away.

Post-Little Bighorn: Nadir of Amer-Indian History

The following 20 years would be the nadir of American Indian history: --populations fell to fewer than 250k; 1917 births began to exceed deaths for first time in 50 years --gradually gained legal rights, 1924 all native born US Indians were granted US Citizenship; some refused it --By the Depression their plight on reservations was "deplorable"

Camp David

The high point of Carter's foreign-policy came in 1978, when he mediated the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel, ending the state of war that had existed between those two countries since 1967.

"War on Poverty" and Economic Opportunity Act centerpiece of Johnson's policies; unofficial name for legislation first introduced by Johnson during his State of the Union address 1964 in response to a national poverty rate of 19%; led Congress to pass Economic Opportunity Act to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.

The legacy of the War on Poverty policy initiative remains in the continued existence of such federal programs as Head Start, Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), TRIO, and Job Corps; but popularity waned after the 1960s; Deregulation, growing criticism of the welfare state, and an ideological shift to reducing federal aid to impoverished people in the 1980s and 1990s culminated in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996, which, as claimed President Bill Clinton, "end[ed] welfare as we know it."

Wilmot Proviso In Congress, Democratic rep. David Wilmot introduces antislavery amendment as proposed attachment to Polk's request for $2 million to fund the Mexican war and to buy territory.

The proviso would grant the president his funds only if any territory acquired was made free soil. Splits the Democratic Party, with southern Democrats unanimously opposing it while northern Democrats support it. Passes in the House defeated in Senate. Escalates tensions over slavery question.

2008 Election The nation went into the 2008 election cycle having a Republican president and Democratic congress both with extremely low approval ratings. New York Senator Hillary Clinton had the inside track for the nomination but faced a challenge from Barack Obama, the junior Senator from Illinois.

The race was very close, but Obama won the nomination and defeated the Republican candidate Senator John McCain; making history in becoming the first African-American to be elected to the highest executive office. Part of the strong showing came from a surge of support from younger voters, African Americans, Hispanics and independents. Democrats made further gains in Congress, adding to the majorities they had won in 2006

Iraq Study Group As the situation in Iraq became increasingly difficult, policymakers began looking for new options; formation of the Iraq Study Group, a nonpartisan commission chaired by James Baker and Lee H. Hamilton; variety of proposals; some of the more notable ones were to seek decreased US presence in Iraq, increased engagement with neighboring countries, and greater attention to resolving other local conflicts, such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The recommendations were generally ignored, and instead, President Bush ordered a surge of troops to Iraq in 2007 and 2008. Violence in the country declined in 2008 and 2009, and the U.S. combat role ended in August 2010. U.S. forces were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010, and the war was declared formally over in December 2011.

National Energy Act of 1978 federal government further exacerbated the recession by instilling price controls in the United States, which limited the price of "old oil" (that already discovered) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price, resulting in a withdrawal of old oil from the market and artificial scarcity.

The rule had been intended to promote oil exploration. This scarcity was dealt with by rationing gasoline; Tens of thousands of local gasoline stations were abandoned during the fuel crisis.

Dresden In four raids, in two days February 1945, USAAF & RAF dropped more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city.

The twin campaigns—the USAAF by day, the RAF by night—built up into massive bombing of German industrial areas, notably the Ruhr, followed by attacks directly on cities such as Hamburg, Kassel, Pforzheim, Mainz and the often-criticized bombing of Dresden.

Committee of Correspondence After a party of patriots in RI boarded and burned the Gaspee, grounded Royal Navy boat hated for anti-smuggling patrols, the British threatened to extradite them to London.

To keep abreast of patriot and Tory activities, House of Burgess appointed Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Richard Henry Lee as a Committee of Correspondence; By 1773 12 colonies had the same to share information between them.

Gilbert and Marshall Islands Campaign and Battle of Philippine Sea operations in Central Pacific, goals were to free the Philippines and building airbases within B-29 bomber range of Japan's industrial cities.

To recapture Philippines retook Gilbert and Marshall Islands from the Japanese in summer 1943; Moving closer to Japan, the U.S. Navy decisively won the Battle of the Philippine Sea and landing forces captured the Mariana and Palau Islands in summer 1944.

Klaus Fuchs

Truman was unaware that Stalin, through the efforts of scientist-spy Klaus Fuchs working at Los Alamos, was passing secrets to the Soviets who knew as much if not more than Truman himself.

Rough Riders 1898 Teddy Roosevelt leads the 1st US Volunteer Calvary aka Rough Riders, who were also known as Wood's Weary Walkers, at San Juan Hill:

U.S forces attack Spain on the southern coast of Cuba. Spanish troops at San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill are overwhelmed by U.S. troops, including the Rough Riders, led by Teddy Roosevelt. The win permits the U.S. to launch a siege of Santiago de Cuba.

Afghanistan In Afghanistan, Reagan massively stepped up military and humanitarian aid for mujahideen fighters against the Soviet proxy government there, providing them with Stinger anti-aircraft missiles.

U.S. allies Saudi Arabia and Pakistan also provided the rebels with significant assistance. General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev reduced and eventually ended his country's commitment to Afghanistan as Soviet troops there were bogged down in guerrilla war.

Strategic Bombing

UK & US adopted the strategy of taking on the Luftwaffe head on, in larger and larger air raids by mutually defending bombers, flying over Germany, Austria, and France at high altitudes during the daytime.

UK and US in Central America

UK had large claims in three regions: British Honduras (present-day Belize), the Mosquito Coast (the region along the Atlantic coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras) and the Bay Islands (now part of Honduras); but US had treaties with Nicaragua and Honduras.

Combat Experience

US airmen flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe, and although rest time in Australia was scheduled, there was no fixed number of missions that would produce transfer out of combat conditions led to low morale, illness, and severe stress and depression after only a few months

Marshall Plan After making large ad-hoc loans and gifts to the Europeans in 1945-47, the U.S. reorganized its foreign aid program in the Marshall Plan, 1948-51, giving $12 billion to help rebuild and modernize the West Europe; Stalin refused to allow his satellites to accept American aid.

US goals were to rebuild war-devastated regions, remove trade barriers, modernize industry, and make Europe prosperous again; Marshall Plan required a lessening of interstate barriers, a dropping of many petty regulations constraining business, and encouraged an increase in productivity, labour union membership, as well as the adoption of modern business procedures.[

Leelanaw

US merchant ship carrying flax sunk by uboat off coast of Scotland

Knights of Labor a secret society of tailors in Philadelphia in 1869; membership soared to 700k as worker militancy rose esp. after great railroad strike of 1877; sought political and social reforms

Under Grand Master Workman Powderly, Knights dispensed with secrecy rules and committed organization to seeking the eight-hour day, abolition of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and graduated income tax.

Political & Cultural landscape of the Gilded Age despite some corruption, turnout was very high; dominant issues cultural - prohibition, education and ethnic and racial groups and economic - tariff and money supply. political machines controlled cities spurred by rapid urban growth

Unions demanded 8-hour working day, middle class - civil service reform, prohibition and women's suffrage governments, philanthropists and religious denominations built schools, hospitals philanthropy flourished; religious denominations grew with members and wealth and expanded missionary activity throughout world

Major Allies Do not Join Iraq War UN Sec. Council did not approve of the invasion into Iraq; including; India, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, France, Germany, and Canada, did not believe that the evidence for the President's accusations was well-founded enough to justify a full-scale invasion, especially as military personnel were still needed in Afghanistan.

United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, Spain, and Italy, Iraq join in coalition with US to invade Iraq in 2003.

New Deal New Deal consisted of many different efforts that failed, had enough successes that it created the modern American state.

Unlike other world leaders, Roosevelt had no single plan for recovery; he tried everything, many solutions he came up with had been tried or proposed prior in other administrations

Removal of God from the Constitution

Unlike the Declaration of Independence: GOD is not mentioned nor inferred: ----instead it says the nation is the creation of the will of the people. ----GOD is replaced by the word Providence - - e.g. God or nature as providing protective or spiritual care.

Full Diplomatic Relations With China In 1979, Carter established full diplomatic relationswith China despite protests from Senator Barry Goldwater and some other conservative Republicans.

Unofficial relations with Taiwan were maintained. Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping then visited the US in February 1979.

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that exposed unsanitary conditions in the Chicago meat packing houses and the grip of the beef trust on the nation's meat supply.

1884 Election mudslinging campaign in which Republican James G. Blaine was defeated by Democrat Grover Cleveland, a reformer

Voter enthusiasm and turnout during the period 1872-1892 was very high; major issues involved modernization, money, railroads, corruption, and prohibition. Election were very close. Cleveland expanded civil services and vetoed many private pension bills.

Tuskegee Airmen

WWII African-American military fighter and bomber who fought as first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces, even though at home in US Black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws and the American military was racially segregated;

1776 Surprise Christmas Day attack

Washington leads troops across Delaware river, small victory but success boosts American morale

Preamble

We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect union, . . .............. do ordain and establish CONSTITUTION for the United states of America:

1928 Election

When Coolidge declined to run again in the 1928 election, the Republican Party nominated engineer and Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, who was elected by a wide margin over Al Smith, the first Catholic nominee.

Draft Riots; Jul 13, 1863 - Jul 16, 1863

When the government attempts to begin conscription, riots break out in New York and other northern cities. In New York, 120 men, women and children—mostly black—are killed before Union troops returning from Gettysburg restore order.

Levittown

William Levitt began a national trend with his use of mass-production techniques to construct a large "Levittown" housing development on Long Island;

Big Three name for US, UK, USSR that attended three wartime conferences during WWII

Yalta second of three wartime conferences among the Big Three; preceded by the Tehran Conference in 1943, and was followed by the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, which was attended by Stalin, Churchill (who was replaced midpoint by the newly elected British Prime Minister Clement Attlee) and Harry S. Truman, Roosevelt's successor.

Yeppies

Young European Princes who led new capitalist consumerism in finer things spices, silks, etc.

Gavrilo Princip

Yugoslav nationalist that assassinated Archduke Ferdninand

Jay's Treaty aka The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America; also aka British Treaty, and the Treaty of London of 1794

a 1795 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars, which began in 1792.

Hoover

a technocrat who was a believer in the efficacy of individualism and business enterprise, with a little coordination by the government, to cure all problems; envisioned a future of unbounded plenty and the imminent end of poverty in America. A year after his election, the stock market crashed, and the nation's economy slipped downward into the Great Depression.

Operation Cobra major defeat for Germans, and the capture of Paris

after long delays in Normandy, mostly American troops, succeeded in breaking the German lines and sweeping out into France with fast-moving armored divisions;

Social Gospel Movement

applied Christianity to social issues and worldwide missionary movement gained force

1778 Prussian Baron von Steuben

arrives and assists GW in training at Valley Forge; Continental Army strengthens

1777 John Paul Jones

begins raiding English shipping at sea with the Ranger ship

Eugene Debs and the Socialist Party American union leader, one of the founding members of the IWW, and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President;

best-known socialist in US, imprisoned by Cleveland for defying a court order to break Pullman strike. Socialist party wiped out during first wave of anti-communism hysteria that followed the war.

interlocking directorates

boardmembers that sit on multiple boards at same time, This practice, although widespread and lawful, with disclosures and restrictions - I think - raises questions of the quality and independence of board decisions,

End of Containment: Vietnam Syndrome

cautioned against further military interventions anywhere else; Nixon and his next two successors Ford and Carter dropped the containment policy and were not willing to intervene anywhere.

Thomas Paine: --English born, one of Revolution's pure idealists; radical notions got him into trouble in London, Ben Franklin helped him come to America and encouraged him to write COMMON SENSE which PUSHED COLONIES TOWARD INDEPENDENCE

--1781 went to France and helped secure a large gold shipment for the rebel cause; --after war returned to England and wrote The Rights of Man, earned him a conviction on charges of treason --took refuge in France, at first welcomed for anti-monarchist ideas, then was imprisoned in the revolutionary turmoil and wrote The Age of Reason while awaiting the guillotine, spared execution, he returned to America --then alienated new American powers-that-be with Letter to Washington, died a poor outcast

Dr. Benjamin Church

--1st American caught spying for the British; --transmitted coded docs, intercepted and tried and found guilty but spared hanging GW requested

Mercy Otis Warren: --Sister of patriot leader James Otis, became RARE WOMEN WRITER OF CONSIDERABLE INFLUENCE IN 18TH CENTURY AMERICA --dramatist, but couldn't see plays because Puritan Boston did not permit theatrical works --outspoken critic of Constitution, wrote widely to defeat its ratification

--Warren became increasingly drawn to political activism and she hosted protest meetings in her home. With the assistance of her friend Samuel Adams, these meetings laid the foundation for the Committees of Correspondence . Warren wrote "no single step contributed so much to cement the union of the colonies".

Margaret Sanger introduced the diaphragm in her monthly newspaper The Woman Rebel to promote contraception;

--indicted for sending birth control info through the mail and for operating a birth control clinic in Brooklyn, NYC --arrested for "distributing obscene materials" from her clinic but brought the subject into the open for the first time! --believed contraception was a necessary step in social equality --later founded PLANNED PARENTHOOD FEDERATION OF AMERICA

Birth of the Republican Party Alliance of Whigs and Democrats who had fractured over slavery . Whigs were in a tailspin, Free Soilers leaderless, and Northern Democrats overrun by Southern Democrats.

--made anti-slavery claims (on political and economic, not moral grounds) that attracted former Free Soilers and others --appealed to the free white workingman --basic tenet: America must be open to free white labor; opposed slaves in the West; wanted ALL BLACKS kept out of competition for jobs

Reasons Why Union Wins

1) distinct advantage to produce soldiers and supplies 2) South underestimated it's resolve - especially that of Lincoln - to see the war through to the end; counting on Union to give up and permit secession 3) the longer the war went, the better for the union - an as the war grew longer, South was doomed.

Foraker Act

1900 US takes possession of Puerto Rico and establishes the structure of government; Foraker Act calls for elements including a governor, a House of Representatives, and a Supreme Court.

1st Battle of the Marne

1914, 1st horrific battle, each side 50k casualties, allies repulse German invasion of France and push them back into Belgium, beginning 3 yrs of trench warfare; defeat also forces Germany to step up its U-boat campaign which will eventually give US reason to enter the war

The William P. Frye

1915 American merchant ship carrying wheat to England, torpedoed by U-boat

American Expeditionary Force

1st contingent of American soldiers to be deployed; led by Gen. Pershing and sent to France.

Port Bill

After Tea Party, Parliament passed Coercive Acts and the Port Bill closed down Boston Harbor until the tea paid for.

Founding Fathers

Based decisions on article of faith that to participate responsibly in a democracy required education and the measure of property that would allow one the leisure to read and think - but then did everything they could to bar women, Indians, blacks, and white poor from obtaining such.

Parallels between Korean and Vietnam War Both wars: US supported right wing governments as part of containment policy with other side supported by Soviet Union and China; rebels were fighting a civil war and entities supporting proxy war kept wars going much longer than they would have otherwise; guerrilla warfare In Vietnam, the US fought guerrillas. In Korea, began that way, then escalated dangerously when Red China stepped in.

Both wars produced "hawks" at home with total commitment to the goals. --Korea: Gen McArthur and the China Lobby; media moghuls like Henry Luce. --But Korea never produced the broad social divisions that Vietnam did; Americans had little heart for the fighting there. Both wars helped end the presidency of a Democratic President (Truman, in the case of Korea) and opened the way for a Republican (Eisenhower in the case of Korea).

Funding Right-Wing Rebels in Latin America Reagan's Administration supplied funds and weapons to heavily militarily-influenced governments in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala; reversed ex-President Carter's official condemnation of the Argentine junta for human rights abuses and allowed the CIA to collaborate with Argentine intelligence in funding the Contras.

But Central America was the administration's primary concern, especially El Salvador and Nicaragua, where the Sandinista revolution brought down the formerly U.S.-backed Somoza family rule. The two countries had been historically dominated by multinational corporations and wealthy landowning oligarchs while most of their population remained in poverty; as a result, predominantly Marxist revolutionary leaders had won increasing support from the peasantry in both nations.

Arcadia Conference Two countries reaffirmed defeat of Germany key to victory for "Once Germany is defeated the collapse of Italy and the defeat of Japan must follow.

Churchill hastened to Washington shortly after Pearl Harbor to ensure that the Americans didn't have second thoughts about Europe First.

Schweinfurt Raids US AirRaids on Ballistics factories in Germany that culminated in illustrious and legendary air battles for supremacy in the skies

Formations of unescorted bombers were no match for German fighters, which inflicted a deadly tolls; halted until a P-51 Mustang, which had the range to fly to Berlin and back was introduced in 1944

Battle of Britain

Germany's planned invasion of the UK, Operation Sea Lion, was averted by its failure to establish air superiority in the Battle of Britain.

Robber Barrons of 19th Century Cornelius Vanderbilt, owner of steamship lines and railroads; Andrew Carnegie, steel manufacturer; J.P. Morgan, financier and banker.

John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil; Jay Gould, Wall Street trader; Jim Fisk, Wall Street trader; Russell Sage, financier.

US Leads the World as Industrial Nation 1865 - 1913

Land and labor, the diversity of climate, the ample presence of railroads as well as navigable rivers, and the natural resources all fostered the cheap extraction of energy, fast transport, and the availability of capital that powered this Second Industrial Revolution.

Sino - Soviet Split 1960 - 1989

Mao Denounces Krushchev for going soft on communism and Communist world splits in half, US fail to take advantage of split until Nixon in 1969 doctrinal divergence derived from Chinese and Russian national interests, and from the régimes' different interpretations of Marxism: Maoism and Marxism-Leninism.

George Whitefield

Oxford-trained Anglican, influenced by Edwards, legendary oratory abilities, chastised thousands then offered salvation

USS Kearny and USS Reuben James

Uboats shot up these American warships escorting Allied convoys in Western Atlantic BEFORE US entered WWII

Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1, 1863 - May 4, 1863 one of General Robert E. Lee's greatest victories, but he lost one of his best generals in Stonewall Jackson. Confederates 6-Union 1 Two of South's Best Generals Down

Union General Joseph Hooker, aka "fightin Joe Hooker", tried to squeeze Lee's army between his forces Lee attacked Hooker at Chancellorsville where the bulk of Union army was; learning Hooker's right flank was vulnerable - Stonewall Jackson marched for 12 miles to get around the Union army, destroying its right wing; Jackson shot and killed by his own men in the "fog of war" Union retreated back toward Washington DC.

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

a carpetbagger was a Northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War, especially during the Reconstruction era (1865-1877), in order to profit from the instability and power vacuum that existed at this time.

New Ruling Class

concerned over repeats of Shay's Rebellion, wanted stronger government than that of the Articles of Confederation to defend against armed rebellions , Indians and foreign attacks from Spain and England, etc. --also needed to manage the disruption of overseas trade due to European wars and postwar financial and currency collapse

Betsy Ross

didn't design the flag, but improved upon it an sewed it, I think

Coal Strike of 1902 United Mine Workers in eastern Pennsylvania asked for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union; threaten to shut down winter fuel supply;

first use of Roosevelt's "Big Stick" approach to send in troops to operate coal mines while fact-finding commission investigated; coerced owners to a deal; miners got increased wages and decreased workday , owners got higher price for coal, and did not recognize the trade union ; first time feds intervened as a neutral arbitrator.

Expansion in Farming

number of farms tripled from 2.0 million in 1860 to 6.0 million in 1905; number of people living on farms grew from about 10 million in 1860 to 22 million in 1880 to 31 million in 1905; value of farms soared from $8.0 billion in 1860 to $30 billion in 1906

Cristoforo Colombo (CS) sailed from Palos Spain with 3 ships

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

US declares war on Austria-Hungary

after Bolshevik revolution in Russia; declared war on Germany first as its most direct aggressor

U-boats

"Unterseeboot," German submarines designed to counter British naval superiority and used to blockade shipping supplies and food to Britain

Constitution language for slavery

"no person held in service" and "all other persons"; Congress could not take any action to control slavery for 20 years, and slaves would be counted as 3/5ths their total populations.

Checks on Judicial Powers

--Congress can propose constitutional amendments to overturn judicial decisions (requires 2/3rds majority in both houses and ratification by 3/4ths states --Congres can impeach and remove federal judges --Prez appoints judges who must be confirmed by the Senate

Spanish Part II: Ponce de Leon, Cortes, de Pineda, Andagoya

--1513 Ponce de Leon searches for fountain of youth (had been on Columbus' second voyage), had conqured Boriquen (Puerto Rico) winning lots of gold and slaves, reaches and names Florida, claiming it for Spain. --1519 Hernan Cortes enters Tenochtitlan (Mexico City), thought to be Aztec God Quetzalcoatl, captures Emperor Montezuma beginning conquest of Aztec Empire in MX=300 yrs of Spanish domination in Mexico and Central America --1519 Domenico de Pineda explores Gulf of Mexico from FL to Vera Cruz --1522 Pascal de Andagoya discovers Peru

First Continental Congress of 1774 Colony assemblies responded to "Intolerable Acts" by joining an inter-colonial meeting, selecting delegates from each to go: --Every colony represented except GA; --Total 56 delegates, moderates, liberals and conservatives

1) adopted resolution opposing coercive acts 2) created an association to boycott British goods 3)passed ten resolutions enumerating the rights of the colonists and their assemblies Unalterable step in direction of Revolution, just needed some shooting.

Wilson's 14 Points for Peace Speech Wilson's blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.

14th point forms nucleus of League of Nations; Europeans generally welcomed them but Allied colleagues; Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.

Starving Time

1609-1610, just 60 of 500 early Jamestown colonists survived, some reduced to cannibalism and raiding English and Indian graves to eat. One man killed his wife while she slept and fed upon all of her except her head.

Great Powers Wars of Colonial Expansion Between 1689-War of Independence, major European powers engaged in a series of wars, guised as disputes over royal succession, but really wars of colonial expansion, for territory, raw materials and new markets for exports:

1689-97 War of the League of Augsburg (Euro name)/ aka King William's War (Colonial name) 1702-13 War of the Spanish Succession/ aka Queen Anne's War 1740-48 War of the Austrian Succession/ aka King George's War 1756-63 Seven Years War/ aka French and Indian War

Whigs Name chosen to echo American Whigs of 1776 and widely recognized label of opposition to tyranny

1830's-mid-1850's; integral to the 2nd party system, formed in opposition to Jackson's Democrats, supported supremacy of Congress over Presidency, favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism nominated Daniel Webster and Henry Clay as presidential candidates, then Harrison, Taylor, and Scott and Fillmore,

Battle of Manila Bay

1898 In the first battle of the war, the U.S. destroys Spain's fleet of ships; Four hundred Spanish sailors are killed, while only six Americans are wounded.

McCarthy

1950 fears over spread of communism in Korea and China helped obscure Sen McCarthy of Wisconsin launch Congressional investigations into the cover-up of spies in government; dominated media; used reckless allegations and tactics that finally enabled allowed his opponents to effectively counterattack. Irish Catholics were intensely anti-Communist and defended McCarthy a fellow Irish Catholic. Paterfamilias Joseph Kennedy (1888-1969), a very active conservative Democrat, was McCarthy's most ardent supporter and got his son Robert F. Kennedy a job with McCarthy.

Oregon Treaty 1846 Ended 28 years of joint British-US occupancy of the Pacific Northwest and Oregon Boundary Dispute. 1. Recognition of the territory south of the 49th parallel as US possession 2. Recognition of the territory north of the 49th parallel as a British possession 3. border as the Strait of Juan de Fuca

4. free and open navigation of "channels and straits, south of 49th parallel 5. Agreed that the property rights of the "Hudson's Bay Company" and subsidiary "Puget's Sound Agricultural Company" shall be compensated for properties surrendered if required by the US 6. property rights of the Hudson's Bay Company and all British subjects south of the new boundary be respected.

Legacies of the New Deal Did not end the Depression, but: 1. regulatory functions of the fed gov in the stock market, the banking system, and others 2. new political coalition sustaining Democrats' majority 3. enhance power of the fed gov as a whole

4. presidency as center of authority 5. set of political ideas—i.e. New Deal liberalism - that shaped the Great Society of the 1960s. 6. Taft and Conservative coalition responded blocking all New Deal proposals after 1936 and shutting down its programs except for Social Security and SEC

Paratroopers

82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions parachuted behind beaches into Nazi-occupied France to protect amphibious landings, many had not been dropped on intended landing zones and were fighting their way through hedgerows back to mission when the landings began.

Island Hopping Allied bypassing of islands that either served little or no strategic importance or were heavily defended but could be bypassed, such as Rabaul, in the Pacific WWII

Because air power was crucial to any operation, only islands that could support airstrips were targeted by the Allies; goal was to build forward air fields

Virginia Campaign and Siege of Petersburg, May 4, 1864 Union 3 - Confederates 7

Beginning a drive aimed at ending the war, Ulysses S. Grant and 120,000 troops march south towards Richmond, the Confederate capital. Over the course of the next six weeks, a brutal war of attrition results in the deaths of nearly 50,000 Union soldiers. With the beginning of the Siege of Petersburg, south of Richmond, the mobile war of the past month ends, replaced by a nine-month siege which ends when Ulysses S. Grant's army breaks through Confederate lines and marches towards Richmond.

1778 Franco-American treaties of alliance and commerce are signed

Benjamin Franklin helped it come to fruition while minister in France As a result, France sent generals, troops, ships, supplies, and money to America to help in the war effort.

PostWWII Military Alliances

Both sides mobilized military alliances, with NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east in operation by 1949

Compromise Welfare Reform - new law required welfare recipients to work as a condition of benefits and imposed limits on how long individuals may receive payments, but did allow states to exempt 20% of their caseloads from the time limits; Anti - Crime Measures - Clinton also pursued tough federal anti-crime measures, steering more federal dollars toward the war on drugs, and calling for the hiring of 100,000 new police officers.

Budget Compromise - came with difficulty, though, as the parties failed to agree on a budget, causing the federal government to shut down in late 1995 into early 1996. By the end of his administration, the federal government had experienced the country's longest economic expansion and produced a budget surplus. The first year of the budget surplus was also the first year since 1969 in which the federal government did not borrow from the Social Security Trust Fund.

Most Prominent Black Church Leaders

Congressman Adam Clayton Powell in New York City; and of course, the most prominent clergyman in the African-American Civil Rights Movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. Time magazine's 1963 "Man of the Year" showed tireless personal commitment to black freedom and his strong leadership won him worldwide acclaim and the Nobel Peace Prize.

Origins of Eisenhower Doctrine

Doctrine was made in response to the possibility of a generalized war, threatened as a result of the Soviet Union's attempt to use the Suez War as a pretext to enter Egypt;

Battle of the Wilderness; May 4, 1864 - May 5, 1864

During the horrific Battle of the Wilderness, thousands of men burn to death as the woods in which they were fighting catch fire. also known for Grant's War of Attrition

"Bank holiday" and Emergency Banking Act 3rd day in office Roosevelt closes all American banks, wisely calling it a "bank holiday", calmed reliefs that fed gov was trying to stop bank failures

Emergency Banking Act: authorized US Treas. to inspect ALL banks before reopening and reorganize failing ones so big banks avoided being dragged down by smaller ones. 3/4's banks in Fed Reserve System reopened within 3 days; immediate banking crisis over

Transcendentalists - Thoreau

Emerson's student/friend - Thoreau: took emerson's ideas further and removed self from society to cabin on Walden Pond, near Concord MA, wrote masterpiece Walden (1854)

1777 Valley Forge

GW's army enters winter quarters at Valley Forge, PA, until June 1778: horrors upon horrors as 1/3 perish from disease and starvation caused by American mismanagement, graft, speculation and indifference, including amongst local "patriots" as PA farmers sold their produce to the British and other farmers did the same for hard cash.

Norsemen Discoveries

Historians left to guess the details surrounding Norsemen discoveries - use 2 Icelandic epics: The Vinland Sagas that mention Stoneland, Woodland, and Vinland Norseman Bjarni Herjolfsson first sighted North America in 985 or 986, probably fishing for the norse's favorite cods in the north sea

Western Front name Germans gave to trenches that ran 700km from Belgian coast to the Swiss border; place where US troops enter the war

In 1918; American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived in large numbers on the Western Front in summer 1918;

Shot Heard Round the World

In Lexington, slightly inland from Boston, 77 Minutemen gathered on the green to confront British, unordered shot rang out, Brits broke ranks and fired, eight Minutemen lay dead. But Concord militia ready, responded to church bells, and resistance became more organized

Economic Policy's in 1970's

In the 1970s, major price increases, particularly for energy, created a strong fear of inflation; as a result, government leaders concentrated more on controlling inflation than on combating recession by limiting spending, resisting tax cuts, and reining in growth in the money supply

Republicans Take Senate

In the November 2014 midterm elections, the Republican Party took control of the U.S. Senate and expanded its majority in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Clinton's Foreign Policy Localized conflicts such as those in Haiti and the Balkans prompted President Bill Clinton to send in U.S. troops as peacekeepers, reviving the Cold-War-era controversy about whether policing the rest of the world was a proper U.S. role.

Islamic radicals overseas loudly threatened assaults against the U.S. for its ongoing military presence in the Middle East, and even staged the first World Trade Center attack, a truck bombing in New York's twin towers, in 1993, as well as a number of deadly attacks on U.S. interests abroad.

Kamikaze another indicator that Japanese would fight to the last man, helped US decide to use the bomb and avoid Japanese invasion

Kamikaze inexperienced, minimal training; but were well educated and intensely committed to Emperor; experienced pilots navigated missions, then returned to base to navigate more. highly effective at Battle of Okinawa, 4k kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more, killing 4,900 sailors;

Preliminary Emancipation, Sep 22, 1862

Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declares his intention to free all slaves in any new territory captured by the Union Army.

Silent Majority unspecified large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly; coined in this usage by Nixon in attempts to win support of ordinary Americans who did not join in the large demonstrations against the Vietnam War at the time, who did not join in the counterculture, and who did not participate in public discourse; Nixon along with many others saw this group of Middle Americans as being overshadowed in the media by the more vocal minority. The phrase was used in the 19th century as a euphemism referring to all the people who have died

Nixon seized on student demonstrations to mobilize conservative majority consisting of middle-class suburbanites and working-class whites critical of radical extremists; Nixon capitalized on their economic complaints due to Johnson's failure to raise taxes to pay for Vietnam War, inflation shot up and real incomes declined; lower middle-class whites were critical of federal programs targeted towards blacks and the poor, with one observer noting that their wages were often only "a notch or so above the welfare payments of liberal states," and yet "they are excluded from social programs targeted at the disadvantaged." Most lower mid-class - blue-collar workers, white-collar employees, school teachers, and lower-echelon bureaucrats - despite evidence to the contrary, believed that slum residents and ghetto residents were now in the driver's seat; not poor they suffered from the tensions of marginal prosperity indebtness, inflation, irregular employment; little savings and the fear of losing what they had worked so hard to attain; Many families were hard pressed to hold on to their "middle-class" status, particularly at a time when rising inflation brought an end to increases in real income. 'the shrill attacks on "establishment" values from the left were matched by an equally vociferous defense of traditional values by those who were proud of all their society had achieved. protesters still represented only a small minority of the country. The great majority of Americans were "unyoung, unpoor, and unblack; they [are] middle-aged, middle class, and middle minded."

Robert Prager

One person was killed by a mob; in Collinsville, Illinois, German-born Robert Prager was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched.

Pointblank Directive order was confirmed at the Quebec Conference, 1943.

Operation Pointblank intended to cripple or destroy the German aircraft fighters, thus drawing it away from frontline operations in Northwest Europe; ordered RAF Bomber Command and the U.S. Eighth Air Force to bomb specific targets such as aircraft factories, the

Committee of Safety

Queen Liliʻuokalani proposed a new constitution that represented the interests of her people but a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'état against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the American Committee of Safety. American lawyer Sanford B. Dole became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended.

Boston Tea Party --December 16, 1773 - about 150 men from all layers of Boston economy, side by side, blackened their faces with burnt cork, dressed as Mohawk Indians and boarded the ship, received the keys to the ships holds and, targeting tea alone, hatcheted open and dumped the tea into the harbor; watched by a large crowd and the Royal Navy.

SERVED TO HARDEN LINES IN AMERICA AND ENGLAND. Other "tea parties" followed in various colonies.

Summer of Love SF event that introduced hippies to the mainstream;

San Francisco, like its sister enclave of Greenwich Village, became even more of a melting pot of politics, music, drugs, creativity, and the total lack of sexual and social inhibition than it already was.

Suburbanization

Suburbanization caused the gradual movement of working-class people and jobs out of the inner cities as shopping centers displaced the traditional downtown stores. In time, this would have disastrous effects on urban areas.

Post-War Civil Rights In the early days of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, litigation and lobbying were the focus of integration efforts.

The U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954); Powell v. Alabama (1932); Smith v. Allwright (1944); Shelley v. Kraemer (1948); Sweatt v. Painter (1950); and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) led to a shift in tactics, and from 1955 to 1965, "direct action" was the strategy—primarily bus boycotts, sit-ins, freedom rides, and social movements. But there was massive resistance as whites rioted and police all across the South arrested civil rights activists on trumped-up charges.

Old Ironsides aka U.S.S. Constitution worried about the war between France and Great Britain; Congress passed a bill giving permission to build six navy ships. One of these was the U.S.S. Constitution.

The U.S.S. Constitution never lost a battle. Despite its nickname, "Old Ironsides" was a wooden ship. During the War of 1812, the Constitution sunk a large number of ships belonging to the British navy. Got its nickname, "Old Ironsides." when a British seaman saw one of his cannon balls hit the wooden hull of the U.S.S. Constitution, bounce off, and fall into the sea. In amazement, the seaman said, "Hurrah, her sides are made of iron.". During the War of 1812, "Old Ironside captured 24 enemy vessels.

US Declaration of War on Britain The war resolved many issues which remained from the American Revolutionary War but involved no boundary changes.

The United States declared war on June 18, 1812 for several reasons, including trade restrictions brought about by the British war with France, the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of Indian tribes against American expansion, outrage over insults to national honor after humiliations on the high seas, and possible American interest in annexing British territory in modern-day Canada.

First Television War and the New Left Played enormous roles in the US anti-war movement that helped bring the war to an end.

The Vietnam War was unprecedented for the intensity of media coverage—it has been called the first television war—as well as for the stridency of opposition to the war by the "New Left".

Vietnam and Cambodia Reagan also expressed opposition to the Vietnamese-installed Communist regime of Heng Samrin (and later, Hun Sen) in Cambodia, which had ousted the genocidal Khmer Rouge regime after Vietnam invaded the country.

The administration approved military and humanitarian aid to the republican KPNLF and royalist Funcinpec insurgents. The Reagan administration also supported continued UN recognition of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (a tripartite rebel alliance of the KPNLF, Funcinpec, and the Khmer Rouge) over the Vietnamese-backed People's Republic of Kampuchea regime.

Mozambique and Angola In sub-Saharan Africa, the Reagan administration, with help from apartheid South Africa, also attempted to topple the substantially Cuban and Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist FRELIMO and MPLA dictatorships of Mozambique and Angola, respectively, during those countries' civil wars.

The administration intervened on the side of insurgent groups RENAMO[citation needed] in Mozambique and UNITA in Angola, supplying each group with covert military and humanitarian aid.

Oklahoma Federal Building Bombing On April 19, 1995, a truck bomb was detonated outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168 people and injuring over 600; The bombing became the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in the United States and led to sweeping reforms in United States federal building security.[85]

The attack's perpetrator, Timothy McVeigh, was an anti-government extremist who used the Waco Siege and Ruby Ridge incidents as justification for his retaliation against the federal government.[86] While McVeigh wanted to specifically target the federal agencies involved in the Waco siege, such as the ATF and DEA,[87] the bombing killed many innocent civilians, including 19 children.[88] McVeigh was executed in 2001 and his accomplice Terry Nichols was sentenced to life in prison.[89]

Tecumseh and the Prophet Shawnee chief who fought alongside his brother, the Shawnee Prophet, in trying to stop American settlement in the Old Northwest. In 1811, he went to visit tribes, to enlist their support against American expansion. Tecumseh left his brother in charge and told him not to attack nearby American forces.

The religious zealot ignored his brother's warnings and attacked Americans at Prophet's Town, near Tippecanoe Creek. The American forces, under Indiana Territorial Governor William Henry Harrison, fought back. This was later called the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh then joined the British side in the War of 1812. He fought in several battles, ending with the Battle of the Thames, in which he was killed.

Jeffersonian Principles

Thomas Jefferson called his election "the Revolution of 1800" because it marked the first time that power in America passed from one party to another. He promised to govern as he felt the Founders intended, based on decentralized government and trust in the people to make the right decisions for themselves. Ever since, these have become known as Jeffersonian principles.

Influenza Pandemic 1918 aka Spanish Flu unusually deadly influenza pandemic that attached itself to and affected stronger immune systems more than weaker ones , infected 500 million people across the world including remote areas Pacific islands and the Arctic; killing 50-100million. close quarters and massive troop movements of World War I hastened the pandemic and probably both increased transmission and augmented mutation

To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain, France, and the United States;but papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain[11] (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII), creating a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit—thus the pandemic's nickname Spanish flu

Battle of Kasserine Pass

US 1st battle ends in near-disastrous defeat as internal bickering b/tw US Ge. Fredendall and British caused inadequate troop placements; Major turning point, Gen. Eisenhower replaces Fredendall with Gen. Patton.

Credit Moblier of America Scandal involved Union Pacific RR and Credit Moblier of America, established by gov under Lincoln, which built eastern portion of the First Transcontinental RR

Under Johnson, Congressman Ames distributed Credit Moblier stock to other congressman and made cash bribes, story broken by the Sun during Grant's re-election campaign in 1872; involved Grant's V.P. Colfax, and Henry Wilson who Grant sent to congress to replace Colfax, caused widespread distrust of Congress and gov during Gilded age.

V-E Day aka Victory in Europe Day

War in Europe officially ended on V-E Day, 8 May 1945; war ended a year after DDay - a turning point.

Post-WWII Economy: Early Years

Wartime rationing was officially lifted in September 1945, but prosperity did not immediately return; took 3 years to make the transition: 1) 12 million veterans couldn't find work 2) inflation serious 10% 3)raw materials shortage in manufacturing 4) labor strikes rocked the nation 5) African-Americans and women were told to step aside and give jobs to white veterans

Lincoln Knew of and Liked Booth

While Booth and Lincoln did not know each other, Lincoln did know about Booth and enjoyed watching him perform at Ford's Theatre in numerous plays; Lincoln enjoyed Booth's performance so much he sent a note backstage inviting him to the White House so they could meet. Booth, a rebel sympathizer and Confederate spy, evaded the president's invitation.

Colonel House

Wilson's goal to broker peace, sent top aide Colonel House on repeated missions to do so, each side confident in victory - peace not considered;

Voting Rights Act 1965 landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

Within months, 250k new black voters registered, one third by federal examiners; Within four years, voter registration in the South had more than doubled; In 1965, Mississippi had the highest black voter turnout, 74%, and had more elected black-leaders than any other state. In 1969, Tennessee had a 92.1% voter turnout, Arkansas 77.9%, and Texas 77.3%

American Expeditionary Force Siberia

a United States Army force join Japanese invasion of Russian territory and become involved in the Russian Civil War in Vladivostok, Siberia, Russian Empire, during the end of World War I after the October Revolution, from 1918 to 1920; Vladivostok was a major stop along the Trans-Siberian Railroad Wilson claimed objectives were to rescue 40k Czechoslovak troops held up by Bolsheviks as they made their way toward Western front to help fighting here, to protect large quantities of military supplies and railroad rolling stock US had sent to Russia in support of the Eastern Front, stablize the rail route and to back the anti-Bolshevik White forces in Russia;

Isthmus

a narrow strip of land with sea on either side, forming a link between two larger areas of land; earthen counterpart to a strait

Post-War Rural Life farm population shrank steadily as families moved to urban areas, where on average they were more productive and earned a higher standard of living;

accelerating mechanization of agriculture, better fertilizers and genetic manipulation of hybrid corn, less need for hired labor, more land could be worked longer by older farmers = ; decline in rural-farm population and gains in service centers providing new technology; greater specialization but greater risks; many sold their farms, rural non-farm population grew as factories were attracted by access to good transportation without the high land costs, taxes, unionization and congestion of city factory districts; other rural areas attracted retirees and vacationers

Confederation of States President of the Confederation was Jefferson Davis from Mississippi. The Confederation had its own set of laws called the Confederate Constitution. Military leaders for the Confederation Army included Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, and James Longstreet.

acted like an official government; had own money, own capital city first in Montgomery, AL then Richmond, VA; tried to form alliances with Britain and France who refused to recognize them, as sovereign, nor did any other foreign country. Not having allies hurt them in the end.

Women's Suffrage

after a long period of agitation, U.S. women obtained the right to vote in all state and federal elections; and participated in the 1920 Presidential and Congressional elections; Politicians began emphasizing issues of special interest to women, especially prohibition, child health, public schools, and world peace, while women did pay attention, they generally shared the same outlook and voting behavior as men.

Early 1980's Recession describes the severe global economic recession affecting much of the developed world in the late 1970s and early 1980s; US and Japan exited the recession relatively early, but high unemployment would continue to affect other OECD nations through to at least 1985.

after oil crisis, economic growth resumed, but despite high rates of consumer spending, inflation and interest rates continued as persistent problems; after Iranian Hostage Crisis began in the spring of 1979, the US economy sunk into a deep recession, the worst since the Great Depression; The early 1980s recession [1] Long-term effects of the recession contributed to the Latin American debt crisis, the savings and loans crisis in the United States, and a general adoption of neoliberal economic policies throughout the 1980s and 1990s.

Lone Star Republic

after winning independence, vast majority of Texans favored annexation by US, but leadership of both major American political parties, strongly objected to introducing Texas - - a huge slave state - into volatile political climate of pro and anti-slavery factions in congress. Also wanted to avoid war with Mexico.

Lend- Lease: US supplied Free France, UK, Republic of China, USSR and other Allied nations with food, oil and material between 1941 - 1945;

aid was free though some hardware, such as ships was returned; in return US given leases on Allied territory during war; ended neutrality

Federal Farm Loan Act sponsored by Wilson Admin.

aimed at increasing credit to rural family farmers by creating a federal farm loan board, twelve regional farm loan banks and tens of farm loan associations.

NATO Libyan Civil War Intervention violence between protesters and Gaddafi's government escalated and UN called for NATO enforcement of ceasefire; A NATO coalition began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards with Qatar and United Emirates help;

also enforced embargo at sea that would "monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries";

End of the Cold War Vacuum left by collapse of communist govs in Yugoslavia and Somalia that had been propped up by USSR reopened other animosities concealed by decades of authoritarian rule;

although Americans didn't want to get involved, it became foreign policy to do so as a renewal of Western alliances; Clinton's inaugural speech declared: Today, as an old order passes, the new world is more free but less stable. Communism's collapse has called forth old animosities and new dangers. Clearly America must continue to lead the world we did so much to make."

Jefferson Differed with Hamilton Over Jay's Treaty

although British agreed to withdraw last outposts in US to avoid US involvement in English-French war, Jefferson saw parts of it as excessively pro-British.

Brezhnev Doctrine "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries." in other words limited independence of the satellite states' communist parties was allowed; but no country would be allowed to compromise the cohesiveness of the Eastern bloc in any way by leaving the Warsaw Pact or disturbing a ruling communist party's monopoly on power, for example; further Soviet Union implicitly reserved, for itself, the right to define "socialism" and "capitalism".

announced to etroactively justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 that ended the Prague Spring along with earlier Soviet military interventions, such as the invasion of Hungary in 1956; interventions were meant to put an end to liberalization efforts and uprisings that had the potential to compromise Soviet hegemony inside the Eastern bloc, which was considered by the Soviets to be an essential defensive and strategic buffer in case hostilities with NATO were to break out; principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets even used it to justify their military intervention in the non-Warsaw Pact nation of Afghanistan in 1979; Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was finally ended with the Soviet non-invasion of Poland during the 1980-1981 crisis and later unwillingness of Mikhail Gorbachev to use military force when Poland held free elections in 1989 and Solidarity defeated the Communist Party; superseded by the facetiously named Sinatra Doctrine in 1989, Although Soviets made gains across the Third World - esp. in Vietnam and other parts of Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America, under the Brezhnev Doctrine; however Under Brezhnev the Soviet economy had been falling behind—it was decades behind in computers, for example—and was kept alive because of lucrative oil exports.

Federalists Favored strong central government (unlike anti-federalists), pro-ratification of the new Constitution:

anti-federalists: feared new brand of elected monarchy at expense of individual liberty --didn't personally like the elitist federalists, esp. in VA: P. Henry blocked James Madison from the Senate and NY, A. Hamilton rivals with Gov. George Clinton

Preparedness Movement realism" philosophy—believed economic strength and military muscle more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on democracy and national self-determination

argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes; assumption that US would enter the war, all Republicans - TR, Gen. Wood, 2 former sec.'s of war, Elihu Root and Henry Stimson;

1910 Democrat Majority in Congress

as a result of Taft's acceptance of a tariff with protective schedules outraged progressive opinion; his opposition to the entry of the state of Arizona into the Union because of its progressive constitution; and his growing reliance on the conservative wing of his party. these actions also split Republican Party

Wilson Breaks Diplomatic Ties with Germany

as promised under Sussex Pledge because Germany had built up its submarine fleet and resumed unrestricted submarine warfare on all passenger/merchant and war ships to starve Britain into submission.

Atty. Gen. Palmer Raids

attempt to suppress radical organizations as a result of a bomb explosion outside Palmer's home, Palmer Raids were characterized by: 1) exaggerated rhetoric, 2) illegal search and seizures, 3) unwarranted arrests and detentions, and 4) the deportation of several hundred suspected radicals and anarchists.

Homestead Strike 1892 strike at Homestead Steel Works between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company near Pittsburgh;

battle between strikers and private security agents; one of the most serious disputes in U.S. labor history, third behind the Ludlow Massacre and the Battle of Blair Mountain. major defeat for the union and efforts to unionize steelworkers.

Ruhr Pocket

battle of encirclement that took place near the end of World War II, in the Ruhr Area of Germany; marked the end of major organized resistance on Nazi Germany's Western Front, as more than 300,000 troops were taken prisoner.

Pacific War aka Asia-Pacific War theatre of World War II fought in Pacific/ East Asia over a vast area incl. Pacific Ocean and islands, the South West Pacific, South-East Asia, and China

began 7/8 December 1941, when Japan: 1) invaded Thailand 2) attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong 3) as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii - PEARL HARBOR - - and the Philippines.

"Star Wars": SDI Strategic Defense Initiative

born out of worsening US-Soviet relations of Reagan Era; multi-billion dollar research project for missile defense system that could shoot down incoming Soviet missiles and eliminate the need for mutually assured destruction.

START SALT I and II led to START Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), which consisted of START I a 1991 completed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union and START II (a 1993 agreement between the United States and Russia, which was never ratified by the United States),

both of which proposed specific capacities on each side's number of nuclear weapons. A successor to START I, New START, entered proposal and was eventually ratified on February 2011.

1763 Treaty of Paris

brought peace and complete British triumph in French and Indian War: English now owned ALL OF CANADA, AMERICA EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY, FLORIDA, AND SOME CARIBBEAN ISLANDS. France lost its colonies except for a few islands in French West Indies and France's overseas trade crippled by British navy.

Philadelphia

by 1700 trailed only Boston as American cultural center, deeply influenced America with Penn/Quaker traditions of nonviolence, social justice. Quakers since were in the forefronts of abolitionism, prohibition, universal suffrage, and pacifism.

Causes of Mexican-American War When his offer to purchase California, New Mexico and the rest of what is today the U.S. Southwest -made just after annexing Texas - was rejected Polk instigated a fight with Mexico:

by moving troops into a disputed zone between the Rio Grande and Nueces River both recognized as part of the Mexican state of Coahuila to guard the undefined "border" against a Mexican "invasion"; then escalated things by telling Zachary Taylor to cross Rio Grande; war began by a border skirmish along its banks

Firebombing

caused widespread damage, forced Germany to divert resources to counter it; resource allocation as true aim of the Allied bombing campaign. Fire bombing attacks proved quite successful, in a single 1943 attack on Hamburg roughly 50,000 civilians were killed and practically the entire city destroyed.

Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs political party system operating from about 1828 to 1854, after First Party System ended.

characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest, rallies, partisan newspapers, and a high degree of personal loyalty to party Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from National Republicans & opponents of Jackson.

US as an Independent Power United States declared war on German Empire but was an independent power; did NOT officially join the Allies;

closely cooperated w/allies militarily but acted alone in diplomacy; made major contributions in supplies, raw material and money starting in 1917.

"Soft Underbelly of Europe"

coined by Churchill, 1943 1st step to free Europe would be invasion of Sicily and Italy in Operation Husky, largest amphibious operation taken by that time, 82nd airborne parachuted in before US army landed on Southern Coast of Sicily; Allies capture Sicily, Germany fell back to Italy, Mussolini deposed in coup and allies strike quickly, landing at Salerno, push Germans back to central Italy where winter slows them down against heavily defended German winter line; but break through Bernhardt Line, then Rome fell to Allies and even though 7 US and French divisions pulled out of Italy to join in DDay in Normandy, Allies push up to the Gothic line in Northern Italy, last major defensive line - failed to break out into Lombardy Plains before winter made further progress impossible, but in Spring 1945 broke through remaining Axis positions in Operation Grapeshot ending Italian campaign with 119k casualties.

Boss Tweed Member of House, NY County Board of Supervisors, and Senate, wielded enormous power with political patronage though Tammany; rewarded voters with jobs he could create on city-related projects; died in jail.

created a "political machine at its height that was ...strong and solid, strategically deployed to control key power points: the courts, the legislature, the treasury and the ballot box. Its frauds had a grandeur of scale and an elegance of structure: money-laundering, profit sharing and organization."

fiat money

currency which derives its value from government regulation or law; derives from Latin fiat "let it be done", "it shall be" creation of fiat money is common activity of revolutionary generals and commanders in battles to overthrow government

"Washington Consensus" coined 1989 by English economist John Williamson; 10 economic policy prescriptions he considered constituted the "standard" reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing countries by Washington, D.C.-based institutions, eg. (IMF), World Bank, and US Treasury Department;

current meaning used fairly widely in a second, broader sense, to refer to a more general orientation towards a strongly market-based approach aka market fundamentalism/neoliberalism; Despite controversy over certain or all of the prescriptions, most writers and development institutions accept the more general proposition that strategies need to be tailored to the specific circumstances of individual countries. includes macroeconomic stabilization, economic opening of trade and investment, and the expansion of market forces within the domestic economy; 1. Fiscal policy discipline, with avoidance of large fiscal deficits relative to GDP; 2. Redirection of public spending from subsidies ("especially indiscriminate subsidies") toward broad-based provision of key pro-growth, pro-poor services like primary education, primary health care and infrastructure investment; 3. Tax reform, broadening the tax base and adopting moderate marginal tax rates; 4. Interest rates that are market determined and positive (but moderate) in real terms; 5. Competitive exchange rates; 6. Trade liberalization: liberalization of imports, with particular emphasis on elimination of quantitative restrictions (licensing, etc.); any trade protection to be provided by low and relatively uniform tariffs; 7. Liberalization of inward foreign direct investment; 8. Privatization of state enterprises; 9. Deregulation: abolition of regulations that impede market entry or restrict competition, except for those justified on safety, environmental and consumer protection grounds, and prudential oversight of financial institutions; 10. Legal security for property rights.

Invasion of Panama relations between US and Noreiga deteriorated, Bush saw the need to protect its Canal Zone so invaded Panama; Noriega was deposed, captured and put on trial in US I think; then president-elect Guillermo Endara sworn into office, and the Panamanian Defense Force dissolved;

de facto Panamanian leader, general, and dictator Manuel Noriega who was a former ally with US that had switched over to Soviet side, had nullified democratic election results; code-named Operation Just Cause,occurred during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos-Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama by 1 January 2000; Noreiga had been on drug lords payroll and was involved in Iran-Contra scandal.

President McKinley

decade of rapid economic growth and prosperity ensued McKinley'e election, building national self-confidence; new governing philosophy in which compromises among interest groups were worked out for the national benefit dominated 20th century. McKinley's system of politics emphasized economic growth, prosperity for all, and pluralism that provided benefits for every group. He rejected programs such as prohibition and immigration restriction that were designed to hurt an enemy. He felt parties had the duty to enact the people's will and educate them to new ideas.

Democratic Party of 1890's

deep economic depression three years leading up to 1896 elections,marked by low prices, low profits, high unemployment, and violent strikes. Economic issues, especially silver or gold for the money supply, and tariffs, central. Democratic Party, which supported silver and free trade, had absorbed the remnants of the Populist movement as the presidential elections of 1896 neared. The remaining Populists also endorsed Bryan, hoping to retain some influence by having a voice inside the Bryan movement.

Treaty of Detroit . . . Repealed 2007 Turning point in US labor history; new contracts that Big Three-GM, Chrysler and Ford-negotiated in 2007 effectively repealed Treaty of Detroit which had been under attack for decades by auto execs;

demonstrate that companies without unions, global labor markets and corporate power are dictating the future for American autoworkers-even for those who are in a union; result will be greater insecurity and inequality for all workers, not just for the dwindling ranks of UAW members

Sec. of State Bryan Resigns

diplomatic crises when Germany refuses to pay reparations or disavow the attack, Bryan resigns in protest over what he sees as tilt toward England in Wilson's reaction to sinking of Lusitania; 2 more years thought before US enters the war.

Roaring Twenties Came to a Screeching Halt: Great Depression of 1929 Causes disputed, began in US 1929 and was either started or worsened by "Black Thursday," the stock market crash of Thursday, October 24, 1929

distress signs for months prior; Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before = public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past; other indicators of economic health - freight carloads, industrial production, and wholesale prices—-were slipping downward.

Third Party System: 1854-mid 1890's featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race; intense competition between Democrats and Republicans two parties, with minor parties coming and going, elections were very close.

dominated by new Republican Party, aka GOP, which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whiggish modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads, social spending such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding, and aid to land grant colleges. In the southern states, lingering resentment over the Civil War meant that much of the south would vote Democrat. After the end of Reconstruction in 1877, competition in the south took place mainly inside the Democratic Party. Nationwide, turnout fell sharply after 1900

McCarthy's Witchhunt

eerie parallels to Salem trials, but longer and more devastating effects Arthur Miller's The Crucible written in response to McCarthy's Red Scare

Gorbachev ushered in new generation of leadership; eased US-USSR tensions;

elected by Politburo as Soviet Communist Party Chief after deaths of 3 elderly Soviet leaders; reform-oriented technocrats consolidated power; political and economic liberalization

Dawes Plan

ended Allied occupation of Germany that disabled German economy, and orchestrated payment of German reparations where US banks loaned money to Germany to pay to allies so they could pay their own war debts to US. proved unworkable, replaced by Young Plan; but resolved a serious international crisis, so Dawes shared Nobel Peace Prize1925 and Euro and US economies reached new levels of industrial production and prosperity.

Ninth Amendment

ensures that the individual rights that are not enumerated in the Constitution are secure—that is, that these rights should not be automatically infringed upon because they are omitted from the Constitution.

Robber Barron businessman in the 19th century who engaged in unethical and monopolistic practices, wielded widespread political influence, and amassed enormous wealth,

first used by Atlantic Monthly and Mark Twain in Gilded Age depictions term dates back centuries to noblemen in the Middle Ages who functioned as feudal warlords and were literally "robber barons."

Feminine Mystique 1963 written by Betty Friedan, strongly criticized the role of women during the postwar years and was a best-seller and a major catalyst of the women's liberation movement

explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled, assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives, mothers, and keepers of the home, and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job. Sociologists have noted that the "idle housewife" of the 1950s was the exception in American history rather than the norm, where women generally did work or labor in some capacity.

NYC NYC esp. hard hit by loss of traditional industries esp. garment manufacturing; declined during the 1970s into a dystopian condition; Time Square became a Mecca for adult businesses, prostitutes, pimps, muggers, and rapists, and the subway system was in disrepair and dangerous to ride in;

facing municipal bankruptcy in 1975, Mayor Abraham Beame requested a Federal bailout, but President Ford declined; 1977, a power blackout caused a rash of looting and destruction in mostly African-American and Hispanic neighborhoods; Edward Koch was elected mayor with the promise of turning New York around, a process that would gradually succeeded over the next 15 years

The Bloudy Tenet of Persecution

famous work by Roger Williams, stated arguments for separation f church and state

Two Reconstructions: The Country & The South

first covers history of entire country from 1865 to 1877 following the Civil War; the second sense focuses on the transformation of the Southern United States from 1863 to 1877, as directed by Congress, with the reconstruction of state and society.

Edwards and Whitefield

followers were lower or middle class with little education or influence in contrast to wealthy ruling classes who preferred traditional worship both men responded to what they saw as a softening of religious attitudes in colonies and earthly pursuits of real estate, slave trading, rum business, etc.

"Trail of Tears" so described by Choctaw, 1st nation to be removed, suffered and died of exposure, disease and starvation while en route to western territories no one wanted then.

forced re-locations of Indians of deep South who refused to assimilate - - Choctaw, Seminole, Muscogee-Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee, in the order of their removal - authorized by Indian Removal Act of 1830 so settlers could have more land

Fifth Amendment

guarantees a trial by jury and "due process of law," and guards against double jeopardy (being charged twice for the same offense) and self-incrimination.

First Amendment

guarantees freedom of religion, speech, and the press, and protects the right of assembly.

Third Amendment

guards against the forced quartering of troops. In the years before the American Revolution, British officials forced the colonists to quarter—to house and feed—British troops.

Fourth Amendment

guards against the forced quartering of troops. (In the years before the American Revolution, British officials forced the colonists to quarter—to house and feed—British troops.

"Uncle Tom"

has become a derisive epithet for a black man viewed by other blacks as a shuffling lackey to whites.

1776 Battle of Bunker Hill British won, but sustained heavy losses. British Gen Gage replaced by Howell.

having learned that the British were planning to send troops from Boston to occupy the hills surrounding the city, some 1,000 colonial militiamen under Colonel William Prescott 1726-95 built earthen fortifications on top of Breed's Hill, overlooking Boston and located on the Charlestown Peninsula. The men originally had been ordered to construct their fortifications atop Bunker Hill but instead chose the smaller Breed's Hill, closer to Boston.

Black Monday Monday, October 19, 1987, when stock markets around the world crashed, shedding a huge value in a very short time; began in Hong Kong and spread west to Europe, hitting the United States after other markets had already declined by a significant margin;

he Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) dropped by 508 points; In Australia and New Zealand the 1987 crash is also referred to as Black Tuesday because of the timezone difference. Federal Reserve responded by increasing the money supply and averted what could have been another Great Depression.

Potsdam Conference Age of nuclear saber rattling did not begin with the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but with the Potsdam meeting where Stalin and Truman began the deadly dance around the issue of atomic weaponry.

held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, occupied Germany, 1945; Present USSR, US, UK; leaders Stalin, Churchill, and Truman and later Clement Attlee, who participated alongside Churchill while awaiting the outcome of the 1945 general election, and then replaced Churchill as Prime Minister after the Labour Party's defeat of the Conservatives, gathered to decide how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier; also how to establish post-war order, peace treaty issues, and countering the effects of the war.

Bombing of Tokyo

hit repeatedly, and suffered a fire storm that killed 83k; 51k buildings in four miles of Kobe were burned out by 473 B-29s; Osaka, where one-sixth of the Empire's munitions were made, was hit by 1,733 tons of incendiaries dropped by 247 B-29s; A firestorm burned out 8.1 square miles, including 135,000 houses; workers were reluctant to work in factories and production dropped by half at times

Precision Bombing USAAF leaders firmly held to the claim of "precision bombing" of military targets for much of the war, and dismissed claims they were simply bombing cities;

however received H2x radar sets that enabled them to clearly see ground targets and civilians; 8th command gave them permission to bomb civilian targets at a rate of once a week until the end of the war, presumably to weaken German morale.

American Renaissance

identified in the rush of new public institutions that marked the period—hospitals, museums, colleges, opera houses, libraries, orchestras— and by the Beaux-Arts architectural idiom in which they splendidly stood forth, after Chicago hosted the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893.

Elaine Race Riot 1919 Elaine, Ak; blacks outnumbered whites ten-to-one; black sharecroppers met at a church to discuss better payments for cotton crops from white plantation owners who dominated the area during the Jim Crow era;

in a conflict, guards shot one of two whites who went to meeting; mayhem ensued "It is documented that five whites, including a soldier died at Elaine, but estimates of African American deaths, range from 20 to 856 - if latter true, deadliest conflict in history; only blacks were prosecuted but convictions were overturned by Supreme Court and they were helped to leave state to avoid lyinchings.

Carter's Malaise Speech 1979 televised address in which Carter blamed nation's troubles on crisis of confidence among Americans, but Americans wanted a cheerleader and Reagan won the next election;

in his speech, although Carter emphasized energy solutions, he damaged his reelection bid because he to express a pessimistic outlook and blamed the American people for his own failed policies.

Union Pacific Railroad First transcontinental railroad in US

incorporated under Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 approved by Lincoln, provided for the construction of railroads from MS River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union; built westwardly from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific line built eastwardly from San Francisco Bay by Irish labor who had learned their craft during Civil War;

Nativist Party / Know-Nothings formed from Douglas-South deal: fiercely opposed to waves of immigrants entering America; racist dislike of foreigners and Catholics;

initially called the KNOW-NOTHINGS because they were a secret society that preached Protestantism and defensive nationalism and answered "I don't Know" when asked about their party. gained support in 1850's; captured lots of congressional and state seats

Henry Ford founder of Ford Motor co, developed assembly line technique of mass production - but didn't invent it or the automobile;

introduced Model T that gave everyman transportation; global vision that consumerism key to peace; intensely committed to lowering costs; developed franchise system putting dealerships throughout country known for his pacifism during WWI and also publishing antisemitic texts such as the book The International Jew

Don't Ask Don't Tell Repeal Act landmark United States federal statute enacted in December 2010 that established a process for ending the Don't ask, don't tell (DADT) policy (10 U.S.C. § 654), thus allowing gays, lesbians, and bisexuals to serve openly in the United States Armed Forces.

landmark United States federal statute enacted in December 2010 that established a process for ending the Don't ask, don't tell (DADT) policy (10 U.S.C. § 654), thus allowing gays, lesbians, and bisexuals to serve openly in the United States Armed Forces. It ended the policy in place since 1993 that allowed them to serve only if they kept their sexual orientation secret and the military did not learn of their sexual orientation.

Brown v. Board of Education and "Massive Resistance"

landmark case of USC that outlawed segregation in public education for blacks and whites, on grounds that "separate is not equal"

Medicare and Medicaid two most successful Great Society programs

largest and most enduring of Great Society federal assistance programs; launched in 1965, pays for many of the medical costs of the elderly, and Medicaid, which aids poor people

Pancho Villa Mexican revolutionary commander; seized hacienda land for peasants/soldiers and robbed/ commandeered trains and printed fiat money to pay for his cause;

leader of of División del Norte; and of state of Chihuahua in 1913 and 1914; which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources; retired on a military colony of his former soldiers, then reinvolved himself in politics and was assassinated.

KKK KKK of the 1920s was a purification movement that rallied against crime, esp. violation of prohibition, and decried the growing "influence" of "big-city" Catholics and Jews;

less violent than 1860's and current KKK; local Klans poorly organized, used by organizers to make money; huge rally in D.C. in 1925, then lost nearly all members when national headlines reported rape and murder by KKK leader in Indiana. Membership was verily evenly spread across the nation's white Protestants, North and South, urban and rural.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

longest network of railways in the world, connecting Moscow with the Russian Far East and the Sea of Japan; connecting branches into Mongolia, China and North Korea; has connected Moscow with Vladivostok since 1916, and is still being expanded. built from 1891 to 1916 under Czar Alexander III and by his son, Tsar Nicholas II.

Communism in Asia

lots more movement than Europe, Communists took over China in 1949 and attempted to take over Korea 1950 and Vietnam 1954;

Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm and Desert Shield

main foreign-policy development was forming a large-scale coalition, with United nations support, to end Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. At the end of the short-successful war in 1991, Bush's popularity soared to unprecedented levels; As the nation turned its attention to domestic policies, his Popularity went steadily downward until he was defeated for reelection in 1992.

Hoover's Economic Recovery Policies: 1) increased tarriffs 2) encouraged stimulus spending 3) reconstruction finance corp

many efforts, but all failed, believed in stimulus spending and encouraged fed/state/local govs to spend on infrastructure - esp. Hoover Dam on Colorado - but they couldn't collect enough tax revenues to keep gov operating, let alone invest

Loss of Manufacturing Base

media and entertainment industry glamorized the stock market and financial sector e.g. the 1987 movie Wall Street, causing many young people to pursue careers as brokers, investors, or bankers instead of manufacturing and making it unlikely that any of the lost industrial base would be restored any time soon.

NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization aka called the North Atlantic Alliance intergovern. military alliance hdqt Brussels based on North Atlantic Treaty signed in 1949 Korean War; 28 members mutually defend each other if attacked under Art. 5

member military spending limited to 2% GDP, total spending =70% of world military spending; newest members Albania and Croatia; doubts over credible defense against Soviet invasion in cold war led to 1966 independent French nuclear deterrent and withdrawal from NATO for 30 years;

Collective Security Treaty Organization - CSTO

military alliance of former Warsaw Pact nations; Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan signed first; Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Georgia signed later; Uzbekistan rejoined the CSTO in 2006 but withdrew in 2012.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) protected American farmers from with subsidies and production controls via a domestic allotment system;

most controversial component of the system was destruction of growing crops and newborn livestock that exceeded the allotments; gross farm incomes increased by half in the first three years; Urban food prices went up only slightly

Cuban Missile Crisis

most dangerous point of Cold War,confrontation between the Soviet Union and US over the Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba, lasted for 13 days, Kennedy decided not to invade or bomb Cuba but to institute a naval blockade of the island. The crisis ended in a compromise, with the Soviets removing their missiles publicly, and the United States secretly removing its nuclear missiles in Turkey; Khrushchev was removed by Communist leaders for his reckless behavior.

President Tyler's Secret Annexation of Texas Treaty In 1843, President of the United States John Tyler, unaligned with any political party, independently pursued annexation of Texas to gain a base of popular support for another four years in office.

motivation was to outmaneuver suspected diplomatic efforts by British to promote emancipation of slaves and weaken institution of human bondage in US. Tyler secretly negotiated and secured a treaty of annexation with Houston government in 1844. But Whig majority senate balked and refused to ratify Tyler-Texas treaty due to the secrecy of the deal.

Nixon was a liberal on health care, welfare spending, environmentalism and support for arts and humanities; maintained high taxes and strong economic regulations of New Deal era - intervening aggressively in economy - took nation off gold standard and imposed price and wage controls.

moved foreign policy away from containment and toward detente; promoted "Vietnamization," whereby the military of South Vietnam would be greatly enhanced so that U.S. forces could withdraw. detente policy with China is still the basic policy in the 21st century, while the Russians rejected detente and used American toleration to over-expand their operations in Latin America, Asia and Africa.

Sinatra Doctrine

name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs; alluded to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way"—the Soviet Union was allowing these nations to go their own way.

New Deal Coalition support of union members, big city machines, the white South, and ethnic minorities was required to pass and implement New Deal reforms

new deal was very controversial as it attempted to redistribute wealth, income and power in favor of the poor, the old, farmers and labor unions; Conservatives, typified by the American Liberty League, were strongly opposed

The Gilded Age 1870's - 1900 era of rapid economic growth and soaring prosperity, esp. in North and West, but not in South saw the U.S. become the world's dominant economic, industrial and agricultural power;

new industrialists were America's Medici, high wages attracted millions of immigrants from Europe, real wages grew from industrialization by 60%; West populated by European and Chinese immigrants and migrants from East. Labor Unions became important in industrialized areas.

Bryan

nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans; campaigned as a crusade of the working man against the rich, who impoverished America by limiting the money supply, which was based on gold. Silver, he said, was in ample supply and if coined into money would restore prosperity while undermining the illicit power of the money trust. Bryan was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states.

WWII During the first two years of the global conflict, the United States had maintained formal neutrality;

non-interventionist policy, which had dominated United States foreign relations since 1931; US does not enter for 2 years and then limits involvement to giving supplies and weapons via Lend Lease to Britain, China, and the Soviet Union.

Witches of Salem Hysteria triggered by young girls acting strangely, trial debates fueled satanic fear throughout Massachusetts Bay Colony where 150 were charged with witchcraft and some killed underscored importance of protections for accused and Bill of Rights, as well as Rule of Law: presumption of innocence, jury trials, etc. lacking.

nothing new to Europeans, however, illustrated Puritan Theocratic State, Puritan Intolerance and Stiff-necked Sanctimoniousness, which is what the later Framers of the Constitution wanted to avoid in creating a new country.

Central Pacific Bribes

owned by Leland Stanford, build East from CA and did the same things, but got away with it and Stanford eventually built a university with his profits.

Espionage Act

passed by Congress to prevent spying, but chiefly used to silence American critics of the War; Eugene Debs, socialist leader and presidential candidate arrested and sentenced to prison for ten years for speech that "obstructed recruiting", but pardoned after 32 months by Prez Harding

On 2nd attempt, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain:

persuaded to invest, that the risks were small and potential returns great - PLUS Spain wanted gold to compete with Portugal

First Battle of Bullrun Jul 21, 1861 Confederates 2-0

pits Union General Irvin McDowell against the new Confederate army. McDowell is defeated causing a panicked retreat back to Washington, which is about forty miles away. The withdrawal is hampered by the large numbers of spectators who are there to see the battle.

Bull Moose Party aka Progressive Party of 1912 formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between him and President William Howard Taft; broke his promise not to seek 3rd term

platform called for MAJOR reforms including women's suffrage, social welfare assistance for women and children, farm relief, revisions in banking, health insurance in industries, and worker's compensation. The party also wanted an easier method to amend the constitution party ended in 1916 with TR's refusal to run again.

Era of Broken Trust: Today Americans' Belief in Nation's Most Basic Institutions has Eroded Began in early 2000, worsened by 2010, due to: congress in-fighting, crime, terrorism, economic crisis,

priest sexual abuse of children, corporate bailouts/bkcies/corruption, mishandling of Katrina, BP Gulf Coast Oil Spill Result: disgust, cynicism, voter apathy, huge increase in belief in conspiracy theories that are dangerous lies

Venona Project 1943-1980: US' Cold War counter-intelligence program and forerunner of NSA; attempted to decrypt messages sent by Soviet Union intelligence agencies;

produced some of the most important breakthroughs for western counter-intelligence in this period, including the discovery of the Cambridge spy ring and exposure of Soviet espionage targeting the Manhattan Project; remained secret for over a decade after ended; finally declassified in 1995

Open Door Policy enunciated in Secretary of State John Hay's Open Door Note, dated September 6, 1899 and dispatched to the major European powers

proposed to keep China open to trade with all countries on equal basis, prevent any one power from total control of China or interfering with any treaty port/vested interest and to permit China to show no favors to any country; rooted in US desire to trade with China conflict in policy was US dual intentions of avoiding political division of China, but taking financial advantage of it . . . all imperial nations gave green light to US, except Russia, China remained undivided, but heavily exploited by imperial nations.

1780 Focus of war shifts to the South

reinforcement sent to join Gen. Horatio Gates in NC Gen Nathaniel Greene takesover command of southern army and begins GUERRILLA war of harrassment against British

1948 Elections - Republicans take Control Following the Republican takeover of Congress 1948, President Truman was compelled to reduce taxes and curb government interference in the economy;

resulted in economic boom that lasted next 23 years; Americans flush with cash . . .many incomes doubled in a generation, higher wages meant mass consumer spending spree, huge and voracious demand for new homes, cars, housewares . .

NSC - 68

secret 1950 plan designed to confront the Communists with large-scale defense spending; Russians had built an atomic bomb by 1950—much sooner than expected; Truman ordered the development of the hydrogen bomb. Two spies who gave atomic secrets to Russia were tried and executed.

Bonus Bill for WWI Veterans passed by liberals in Congress over FDR's veto; paid more than $800 million in cash in 1936 and almost $700 million more in the 1937;

seen as an efficient economic stimulus, since required little gov administration, monies were likely to be spent without delay, and did not require long lead time of a public works program.

Pullman Strike 1894 nationwide railroad strike; pitted American Railway Union (ARU) against Pullman Co., main railroads, and the federal government of the US under President Cleveland.

shut down much of the nation's freight and passenger traffic near Destroit; began in Pullman, Chicago, when nearly 4,000 factory employees of the Pullman Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages.

L'Anse Aux Meadows

site of Norse village uncovered on the northernmost tip of the Island of Newfoundland, near St. Anthony, named first World Heritage site by UNESCO

Greenland

site of first Norse temporary settlements, 500 years before Columbus Huge Island. Iceland and much smaller Faroe Islands separate it from Scandinavia and Britain in the North Sea.

Early Jamestown Problems

some indian attacks and bouts of malaria, but self-induced mostly: in-fighting, choice of location, arrived too late to plant crops, unused to manual labor, 51 died in first few months of settlement in 1607

WWI World Legacy

spurred Great Depression, WWII, Holocaust, Cold War, and collapse of empires of Germany, Austro-Hungary, Ottomans and Romanov; touched off colonial revolts in Middle East and Vietnam;

1779 Continental Army winters at Morristown in New Jersey

suffers winter even worse than at Valley Forge; Desertions and mutiny are commonplace, record-breaking cold=unbelievable suffering

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project 1975 Cooperative space mission between Soviets and US conducted during détente - a time of relatively improved Cold War relations;

symbolic end of Space Race that had sparked unprecedented increases in spending on education and pure research, accelerating scientific advancements and led to beneficial spin-off technologies.

Execution of Sacrro and Vanzetti

two alleged anarchists, feared because of their Italian-foreign-ness

Tulsa and Rosewood: Ethnic Cleansing Rural South had an especially high number of lynchings post-WWI; but rioting not limited to South In Tulsa OK Black man allegedly grabbed white girl's arm causing her to flee in panic, exaggerations of misconduct caused black business district to be looted and burned by white rioters, 300 people died in riots.

unsupported accusations that a white woman had been beaten/raped by black drifter resulted in a lynching of a Rosewood - a primarily black community - resident; White mob then destroyed the town; at least six African Americans and two whites were killed; Although state and local authorities were aware of the violence, no arrests were made; destroyed town was abandoned by its black residents who never returned.

Crime, riots and decay of the inner cities Nationwide crime rates suddenly started going up in 1967 and would remain a vexing social problem; "Law and Order" became a conservative campaign theme, using the argument that liberalism had subsidize unrest and failed to cure it Violent crime and drugs became a seemingly insurmountable problem in New York..[35]

violence escalated into 70's, major episodes of riots every summer, suburbanization left inner cities neglected, high unemployment and high crime with poor housing and schools, drugs became the most lucrative business and well funded and armed gangs fought for control of market,

Ruhr Area

was Germany's main industrial zone during the early 1900s. Most factories were located there. Occupation of the Ruhr in the 1920s by French forces caused passive resistance, which saw production in the factories grind to a halt. As a result, the hyperinflation crisis grew even worse.

Rhineland

western borders with Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands; Frankish heritage; lands on the western shore of the Rhine are strongly characterised by Roman influence, including viticulture. In the core territories, large parts of the population are members of the Catholic Church.

Great Depression Self-Perpetuates

world-wide depression; deflation and a great increase in unemployment; which perpetuated the depression; also unable to support their families, many unemployed men deserted so the meager relief supplies their families received would stretch farther.

Declaration of Sentiments

written by Stanton and Quakres, heated debate sprang up regarding women's right to vote, but Frederick Douglass argued eloquently for its inclusion, and the suffrage resolution was retained. 100 of approximately 300 attendees signed the document, mostly women.

Generational Revolt and Counterculture introduced to mainstream by Summer of Love and exemplified in 1969 with the historic Woodstock Festival

young revolt against social norms and conservatism with fashion, music, drug use and behavior, as well as escalation of Vietnam and Cold wars; a social revolution; Civil Rights spread from Blacks to women and the environment; then became a sexual revolution; As hippie counterculture movement came farther and farther forward into public awareness, the activities centered therein became a defining moment of the 1960s causing numerous 'ordinary citizens' to begin questioning everything and anything about them and their environment as a result.

Sussex Pledge German Gov makes pledge to stop U-boat attacks on passenger ships and allows crews of enemy merchant ships to abandon before attack; then reneged on pledge

after sinking of unarmed French boat, the Sussex, in English Channel in 1916, Wilson threatened to sever diplomatic relations with Germany unless it stopped attacking passenger ships and allowed crews of enemy merchant vessels to abandon ships prior Kaiser Wilhelm II reneged on pledge after being persuaded by German strategists that a resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare could help defeat Great Britain within five months and "Sussex pledge" could be violated since US no longer a neutral party after supplying munitions and financial assistance to the Allies.

Atlantic Wall an extensive system of coastal fortifications built by Nazi Germany along coast of continental Europe and Scandinavia; 1million French forced laborers built it.

as a defence against an anticipated Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe from Great Britain during World War II; included colossal coastal guns, batteries, mortars, and artillery, and thousands of German troops were stationed in its defences; but at Normandy they were stormed within hours.

Independence in Baltics

as a result of nationalist agitation; Lithuania first, then Estonia and Latvia declared independence from USSR.

WWI 1914 - 1918 aka First World War; aka the Great War entangled international alliances formed over decades were invoked when heir to Austrian-Hungarian throne Archiduke Ferdinand assassinated in Sarajevo

assassination of Archduke set off a diplomatic crisis that triggered the war when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia; Firmly maintaining neutrality when WWI began, the US helped supply the Allies, but could not ship anything to Germany because of the British blockade

Germany Signs Armistice on Veteran's Day

for years was called armistice day, then changed to observe federal holiday honoring all Americans who have served in defense of US

Destruction of Whig Party

Fillmore was their last president before party became irreconcilably divided by the slavery question: Northern Whigs joined Lincoln's Republicans; Southern Whigs quit politics, but principles persisted for decades, even during Reconstruction.

Mareth Line a system of fortifications built by France in S. Tunisia, prior to WWII to defend against attacks from Libya, a colony of Fascist Italy;

Tunisia was occupied by Axis forces after Operation Torch in 1942, and the Line was used by the Axis to defend against British forces which had occupied Libya.

Puritans founded:

Boston, Salem, Chesapeake Bay, St. Mary's, Hartford Connecticut in Maryland Protestant majority from beginning though administered by British Catholics

Jaques Cartier

In 1534, Searching for route to China, made it to Cabot's New Foundland, sailed up the Gulf of St. Lawrence and into Huron Indian villages of Stadacona, modern Quebec and Hochelaga, modern Montreal , then returned to France

Northwest Passage Today

In 2007 - arctic ice cap had melted to lowest level on record, led to renewed interest in NW passage. Russia, Norway, Canada, Denmark (via Greenland) and the US have rushed to obtain rights to the arctic route. A Russian submarine planted the Russian flag under the North Pole, making symbolic claim to the area. In 2009 German ships began the transit from a Siberian port for Rotterdam, ND carrying 35k tons of construction materials - in the first commercial voyage to use the NW Passage.

Mayflower Compact ship carrying pilgrims that landed outside of bounds of VA company, either by mistake or bribe, and "strangers" declared themselves free of any English law or commands

Pilgrim leaders created short statement of self-government signed by all adult men in response.

Pequot War 1636-1637

first major conflict in colonies, between English and Pequot who were essentially wiped out. English were aided by Mohegan and Narrangansett tribes, pequot's enemies

Foundation and Settlement of Jamestown Virginia at this time encompassed entire North America continent from sea to sea

private enterprise entered the picture was better funded that individual discoverers Virginia Company of London - had grant to colonize southern VA Plymouth Co - had grant to colonize northern VA Charters spoke of spreading Christianity, but true aim was gold, silver, copper.

1st European to set foot in USA, also set foot in Puerto Rico and Mexico

Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish explorer who conquered Puerto Rico, found and named Florida, 1513, in his search for the fountain of youth, also found Mexico on the same trip.

Portuguese Settlement

--1567 Rio de Janeiro founded (by Portuguese)

French Influence in New World

slow to build colonial presence, like the Dutch, preferred established trade - mainly fur trading - over settlements, superb explorers, Huguenot colony in Florida wiped out by Spanish, so French moved north, French, Portuguese and English cod fisherman made temporary colonies around NewFound Land

CS was promised

10% of the profits, governorship of new lands and title Admiral of Ocean Sea

Spanish Part III: Arawak & Pizarro

--1523 Spanish base on Jamaica founded. Arawak Indians, first people to live in Jamaica, named it Xaymaca (land of wood and water) --1531 Pizarro, illiterate orphan, Balboa's lieutenant invades Peru, kills thousands of natives, conquers Incan Empire largest, most powerful native empire in S. America - but were already decimated by SMALLPOX brought by Spanish. Pizarro executes Inca ruler Atahualpa. Disputes between Pizarro and Amalgro over Cuzco eventually ended in Pizarro's death in 1541. --1535 Lima (Peru) founded by Pizarro

King Philip's War Metacomet, "King Philip", named such for European dress and customs, was actually Chief of the Wampanoag's Massasoit's - who saved the pilgrims from starvation son, who's tribe once had friendly relations with the Puritans, but were now being threatened with complete subjugation

--Fighting began in summer of 1676 and was FAR BLOODIER THAN MUCH OF THE FIGHTING IN THE REVOLUTION since Metacomet's Indians had guns and armor and he was an agressive leader --But Colonists had superior numbers and help from Mohican gunman and wholesale massacred non-combatants --King Phillip was killed, head displayed on a pole, wife and son sold into slavery in the West Indies.

Golden Age of Piracy spans the 1650s to the 1730s and covers three separate outbursts of piracy:

1) buccaneering period 1650-1680, Anglo-French seamen based on Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific 2) Pirate Round 1690's long-distance voyages from the Americas to rob Muslim and East India Company targets in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea 3) post-Spanish Succession period 1716 to 1726, when Anglo-American sailors and privateers, left unemployed by the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, turned en masse to piracy in the Caribbean, the North American eastern seaboard, the West African coast, and the Indian Ocean

Columbus' Other Voyages

1) to find volunteers he left on Hispaniola, didn't find them, but did kill 13 Taino - one for jesus and one for each of the 12 disciples as punishment for not finding gold, ships spread disease among natives 2) back to Venezuela, but sent back to Spain in shackles for atrocious behavior, pardoned by King and Queen, but stripped of titles

The Quest for the Northwest Passage: A shortcut Across the Top of the World A northwest shipping route would be even shorter than sailing through the Suez Canal and shorter on some routes than the Panama canals. Many explorers, like Cabot and Hudson spent most of their lives trying to find a sea route through the Arctic, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and Europe and Asia. They failed because of the polar icecap.

However, the quest for Northwest Passage has led to many great discoveries, such as: -Cortez's discovery of the Pacific -Lewis and Clark expedition -Cabot and Hudson's discoveries of Northeastern seaboard and New York Bay, etc.

Sea Dogs

Queen Elizabeth saw religious conflict as excuse to build English power at Spain's expense and turned her notorious "SEA DOGS" or gentleman pirates, loose on Spanish treasure ships while also aiding the Dutch fight against Spain. Dutch meanwhile were building the LARGEST MERCHANT MARINE fleet in Europe.

LaSalle's Search for Route to India on the Mississippi La Salle learned of the Ohio country and that a river flowed from there all the way to a great sea; was intrigued at the possibility of such a river because of its value to trade. Most Europeans had no idea about the actual size of North America west of the Appalachians, still thought that they were very near the source of the Asian spices, and La Salle thought that perhaps this route would lead to India.

In his search for the route, he reasserted French claim to all western North America, which English contested from outset,and named it the province of Louisiana. LaSalle was mutinied and killed later when he mistook entrance to Matagorda Bay in Texas for mouth of Mississippi and spent 2 years in vain searching for the mouth of the great river he though would lead to the sea and a new route to India.

Giovanni da Verrazano

Italian, reached Cape Fear in NC in 1524, sailed up and down Atlantic Coast, including New York Bay and Cape Cod Maine for the French English settlers found those areas too cold, and moved southward.

Duke of York

New York's name sake, Charles II asserted rights to North America, giving his brother NY state and Maine, so York took soldiers to New World and took it from Dutch in a bloodless battle Dutch warred with England a lot over trade, but Dutch residents of New Amsterdam refused to defend colony b/c not happy with West India Co's administration York also gained New Sweden which had fallen to the Dutch

Slave Trade

Probably began by Portugal, then Spain soon followed. After that Britain began a direct slave trade between Guinea and the West Indies. By 1600 Dutch and French were "traffick in men" by the first 20 Africans arrival in Jamestown aboard a Dutch slaver, million or more were in Spanish and Portuguese Caribbean and South America.

Challenges for Northwest Passage Shipping Canada slow to build ports and rescue centers, etc. Panama Canal being widened to allow larger ships

Russia has built up infrastructure and developed its own Northern Sea Route, from Barents Sea to Bering Strait. Traffic along their route increased form 34 ships in 2011 to 50 this year. Has even China interested. China also looking at a shorter option in the Transpolar Route which skirts the North Pole.

Columbus' Legacy

Signaled dawn of era of discovery, conquest, colonization and cruelest episodes in human history, even though he didn't set foot on American mainland; Genocide, slavery, war, forced labor, draconian punishments, European diseases

Pocahontas - along with her tribe, helped Jamestown colonists, including John Smith, survive by showing them how to plant corn and yams and introduced them to the ways of the forest John Smith's head was on a stone not for execution but as a welcome, mythbuster.

Smith sought gold and wealth, and turned on the Indians, luring some onto his ship and taking them back to England to be sold as slaves in Spain. Pochantas was kidnapped and held as hostage by the colonists, she married John Rolfe who took her back to England where she was celebrated as a princess and renamed Lady Rebecca.

1st European Settlements in New World: Nearly all Spanish

Spanish PART I: Vespucci, Bermudez, Balboa --1499 Vespucci and Hojeda reach Amazon River --1502 Vespucci's second voyage concludes South America NOT part of India, names it Mundus Novus --1505 Juan Bermudez discovers Bermuda --1513 Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama and sights Pacific Ocean for first time, naming it Mar del Sur (Southern Sea), accused of treason, beheaded in public square and remains thrown to vultures

Swedish Immigration

While Swedes and Finns continued to settle in New Jersey, Delaware and Pennsylvania, they did not begin to arrive in the United States in large numbers until the 19th century. Swedish immigration was highest between 1867 and 1914 due to poor local economic conditions in Sweden and the availability of cheap land in the American west. Most of the new settlers bypassed New Sweden and headed west to Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, California and Washington, which remain the states with the largest numbers of Swedish-Americans today.

Theory of Round Earth

accepted by the time Columbus sailed, same as held by Ancient Greeks, mythbuster 1st globe constructed in Nuremberg, same year Columbus set sail physical proof came when 18 of Magellan's crew completed circumnavigation in 1522

Amerindian Genocide in Colonial North America Colonial period after the "starving time" was not calm, but rather full of genocidal campaigns against the Indians and anti-governor rebellions by colonists.

e.g. 1643, following murder of Dutch farmer, New Amsterdam's governor ordered massacre of the Wappinger, a friendly tribe who sought protection. 80 Indians killed in their sleep, decapitated and heads displayed on poles in Manhattan. e.d. 1637 Puritans declared all-out war on the Pequot, powerful Mohican clan treated as a threat; burned and sacked their villages, slaughtered 600 inhabitants near Mystic River: Men were killed, boys sold to slavers, and the women and girls kept as slaves, Pequot were exterminated.

More examples

e.g. Nat Bacon, member of the up and coming elite in Virginia, raised 500-man militia outside Governor of VA's authority to wage war on peaceful Occaneechee, not distinguishing them from aggressive tribes who attacked villages and farms in the area.

Nat Bacon's Rebellion 1st popular rebellion in N. America

felt Gov Berkely's Indian policies too weak, became local hero, wrote Declaration of the People 100 years before Declaration of Independence criticizing administration for levying unfair taxes, placing favorites in high positions and not protecting western farmers from indians labeled traitor, but then pardoned and some of reforms granted; when those promises reneged on Bacon led troops of planters, servants, and some free and slave blacks to burn Jamestown. Governor fled and Bacon died of dysentery before capture.

Dutch West India Company

formed in 1621 to take over trade between Europe and New World, surpassed Portuguese in slave and sugar trades

Columbus' First Voyage: August 3, 1942 reached San Salvador, near Bahamas, and Cuba, then Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) which he thought was China; Called natives Indio's thinking he was in Indonesia found no gold, beyond arawak earrings,

found only tobacco, not spices, which he took back to Spain and three years later spread through Europe resulting in a huge cash crop for the Americas Built Fort Navidad as Hispaniola from timbers of wrecked Santa Maria, left volunteers there and return to Spain

Providence, Rhode Island: Freedom of Religion

founded by religious zealot Roger Williams kicked out of Boston by Gov Winthrop for preaching radical notions of separation of church and state - right to complete religious freedom, rather than just tolerance that could be denied at gov's will - establishes Providence government based on consent of settlers and complete freedom of religion pays Indians for land; provided refuge in RI for banished Quakers

North Sea

marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, between Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and France. Connects to Norwegian Sea in the north long a site of crucial European shipping lanes and fishing waters, recreation and tourism, and more recently developed into a rich source of energy resources including fossil fuels, wind, and early efforts in wave power.

The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term that has been used to describe the lands of South and South East Asia:

occupying all of the present India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, mostly Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, and Malaysia.

Global Imperialism & Portuguese Colonial Domination Da Gama sailed from Lisbon, down the west coast of Africa and round the Cape of Good Hope, making numerous stops in Africa before reaching trading post of Calicut India

opened the way for an age of global imperialism and for the Portuguese to establish a long-lasting colonial empire in Asia. no longer had to cross highly disputed Mediterranean nor the dangerous Arabian Peninsula, and that the whole voyage would be made by sea.

Bering Strait

separates Cape Dezhnev, Chukchi Peninsula, Russia's easternmost point and a closed military zone on the Asian Continent from Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, which is the USA's western most point, 1k miles across, Amerindians probably crossed at least 30-40k years ago, but definitely by 12k years ago

Nordic Orion with her ice-strengthened hull; first large sea freighter to transit the Arctic Northwest Passage since the global warming opened the route. The ship started her voyage from the Port Metro Vancouver, Canada in 6 September 2013 carrying a cargo of 73,500 tons of coking coal.[4] Nordic Orion completed her voyage through the passage in 27 September stopping at Nuuk, Greenland[2] and reached her destination, the Port of Pori, Finland in 9 October 2013.

shortened the distance between Vancouver and Pori by 1,000 nautical miles compared to traditional route via the Panama Canal. saved 80K in fuel, also able to load 15,000 tons more cargo than sailing through the Panama due to its depth limits. The journey has been described as an opening of a new era on the commercial use of Arctic.

Vasco da Gama Portuguese explorer, first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route, as well as the Atlantic and the Indian oceans entirely,

sum of the distances covered in the outward and return voyages made expedition the longest ocean voyage ever until then, far longer than a full voyage around the world by way of the Equator.

America Named After Amerigo Vespucci

travels were more famous than Columbus', new land, still believed to be Asia, labeled in his honor in Ptolemy, Renaissance source on ancient astronomy/navigation, he voyaged mostly through S. America, esp. Brazil.

Natural disasters 2005 most active hurricane season in history - don't I know it! Had to evacuate Miami 3 times. 1. Storm of the Century: Katrina floods New Orleans, killed nearly 2000 people, at least 700 in New Orleans; With $26 billion in damage, it became the costliest storm in history at that time. The storm was known for many controversies including the sluggish federal response, which may have impacted President George H.W. Bush's image on domestic issues, as well as poor housing construction which may have led to such high levels of destruction. 2. Great Flood of 1993 affected the Midwestern United States in the spring and summer of that year, devastating large portions of the Mississippi and Missouri River Valleys and their tributaries. Many small towns were devastated and agricultural losses were significant. 10,000 homes were destroyed and 15 million acres (61,000 km2) of agricultural lands were inundated. 50 people perished in the floods and $15 billion in damage was done. 3. In the early morning hours of January 17, 1994, the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles was hit by a 6.7 magnitude earthquake, known as the "Northridge earthquake". The quake killed more than 70 people and injured 9,000. Most of the fatalities were attributed to collapsed buildings, parking structures, or freeways. Striking an urban area, it was very destructive, causing $20 billion in damage. 4. In July 1995, the city of Chicago was hit by a heat wave that had severe repercussions. During a five-day spell from July 12 to 16, the high temperature hovered from the mid 90s to the mid 100s. The heat index pushed 120 degrees on many days. The heat wave resulted in the deaths of over 700 people, many of whom were black, elderly, or poor. The event brought increased attention to these segments of the population and the importance of reaching out to them during heat waves, as well as the concept of the urban heat island effect, in which urban environments exacerbate heat and humidity levels. Additionally, power failures and lack of adequate warning and general preparedness aggravated the situation and may have contributed to such high fatalities. 5. In January 1996, the Blizzard of 1996 affected the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States, dumping up to 36 inches (91 cm) of snow on many areas, crippling major American cities like Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York City, and Boston. The storm killed 150 people and caused $3 billion in damages. 6. On May 3, 1999, a violent tornado outbreak struck the Southern Great Plains, predominantly Oklahoma. The most destructive tornado was an F5 tornado that struck Oklahoma City and the suburb of Moore. The tornado is one of the most prominent examples of a tornado striking a major urban area and became the first tornado to incur over $1 billion in damages. In all, the outbreak resulted in 50 deaths and over 600 injuries. 7. In 2004, four hurricanes--Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne—struck the state of Florida in a one-month timespan, resulting in over 100 U.S. deaths and nearly $50 billion in damage combined. Out of the four hurricanes, Ivan was the deadliest in the U.S., while Charley was the most destructive.

8. On Super Tuesday in February 2008, in the midst of heated primary elections in multiple states, a destructive tornado outbreak hit the Mid-South region, spawning dangerous nighttime twisters across the region. A total of 87 tornadoes were reported. Over 60 people were killed across Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Alabama and hundreds were injured. Losses exceeded $1 billion. The outbreak was the deadliest outbreak in the U.S. in 23 years, and brought renewed attention to the dangers of nighttime tornadoes, winter tornadoes, and the vulnerability of populations in the Southern United States. 9. In September 2008, after two straight years of not being affected by a serious hurricane, Hurricane Gustav caused $18 billion in damage in Louisiana, and a few weeks later, the Galveston, Texas and Houston, Texas areas were devastated by Hurricane Ike with over $31 billion in damage, making Ike the third most destructive hurricane ever to hit the United States behind Hurricanes Andrew and Katrina. Over 100 people were killed. The hurricanes also caused gas prices to spike to around $4 per gallon. 10. In the spring of 2011, several major tornado outbreaks affected the Central and Southern United States. 43 people were killed in a tornado outbreak from April 14-16.[123][124] Approximately 350+ people were killed in a tornado outbreak from April 25-28, the deadliest U.S. tornado outbreak in 75 years (since the 1936 Tupelo-Gainesville tornado outbreak).[125][126][127][128] States particularly hit hard by the outbreaks included Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, and most especially, Alabama, which sustained over 250 fatalities alone. The latter outbreak produced $10 billion in damage, making it the costliest tornado outbreak in history.[129] On May 22, an EF5 tornado devastated Joplin, Missouri, killing 154, injuring over 1,000 people, and causing $1-3 billion in damage, making it the deadliest single U.S. tornado in 64 years and the costliest single tornado of all time.[130][131] 11. In August 2011, Hurricane Irene was the first hurricane to make landfall since Ike in 2008, striking the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, making landfalls in North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York. The storm killed at least 45 people and caused $10 billion in damage. The storm was particularly notable for its extensive flooding in the Northeast, and a couple days later, Tropical Storm Lee made landfall in Louisiana, its remnants tracking to the Northeast for even more devastating floods. 12. In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the East Coast of the United States, making landfall near Atlantic City, New Jersey. The storm knocked out power to millions of people and caused flooding in parts of New York City along with devastation to the Jersey Shore and portions of Long Island and Staten Island. The storm has been blamed for 121 fatalities and is estimated to have caused at least $50 billion in damage. 13, In May 2013, at least 24 people were killed, 377 people were injured, and $1.5 to $3 billion in damage was caused when an EF5 tornado struck the Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, which was hit by a deadly and destructive F5 tornado only 14 years prior.

Immigration From 1865 through 1918 unprecedented 27.5 million immigrants arrive: mostly through New York City's Ellis Island

89% Europe, including 2.9 million from Britain, 2.2 million from Ireland, 2.1 million from Scandinavia, 3.8 million from Germany, 4.1 million from Italy, 7.8 million from Russia and other parts of eastern and central Europe. 1.7 million from Canada.

More Challenges for Northwest Passage Arctic routes may never be more than of limited use and can't compete with the volume of year round passages through Panama, Suez or Strait of Malacca near Singapore which see 60k ships per year. Container ships make several stops during a transit and won't use arctic routes.

Assuming Arctic yields mineral wealth hoped for - 30% of the world's untapped reserves of oil and gas, say some - destinational traffic, which involves ships servicing mining or oil and gas operations in the Arctic, could increase. But Shale gas revolution, the costs of arctic extraction and global trade shifts from south to south have dampened enthusiasm over the North West Passage for some.

Empire of Japan a parliamentary constitutional monarchy, empire and world power from the Meiji Restoration 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan;

At the height of its power in 1942, the Empire of Japan ruled over a land area spanning 2,857,000 sqmi, making it one of the largest maritime empires in history.

Colonial Uprisings: All was not always well in the Colonies

Bacon's was the first of 20 minor uprising against Colonial govs: Paxton rebellion (PA), Leisler's (NY) and the Regulator Rebellion (SC) --all were revolts against the haves and the have nots - those who controlled land and its prosperity in colonial America and those who didn't.

End of Open-Range Cattle Industry and Great Trails Ranchers staked out homesteads often centered in a cottonwood grove, with ample water nearby; they grazed their cattle over thousands of acres of public domain.

Barbed wire, a web of railroads throughout the Great Plains, and enforcement of federal land laws all put an end to the open-range cattle industry and the great trails. Cattlemen realized industry was overexpanded, Great Plains overgrazed, and the price of beef declining.

Eagle Squadron

British RAF squadrons made up of American volunteers and British personnel, before US entered WWII. 3 American volunteer squadrons turned into US 4th Fighter Group, claimed to have shot down 73 German planes.

Public Response CUSTER'S LAST STAND caused massive debate in the East. War hawks demanded an immediate increase in federal military spending and swift judgment for the noncompliant Sioux.

But HELEN HUNT JACKSON, published A CENTURY OF DISHONOR in 1881; blistering assault on United States Indian policy chronicled injustices toward Native Americans over the past hundred years. American masses, however, were unsympathetic or indifferent. A systematic plan to end all native resistance was approved, and the Indians of the West would not see another victory like the Little Big Horn.

"The Birth of a Nation"

D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (1915), the first great American film, made heroes of the KKK in Reconstruction.

Operation Overlord

DDay at Normandy

Truman 1945-53 high ratings when he took office plummeted for most of the rest of his terms; confounded all predictions to win election in 1948, helped by his famous Whistle Stop Tour which reinvigorated the New Deal Coalition; His victory validated his domestic liberalism, his foreign policy of containment, and the new federal commitment to civil rights; corruption in Truman's administration linked to cabinet-level appointees and senior White House staff a central issue in the 1952 presidential campaign.

Domestic: disorderly postwar reconversion of the economy marked by severe shortages in meat, appliances, autos, etc. plus long strikes in major industries turned Americans against Truman; Gave Republicans a chance and they used it to curb unions passing Taft-Hartly Act over Truman's veto He used executive orders to end racial discrimination in the armed forces and created loyalty checks that dismissed thousands of communist fellow travelers from office. Foreign Affairs: defeat of Nazi Germany and his decision to use nuclear weapons against Japan, the founding of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan of 1948 to rebuild Europe, the Truman Doctrine of 1947 to contain communism, the beginning of the Cold War, the Berlin Airlift of 1948, and in 1949 the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military alliance.

Lust for Gold and Spices European Appetite whetted by Polo's exotic stories of spices, gold, and experiences in Cathay, or China and East Asia

Drove Columbus and subsequent discoverers and conquistadors to the new world - - especially when land routes created by returning crusaders between Europe and Orient were blocked by Turkish Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453

Molly Pitcher Born Mary Ludwig near Trenton, New Jersey.

During the American Revolutionary War's Battle of Monmouth, she carried pitchers of water to soldiers, thereby earning her nickname. After her husband collapsed during the battle, she took over the operation of his cannon; Honored in 1822 for her bravery

New England Confederation

Early loose union to settle border disputes among puritans in CT, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony, William's Providence and Rhode Island excluded

Berlin

East Germany was the weak point in the Soviet empire, with refugees leaving for the West by the thousands every week; Soviets decided to build the Berlin Wall in 1961 to stop East Germans from fleeing communism; major propaganda setback for the USSR, but it did allow them to control East Berlin.

16th Amendment

authorized a federal income tax, sponsored by Taft