US History benchmark review

Average Monthly Number of U.S. Soldiers in Afghanistan, 2002-2008 Source: Congressional Research Service Which option contributed to the trend shown on this graph?

A. A military response to a terrorist attack

This diagram shows working conditions during the Second Industrial Revolution. Factories begin to produce more goods during the Second Industrial Revolution. | | V Workers include young women and children. Workers work long hours. Workers earn low wages. During the early twentieth century, which action was taken to address the issues shown in this diagram?

A. Labor reformers secured better working conditions through legislation.

This excerpt describes some court cases about education. While Brown v. Board of Education is a widely known landmark Supreme Court case, few can trace its origins to the case of nine-year-old Sylvia Mendez in Mendez v. Westminster. Sylvia's case, which was decided in the federal courts in California, preceded Brown by about eight years. Thurgood Marshall represented Sylvia Mendez and Linda Brown. Marshall used some of the same arguments from Mendez to win Brown v. Board of Education. —"Background - Mendez v. Westminster Re-Enactment," U.S. Courts, www.uscourts.gov (accessed November 28, 2018) Why are the court cases described in this excerpt important to education in the United States?

A. The cases reduced racial segregation in schools.

This photograph shows a 1934 painting by an artist with the Public Works of Art Project during the Great Depression. "Golden Gate Bridge" What is the MOST LIKELY reason the Public Works of Art Project commissioned this painting?

A. To promote optimism for U.S. economic progress during the Great Depression

This bar graph shows historical trends in the U.S. work force. Percent of Men and Women in the U.S. Labor Force, 1950-2010 1950: Men 86%/Women 33% 1970: Men 80%/Women 43% 1990: Men 76%/Women 57% 2010: Men 72% / Women 60% The trend illustrated in this graph led to a demand to pass laws —

A. guaranteeing gender equality in the workplace

The demographic structure of the United States changed in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of —

A. immigrants from southern and eastern Europe seeking industrial jobs

This list presents the work of a civil rights advocate. Selected Accomplishments of Dolores Huerta • Secured disability insurance for California farmworkers • Directed a national grape boycott to protest the dangers of pesticides for farmworkers •__?__ Which accomplishment correctly completes this list?

B Negotiated to secure better working conditions for farmworkers

President Woodrow Wilson's Reasons for Entering World War I • Assert American rights to "freedom of the seas" • Stop German plans to aid Mexico • __?__ Which additional reason BEST completes this list?

B. Assist the Allied powers against German aggression

Which statement describes one reason the year 2008 was significant?

B. Barack Obama was the first African American to be elected president.

This diagram shows events associated with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. 1. U.S. destroyers stationed in Vietnam report they were fired upon by North Vietnamese forces. 2. President Lyndon B. Johnson requests to increase U.S. military presence in Indochina. 3. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. How did the events in this cause-and-effect diagram affect the relationship between the executive and legislative branches of government?

B. By giving the president the power to fight a war without getting a formal declaration from Congress

How did the Battle of Midway alter the course of the war in the Pacific?

B. By halting the progress of Japanese expansion

Which of the following was a direct result of the civil rights movement?

B. Increased political participation by minority groups

Read the list and answer the question that follows • Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund • American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee • National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium Which action is a goal of all these groups?

B. Protecting civil liberties

This is a time line of events in U.S. history. 1943 -Secretary of NAACP in Montgomery, Alabama 1955 -Arrested for violating bus segregation laws 1956 -Arrested for violating anti-boycott laws 1963 -Participated in March on Washington, D.C. 1964-Part of Freedom Summer voter registration drive What does this time line imply about Rosa Parks's activism during the Civil Rights era?

B. Rosa Parks continued her activism after the Montgomery bus boycott.

Read the list and answer the question that follows. • Passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act • Ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment • Passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act In which historical time period were these laws enacted?

B. The Progressive Era

What was one effect of this type of advertising during World War II?

B. The number of women in nontraditional roles increased.

What is the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission?

B. To maintain fair markets and increase investor confidence in financial institutions

There was never the least attention paid to what was cut up for sausage; there would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was mouldy and white—it would be dosed with borax and glycerine, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. —Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 What was the immediate response to the practices mentioned in this excerpt?

C. Congress passed legislation to protect consumer health and safety

What is one qualification that must be fulfilled for a person to become a U.S. citizen?

C. Demonstrating an understanding of the principles of American government

What was one effect of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) on the United States?

C. Increased access to foreign markets for U.S. businesses

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. Under the act, approximately 2,300,000 attended colleges and universities, 3,500,000 received school training, and 3,400,000 received on-the-job training. The number of degrees awarded by U.S. colleges and universities more than doubled between 1940 and 1950. —The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration www.ourdocuments.gov (accessed September 21, 2017) Which government action directly contributed to these changes?

C. Passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color. —Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act, August 6, 1965 Which voting practice requirement was specifically targeted by this act?

C. Passing literacy tests

Study the diagram and answer the question that follows. Industry in the late 1800s expanded-->Job opportunities became available-->? Which trend of the late 1800s correctly replaces the question mark in this cause-and-effect diagram?

C. People moved from rural to urban areas.

This poster was designed by Emory Douglas, the Black Panther Party's Minister of Culture in the 1960s and 1970s. "In Revolution one wins, or one dies." Based on this image, how did the Black Panther Party differ from Martin Luther King Jr. and his followers?

C. The Black Panther Party advocated militant action to achieve its goals.

This photograph shows an event that took place in 1997. President Bill Clinton Awarding the Medal of Honor to Vernon Baker, January 1997 What was the significance of the event depicted in the photograph?

C. The U.S. government honored an African American veteran for bravery during World War II.

What was one goal of Ku Klux Klan marches held before elections in the early 1900s?

C. To prevent racial minorities from participating in the political process

Read the information in the table and answer the question that follows. Teapot Dome: In 1922, President Warren Harding's Interior Secretary Albert Fall was caught taking bribes from private oil companies related to oil leases. In 1929, Fall was sentenced to prison. Watergate : On June 17, 1972, five men broke into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel. It was later discovered that President Richard Nixon had participated in covering up the White House connections to the break-in. Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974. Which statement explains one effect of these two events?

C.They reduced public confidence in the federal government.

How did the Great Depression affect American society?

D. Businesses were forced to close, causing widespread unemployment

How did the National Organization for Women (NOW) affect the feminist movement during the 1970s?

D. By supporting the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

Read the list and answer the question that follows. _____?____ • Japan invades Korea and China. • Germany invades Poland. • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. Which title correctly replaces the question mark?

D. Events That Led to U.S. Involvement in World War II

Which nationalities correctly replace the three question marks on this notice?

D. German, Italian, Japanese

These photographs show protests at different times in U.S. history. Women Picket Outside of the White House, 1917 African Americans Picket Outside of the White House, 1965 What was one result of the activism shown in these photographs?

D. It brought national attention to problems associated with voting.

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. In fact, U.S. religious pluralism has its origins in America's colonial past, when members of persecuted religious minorities migrated from Europe to the New World so they could freely practice their faiths. And newcomers still arrive from every corner of the globe, bringing their unique faith traditions to towns and cities across the United States. —Lauren Monsen, "The American Religious Landscape," March 26‚ 2015 How has this religious pluralism influenced the national identity of the United States?

D. Many Americans are tolerant of various religious beliefs.

This list provides a partial summary of a presidential plan. Ideas from President Wilson's Fourteen Points, 1918 1. Open and public peace treaties 2. Freedom of the seas outside territorial waters 3. Removal of trade barriers among all nations 4. Arms reductions 5. An association of nations Which statement describes the purpose of this plan?

D. To create conditions that prevent future global conflicts

Read the list and answer the question that follows . • Nineteenth Amendment • Twenty-Fourth Amendment • Twenty-Sixth Amendment What was one reason why these amendments were added to the Constitution?

D. To expand the rights of individuals to participate in the government

This photograph shows a device that was introduced in the 1970s. Person Using a Bar Code Scanner How has the use of the device shown in this photograph affected business in the United States?

F. By improving the efficiency of making purchases

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. . . . There was considerable resistance to the Supreme Court's ruling. . . . —"Brown v. Board of Education (1954)," National Archives and Records Administration, www.ourdocuments.gov (accessed February 28, 2018) How did President Dwight D. Eisenhower respond to "considerable resistance" in Arkansas?

F. By sending soldiers to Arkansas to enforce desegregation

Which factor has MOST contributed to the improvement of cell phone technology?

F. Competition between cell phone companies to gain new customers

Which concern directly contributed to U.S. involvement in the Korean War during the 1950s?

F. Containing the spread of communism

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. Navstar GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system developed and operated by the US Department of Defense (DOD). . . . It consists of a constellation of orbiting satellites, a ground control system and thousands of GPS information receiver units in aircraft, ships, [and] land vehicles. . . . —"U.S. Military GPS," www.army-technology.com (accessed May 7, 2018) Which military need contributed to development of the technology described in this excerpt?

F. Faster, more accurate responses during combat

This excerpt describes a work process established by Henry Ford. One man fits the parts together, so that the bolt holes come right. The next man fits the bolt holes into place. The next has a pan of nuts before him and all day he scoops them up and with his fingers starts them on the thread of the bolts. The next man has a wrench and he gives the final twist that makes them tight. —John A. Fitch, 1914 Which results did Ford hope to achieve by implementing the process described in this excerpt?

F. Increased productivity and efficiency

This poster was published by the Social Security Board in 1935. How did the new program described in the poster affect the role of the federal government?

F. It provided the federal government with a role in administering a retirement fund for workers

What is a PRIMARY reason why Hurricane Katrina caused major destruction to New Orleans in 2005?

F. Levees surrounding the city collapsed under pressure from floodwaters.

This image shows an advertisement from 1920. Advertisement for the Potomac Electric Power Company The image supports which statement about U.S. society during the early 1900s?

F. New technologies made daily life easier for consumers.

Which cause united many college students, civil rights activists, and labor union members during the 1960s?

F. Opposing U.S. participation in the Vietnam War

Why did the Spanish-American War move the United States into the position of a world power?

F. The United States acquired Spanish territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific.

This list describes selected features of the Homestead Act of 1862. • Adult citizens were granted 160 acres of public land. • People claiming the land were required to improve the land by building a home and farming the land. • After 5 years on the land, the person claiming the land paid a registration fee and officially owned the land. What was one effect of the act described in this list?

F. The population of settlers in the American West increased.

Buying Victory Garden Seeds in New Jersey, c. 1943 This photograph shows an example of —

F. U.S. citizens contributing to the war effort

Read the list and answer the question that follows. Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 • Allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to search for "tangible things" without probable cause • Allows search warrants to be issued for any U.S. citizen believed to be involved in terrorist activities This act has caused conflict between —

F. individual rights and the authority of the government to maintain national security

NATO was created in response to concerns about —

F. the Soviet Union and Communism

What was one result of immigration to the northeastern United States during the early twentieth century?

G. Cities became more densely populated.

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. When Jacob Riis published How the Other Half Lives in 1890, the U.S. Census Bureau ranked New York as the most densely populated city in the United States. . . . Disease, sanitation, garbage and hygiene issues were constant concerns in crowded impoverished . . . districts, where vital statistics were alarming. Jacob Riis wrote frequently to urge measures to protect public health and to alert wealthy residents of the city to slum conditions that put everyone at risk. —"Jacob Riis: Revealing 'How the Other Half Lives' Writer," Library of Congress, www.loc.gov (accessed October 17, 2017) Which issue was discussed in the writings of Jacob Riis?

G. Harsh conditions of tenement housing in U.S. cities

Which action by the federal government was one cause of the Great Depression?

G. Refusing to regulate the stock market

Osage Indian School Football Team Which trend of the late 1800s and early 1900s is BEST reflected in this photograph?

G. The emphasis on cultural assimilation

Study the illustration and answer the question that follows. "The First Vote" Which event led to the action shown in this illustration?

G. The ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. "We have seen something here that overpowers the death of anyone back home. We have seen what can be called the living dead. Moving up into a new position we came across a prison camp. . . . We went out to see what a concentration camp looked like. . . . As we entered the camp the first thing we saw was the burned down buildings, but a little farther on we got the shock of our lives. " —Aaron A. Eiferman, member of the U.S. 12th Armored Division, letter to his wife, April 27, 1945 Which action did the Allied powers take in response to what was described in this letter?

H. Charged Nazi officials with war crimes in the Nuremberg trials

This excerpt describes a country and western star in the 1930s. [Gene Autry] got a bit part in [In Old Santa Fe], a Western in 1934, and unbelievably the ideas that came from this Western . . . pretty much started the template of the musical Western. Audiences just loved them—they had the music, they had the comedy and, of course, the action and those great fancy cowboy outfits, too. —"Gene Autry, America's 'Public Cowboy No. 1'," National Public Radio, www.npr.org (accessed November 20, 2018) What was one effect of this new style of "musical Western" on the United States in the 1930s?

H. Country music transitioned from a regional genre to a national sensation.

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. "China is so large, looms so high just beyond the frontiers, that if South Viet-Nam went, it would not only give them an improved geographic position for a guerrilla assault on Malaya, but would also give the impression that the wave of the future in southeast Asia was China and the Communists." —President John F. Kennedy, televised interview, September 9, 1963 Which idea reflected in these remarks formed the basis for U.S. involvement in Vietnam?

H. Domino theory

Read the list and answer the question that follows. Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality Goal 2: Safeguarding America's Waters Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution Which government entity is responsible for achieving these goals?

H. Environmental Protection Agency

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. The whole of our governmental machinery was devised for the purpose that . . . we give incentive and equality of opportunity to every individual to rise to that highest achievement of which he is capable. . . . The spread of government destroys initiative and thus destroys character. . . . There is an entirely different avenue by which we may both resist this drift to centralized government and at the same time meet a multitude of problems. That is to strengthen in the Nation a sense and an organization of self-help . . . . —President Herbert Hoover, radio address, February 12, 1931 How did this response to the Great Depression differ from the ideas of Franklin D. Roosevelt?

H. Hoover wanted to limit the role of the federal government in managing the crisis.

This newspaper headline describes an event that occurred in 1894. [Pullman Strike] What was one effect of the event described in this headline?

H. Increased federal government involvement in labor union activities

This table shows the number of civilians employed by the U.S. government each year from 1915 to 1918. Number of Civilians Employed by the Federal Government, 1915-1918 Year: 1915 1916 1917 1918 Total: 395,429 399,881 438,500 854,500 Source: U.S. Census Bureau Based on this table, how did World War I affect the U.S. economy?

H. It increased the economic opportunities available for U.S. citizens.

Read the excerpt and answer the question that follows. "We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs . . . are . . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment." —Chief Justice Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education, May 17, 1954 Which previous Supreme Court decision had protected the practice described in this excerpt?

H. Plessy v. Ferguson

2016 Series of B-Boy Break Dancing Competition Locations • The United Kingdom • Italy • Belgium • Germany • South Korea • Slovakia • The Netherlands This information provides the strongest evidence of which trend?

H. The expansion of U.S. popular culture

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. . . . —Declaration of Independence, 1776 Which phrase from this excerpt is MOST directly related to the Nineteenth Amendment?

J. "deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed"

What is one example of how space exploration and technology have improved the quality of life?

J. By developing satellites to send communication signals

How did Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 1963 "I Have a Dream" speech affect U.S. politics?

J. By increasing pressure on political leaders to pass federal civil rights legislation

This is an excerpt from a presidential speech. "The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice. . . . The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. . . . It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods." —President Lyndon B. Johnson, speech at University of Michigan, May 22, 1964 According to the excerpt, which goal was the focus of the Great Society

J. To fight social inequality

This excerpt is about the U.S. policy in Lebanon. From 1981 onward, the Reagan administration feared that conflict between Lebanese factions backed by Syria and Israel, along with clashes between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), could escalate into an Arab-Israeli war. Yet American policymakers differed over how to prevent such a conflict, especially over whether to commit troops for that purpose. Following Israel's 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the advocates of military intervention won out. But by 1984, terrorist attacks, a lack of diplomatic progress, and congressional opposition led President Ronald Reagan to withdraw U.S. forces from Lebanon. —"The Reagan Administration and Lebanon, 1981-1984," U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov (accessed April 17, 2020) Based on the excerpt, why were U.S. forces initially sent to Lebanon?

J. To help maintain peace between warring groups