US HISTORY CH. 3

Mass school law/old Satan law

Required every town and 50 families to hire a teacher and talents of 100 families to have a grammar school

Town meetings

Resident participated in town meetings to choose selectmen to govern the community.only adult males, who were members of the church could participate in the meetings.

Puritan covenant

Residents were bound by Puritan covenant in a common religious and social commitment

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

A sermon preached by Jonathan Edwards

Voltaire (1694-1778)

A French philosopher, advocated for religious toleration and freedom of thought and expression.

Jonathan Edwards

A devout Puritan and revivalist, best remembered for his sinners in the hands of an angry God sermon, a fire and brimstone preacher

George Whitefield

A revival preacher that toward the colonies at attracted large crowds in Philadelphia, whitefield attracted crowds of as many as 30,000

Southern economy

Chesapeake, tobacco. Caribbean, sugar. South Carolina, rice and indigo.

Colonial merchant class

Cities of the north. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Enjoy protection from foreign competition in the colonies, due to the navigation acts. Growth of a legal converse to generate profits i.e. smuggling

Miscegenation

Close contact between whites and blacks resulted in sexual contact between the two races. Female slaves were often subjected to sexual abuse

African slaves labor

Landowners, especially in the Chesapeake area, began to rely upon African slave labor to meet the needs in the regions agricultural economy. Reliance upon labor from the native population was not dependable, and the indenture system did not provide a stable supply of servants.

Edmund Morgan, "American Slavery, American Freedom"(1975)

Morgan argues that slavery was less about racism and more about the availability of a stable labor force

Decline of religious piety

Settlers moved west word and became more scattered, there was less contact with formal, organized religion. Marshall prosperity lead to secularism, less reliance on religion. Ideas of the enlightenment question traditional religious beliefs.

Slave life and culture in the south

Slaves attempted to construct nuclear families and build stable household, although any member could be sold at any time. Extended kinship networks known as fictive kinship's. Religion was an important part in slaves lives, Christianity was blended with traditional African folklore.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

swiss born philosopher, argued for political and legal equality for all people in the end of the special privilege for aristocrats and elites in society

The Stono rebellion

1739 in South Carolina, somewhat were killed but uprising was crushed and participants executed

Salem trials

19 residents were convicted and executed before the crisis ended in 1692

Jacobus Arminius

A Dutch theologist that created the doctrine originating in the 16th century-Arminianism

Massachusetts School law of 1647

Also known as the "old Satan deluded law"

The enlightenment

And intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th century that begin in Europe, it is for size the importance of using is it an scientific inquiry to discoverer truth.

John Locke (1632-1704)

An English philosopher advocated the power of popular sovereignty, political authority did not come from the divine right of kings or inherited aristocracies. This ideology would be part of the argument for the American Revolution.

Jeremiads

Barristers preach sermons of despair, known as jeremiads, deploying the signs of waning piety.

colonial government

Because the royal government was so far away, Americans created a group of institutions of their own they gave them, in reality, if not in theory, a large measure of self government. Communities grew custom to running their own affairs with minimal interference from higher authorities

Triangular trade

Between Europe/Africa, the Caribbean islands, and the colonies. Slaves to Caribbean, sugar to colonies, rum to Europe/Africa.

Wealthy planters

Dominated the southern agrarian economy

Education for African-Americans

Education for African-Americans was virtually nonexistent. In some areas, there were social and legal prohibitions that discourage the education of slaves

Education for Native Americans

Education for Native Americans were basically outside the formal system. Some missionaries and philanthropist establish schools from Native Americans

Female education

Education for girls was essentially home-based. Such as learning how to be a housewife, cooking, sewing, etc.

William and Mary college

Established in Virginia to train ministers, name for the English king and queen

John and Charles wesley

Evangelist from England that toured Georgia and other colonies in the 1730s and were the founders of methodism

Harvard College

First college in American colonies, established by the Massachusetts general court to train Puritan ministers

Development of the plantation system

First plantations emerged in Virginia and Maryland. Mid 1700s. 3/4 of all slaves lived on plantations of at least 10 slaves, nearly half of all slaves lived in communities of 50 or more slaves.

Liberal arts

If this is on the classical languages, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Studies in logic, ethics, physics, geometry, astronomy, and rhetoric.

Characteristics of families in new England

In new England, more immigrants arrived in family units that in the south. What the declining death rate in new England, the family structure was more stable than in the Chesapeake. Sex ratio was more even most men could expect to Mary. More children survived infancy. The family average raised 6 to 8 children to maturity. Women were expected to be submissive, devoted herself to her husband and her household

Witchcraft phenomenon

In the late 1600s a witchcraft hysteria swept through areas of new England. Believe in witchcraft was a common feature of Puritan religions. The most prominent of the outbreaks occurred in Salem Massachusetts. Strange behavior of some adolescent girls fueled. Hundreds of people, mostly women were accused of being witches.

Characteristics of English immigrants to America

Included some from the upper class, younger sons of the Genchary who were not likely to inherit land in England, English middle class who came to make a profit, religious dissenters, laborers who couldn't pay passage-indentured servants

Headright system

Individuals or settlers who received grants of land, usually 50 acres for each person recruited, to recruit new settlers and workers in the colonies

Eliza Lucas

Involved in growing indigo as a cash crop in South Carolina

General court of Massachusetts

Legislature of Massachusetts

Increased longevity

Life spans were longer in new England then in the Chesapeake. New England had a cooler climate would less disease less polluted water in the absence of larger cities which were prone to spawn epidemics

Colonial education and literacy

Literate families taught their children to read and write at home. There were some church schools.

David Littlefield, "Rice and slaves"(1981)

Littlefield argues that, throughout the era of the slave trade, South Carolina merchants and planters showed a sophisticated knowledge of African regions and ethnic groups. He is surge the African labor and expertise help generate the wealth of the opulent Carolina Lowcountry

Effects of slave trade in Africa

Loss of manpower, coastal kingdom stronger, interior areas depopulated and loss of power, loss of native labor supply, 19th century European conquest more easily accomplished

indentured servants

Men and women whose passage to America was paid and bound themselves to masters for a fixed term of servitude usually 4 to 5 years, in return for their passage to the New World

Demography of the slave trade

Of the 10 to 12,000,000 Africans that came to the New World 1/2 of them went to the Caribbean sugar plantations. 1/3 went to Portuguese Brazil. 1/5 went to the British colonies of North America. Man outnumbered women 2 to 1. Majority were age 15 to 30.

Midwives

People relied upon midwives for both assistance in childbirth and in dispensing herbs and natural remedies

Puritan society in new England

Puritans had settled Massachusetts Bay colony. Society in new England was centered around the town. Villages were laid out with houses in and the meetinghouse arranged around a central pasture.

Beginning's of slavery in North America

Portuguese were among the earliest of Europeans to become involved with the slave trade. Did the Dutch, in 1619, brought the first Africans to Virginia as slaves.

Arminianism

Pose that God gave people freedom to choose salvation by developing faith through studies and good works. This question the ideas of predestination and presented the image of God as a loving, benevolent God. This influence the theology at Harvard or most ministers were trained.

Child birth complications

Resulted in a higher death rate among women than men. Lack of understanding of infection and sterilization lead to infections, during childbirth and surgery.

Baptist and methodists

Spread, thanks to the great awakening, particularly in the south.

Primogeniture

The English system of passing inherited led to the first born son did not develop in the colonies. By the time it lands were subdivided in the third or fourth generations, there was not a sufficient amount of lead to support the family, this first residents to move farther west in search of available land

Religion in the colonies

The church of England, the Anglican church, was known as the congregational church in America. Established church became the official charge of Virginia, Maryland, New York, the Carolinas, and Georgia

The great awakening

The first major American revival, began in the 1730's and reached climax in the 1740s

Colleges in colonial America

The general purpose of colleges where to train clergymen/ministers. Of the six colleges in operation by 1763 all but two were founded by religious groups primarily for this reason.

Deism

The idea that emerge from the enlightenment, desists believed that human beings could use reason to understand the universe. They believed in a kind of, benevolent God created the universe and essentially left alone they did not believe in miracles.

Middle passage

The middle passage refers to the trans Atlantic trip from Africa to America

Benjamin Franklin(1706-1790)

The most renowned scientist in America. Experimented with lighting at electricity invented the lightning rod. Helped establish the University of Pennsylvania. Urged American independence from Great Britain. Ambassador to France.

Characteristics of families in the Chesapeake

There was a higher ratio of men to women in the Chesapeake then in new England. Few women remained and married very long. Women averaged eight children, essentially bearing a child about every two years. Because a female mortality there were a lot of remarriages. Indentured servant's were not permitted to marry until the time of their indenture had ended. Standards of sexual behavior were more lax in the south, 1/3 of the Chesapeake marriages occurred with the bride already pregnant

Stratified southern society

Wealthy planters and large landowners, small farmers, poor whites, and slaves

mortality rates

Were higher in the Chesapeake

Effects of slavery on Africa

West Africa depopulated of childbearing age. The loss of its population of this age group affected Africa's economic development.

Slave codes

Where colonial laws limiting the rights of blacks. Color determine whether one was subject to slave codes. Southerners were concerned about slave rebellion, but rebellions were rare

Dame schools

Widows or unmarried women held classes in their own homes

Characteristics of the accused witches

Women in society of low social position, often widows with you or no children. Women who had acquired property and challenge the norms of society.

Peter wood, "black majority"(1974)

Wood argues that the permanent bondage system was due to a growing demand for labor and fears among whites that without slavery, a black labor force would be difficult to control