US History Chapter 12 Test

Describe the labor system that replaced slavery following the Civil War.

The most difficult task confronting many Southerners during Reconstruction was devising a new system of labor to replace the shattered world of slavery. The economic lives of planters, former slaves, and nonslaveholding whites, were transformed after the Civil War.

Explain how the Republican Party gained power in the South.

Since Southern Democrats were kept out of power, they could gain control. Also, since African Americans were allowed to vote, they voted for Republicans

Compromise of 1877

The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal that settled the intensely disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. It resulted in the United States federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and formally ended the Reconstruction Era.

Enforcement Act of 1870

The Enforcement Act of 1870, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1870 or First Ku Klux Klan Act, or Force Act was a United States federal law written to empower the President with the legal authority to enforce the first section of the Fifteenth Amendment throughout the United States.

Describe the Reconstruction Act of 1867.

The First Reconstruction Act, also known as the Military Reconstruction Act, passed into law on March 2, 1867 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. The act applied to all the ex-Confederate states in the South, except Tennessee who had already ratified the Fourteenth Amendment.

Radical Republicans

The Radical Republicans were a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.

What was the Southern Homestead Act?

The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 is a United States federal law enacted to break a cycle of debt during the Reconstruction following the American Civil War. Prior to this act, blacks and whites alike were having trouble buying land.

Explain how Reconstruction came to an end.

With the compromise, the Republicans had quietly given up their fight for racial equality and blacks' rights in the south. In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the south, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed, thereby ending Reconstruction.

carpetbagger

a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.

tenant farming

a system of farming where farmers paid to rent land

sharecropping

a system of farming where the farmer kept part of the crop in return for labor and housing

scalawag

a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit.

New farming arrangements led to a) a focus on cash crops b) the rise of cities in the South c) rural prosperity in the South d) more black ownership of land

a) a focus on cash crops

Many poor white southern laborers could no longer find work because of a) competition from freedmen b) the Captured and Abandoned Property Act c) new government work regulations d) their illiteracy

a) competition from freedmen

The Compromise of 1877 helped Democrats regain a) control of southern politics b) control of Radical Reconstruction c) industries lost in the Civil War d) African American support

a) control of southern politics

Most of the South's postwar industrial growth came from a) cotton mills b) the manufacture of finished products c) canal building d) shipbuilding

a) cotton mills

Newly freed African Americans urged the federal government to a) redistribute southern land b) give them jobs on the railroad c) open colleges in the South d) restrict travel throughout the South

a) redistribute southern land

Much of the money for improving infrastructure in the South came from a) taxes on individuals b) the sale of plantations c) wealthy carpetbaggers d) the contributions of merchants

a) taxes on individuals

In 1870, thanks to the Fifteenth Amendment, southern black men a) voted for the first time b) took charge of the Senate c) received free government land d) produced their own Reconstruction plan

a) voted for the first time

During the era of Reconstruction, women fought unsuccessfully for a) voting rights b) the right to travel freely in the South c) the election of Rutherford B. Hayes d) business regulation

a) voting rights

Freedmen's Bureau

an agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, jobs, fair treatment, and education.

pocket veto

an indirect veto of a legislative bill by the president or a governor by retaining the bill unsigned until it is too late for it to be dealt with during the legislative session.

pardon

an official forgiveness for a crime

The Fourteenth Amendment was part of a series of laws that a) changed the way a President could hire government officials b) ensured the civil rights of African Americans c) restored the balance of power between the President and Congress d) shifted the balance of power in favor of the Supreme Court

b) ensured the civil rights of African Americans

Voters grew tired of Reconstruction in part because a) President Grant opposed it b) it symbolized corruption and greed c) it eliminated racism d) it decreased access to education

b) it symbolized corruption and greed

Tenant farming encouraged the rise of a new class of wealthy a) black farmers b) merchants c) railroad builders d) industrialists

b) merchants

Congress reacted to Klan terror by passing a) Radical Reconstruction b) the Enforcement Act of 1870 c) the Compromise of 1877 d) the Thirteenth Amendment

b) the Enforcement Act of 1870

In his Presidential Reconstruction plan, Andrew Johnson a) matched Lincoln's plan exactly b) was more generous than Lincoln c) allowed some slavery to continue d) put the South under strict military control

b) was more generous than Lincoln

The most visible new black organizations in the South were a) military clubs b) colleges c) churches d) political parties

c) churches

The Civil War left the South a) economically healthy b) in full control of its government c) in ruins d) largely unchanged from before the war

c) in ruins

The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 tried to help southerners by offering a) advice on pest control b) free farm supplies c) low-cost land d) jobs building new railroads

c) low-cost land

Southern states adopted the northern system of a) cash-crop agriculture b) government-funded, urban social reform c) mandatory, tax-supported education d) problem-solving political commissions

c) mandatory, tax-supported education

Among the failures of Reconstruction was the inability to a) save the Democratic party b) withdraw federal troops from the South c) move black southerners out of poverty d) stimulate economic growth in the South

c) move black southerners out of poverty

Carpterbaggers were northern Republicans who a) voted with the Democrats b) had once supported secession c) moved to the postwar South d) hired freedmen to work on plantations

c) moved to the postwar South

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 a) closed the South to Democrats b) closed the South to scalawags c) put the South under military rule d) gave voting rights to all Southerners

c) put the South under military rule

Reconstruction succeeded in rebuilding many of the South's a) plantations b) forts c) railroads d) banks

c) railroads

In his proposal for postwar Reconstruction, Lincoln a) aimed to punish the South b) gave African Americans the vote c) set a tone of forgiveness d) tried to please Radical Republicans

c) set a tone of forgiveness

impeach

charge a government official with wrongdoing in office

The main goal of the Ku Klux Klan's terror was to a) pass the Fifteenth Amendment b) secure the election of Samuel Tilden c) end women's suffrage d) drive the Republicans out of the South

d) drive the Republicans out of the South

Under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, white southerners began to enact laws that a) weakened ties with the Union b) created jobs for African Americans c) redistributed land d) gave whites power over African Americans

d) gave whites power over African Americans

When Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act, he was a) forced to resign b) dropped from the Republican party c) convicted by the Senate d) impeached by the House

d) impeached by the House

Johnson freely gave a) money to wealthy planters b) white-owned land to African Americans c) weapons to the Confederate army d) pardons to southern officials

d) pardons to southern officials

One example of the wise use of Reconstruction funds was investing in a) sharecropping b) business schemes run by scalawags c) cotton plantations d) public education

d) public education

Reconstruction succeeded in its goals of restoring the Union and helping to a) regulate the railroads b) destroy the Freedmen's Bureau c) eliminate the Ku Klux Klan d) repair the war-torn South

d) repair the war-torn South

To help black southerners adjust to freedom, Congress created a) the Thirteenth Amendment b) the Captured and Abandoned Property Act c) the Ten Percent Plan d) the Freedmen's Bureau

d) the Freedmen's Bureau

Fifteenth Amendment

guaranteed African Americans the right to vote

Fourteenth Amendment

guaranteed that all people born or naturalized in the United States were citizens and that no state could restrict their rights

black codes

laws that restricted the rights of freedmen in the South

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War, when they fixed the South. 1865-1877. Also a series of programs that helped fix the South.

solid South

the politically united southern states of the US, traditionally regarded as giving unanimous electoral support to the Democratic Party.

infrastructure

the public property and services that a society uses

civil rights

the rights of citizens to political and social freedom and equality.