U.S. History Chapters 25, 26, 27, & 28 Terms and Review Questions

The Arkansas governor who tried to prevent the integration of Little Rock High School was ________. Charles Hamilton Houston Kenneth Clark OrvalFaubus Clark Clifford

OrvalFaubus

The Dust Bowl was caused by __________. Over farming and drought. Surplus reduction The Okie Migration Overpopulation

Over farming and drought.

Zoot Suits

Oversized suits of clothing in fashion in the 1940s, particularly among young male African Americans and Mexican Americans. In June 1943, a group of white sailors and soldiers in Los Angeles, seeking revenge for an earlier skirmish with Mexican American youths, attacked anyone they found wearing a zoot suit in what became known as the zoot suit riots.

Why might President Truman have made the decision to drop the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki?

Truman wanted to end the war quickly and save lives by avoiding an invasion of the Japanese home islands. However, he might have achieved this by waiting for a definitive response from Japan following the bombing of Hiroshima. Truman may also have wanted to demonstrate America's power to the Soviet Union and hoped that the unleashing of his nuclear arsenal would send a strong message to Stalin.

The first bloodshed of the Cold War happened in the ____________. Korean War Vietnam War Bay of Pigs Uprising Potsdam Conference

Korean War

Quickly constructed and relatively inexpensive, ___________ were housing editions in the 1950s that helped fuel economic growth. Cattle Towns Levittowns Hoovervilles Skyskrapers

Levittowns

American troops first saw action during World War II in ____________. The invasion at Normandy. Italy. Japan. North Africa.

North Africa.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929, when a mass panic caused a crash in the stock market and stockholders divested over sixteen million shares, causing the overall value of the stock market to drop precipitously Black Tuesday refers to a precipitous drop in the value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) on Oct 29, 1929. The date marked the beginning of the Great Depression, which lasted until the beginning of World War II.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune? She was a prominent supporter of the Townsend Plan. She was a key figure in the NYA. She was Eleanor Roosevelt's personal secretary. She was a labor organizer.

She was a key figure in the NYA.

Herbert Hoover believed that the government Should regulate the economy. Should influence the economy very little. Should nationalize the economy. Should completely control the economy.

Should influence the economy very little.

__________ is a practice where investors purchased high-risk stock or assets hoping to make quick money. Grafting Gambling Squatting Speculation

Speculation

The name of the first manmade satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, was ________. Triton Cosmolskaya Pravda Sputnik

Sputnik

Share Our Wealth

Under this plan, Long recommended the liquidation of all large personal fortunes in order to fund direct payments to less fortunate Americans. He foresaw giving $5,000 to every family, $2,500 to every worker, as well as a series of elderly pensions and education funds. In 1934 Long organized his own, alternative political organization, the Share-Our-Wealth Society, through which he advocated a populist program for redistributing wealth through sharply graduated income and inheritance taxes. Share-our-wealth society is simply to mean that God's creatures on this lovely American continent have a right to share in the wealth they have created in this country. They have the right to a living, with the conveniences and some of the luxuries of this life, so long as there are too many or enough for all.

The CCC is which type of relief program? Work relief Direct relief Farm relief Bank reform

Work relief

Tennessee Valley Authority

a federal agency tasked with the job of planning and developing the area through flood control, reforestation, and hydroelectric power projects

The first Levittown was built ________. in Bucks County, Pennsylvania in Nassau County, New York near Newark, New Jersey near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

in Nassau County, New York

Which of the following is a cause of the stock market crash of 1929? too many people invested in the market investors made risky investments with borrowed money the federal government invested heavily in business stock World War I created optimal conditions for an eventual crash

investors made risky investments with borrowed money

Pink Collar

jobs traditionally filled by women service occupations, little pay or prestige (waitress, secretary, teacher, etc.) The term "pink-collar ghetto" means that many women are stuck in certain jobs, mostly low-paying jobs, and usually because of their sex. "Ghetto" is used figuratively to evoke an area where people are marginalized, often for economic and social reasons.

Which of the following hardships did African Americans not typically face during the Great Depression? lower farm wages in the South the belief that white workers needed jobs more than their black counterparts white workers taking historically "black" jobs, such as maids and janitors widespread race riots in large urban centers

widespread race riots in large urban centers

The Social Security Act did all of the following except? Provide unemployment insurance A pension plan Disability insurance National health care

National health care

The disc jockey who popularized rock and roll was ________. Bill Haley Elvis Presley Alan Freed Ed Sullivan

Alan Freed

What purpose did the Allied strategy of island hopping serve?

Allied forces intentionally avoided Japanese-held island strongholds that did not serve them strategically, instead securing locations that allowed them to interfere with Japanese communications and transportation routes. In this way, the Allies made their way towards Japan with limited military engagement. The goal was to get close enough to the Japanese home islands to achieve air superiority, paving the way for Allied assaults by air or water.

Double V Campaign*

-A campaign by African Americans to win victory over the enemy overseas and victory over racism at home. -The "Double V Campaign," as it was called, stood for two victories for black Americans: a victory at home and a victory abroad. This campaign was orchestrated by the Pittsburgh Courier, a weekly black newspaper that helped influence public opinion among black Americans. -African American leaders such as James Farmer and Walter White, the executive secretary of the NAACP since 1931, were asked by General Eisenhower to investigate complaints of the mistreatment of African American servicemen while on active duty. They prepared a fourteen-point memorandum on how to improve conditions for African Americans in the service, sowing some of the seeds of the postwar civil rights movement during the war years.

Baby Boom*

-A marked increase in the U.S. birthdate during 1946-1964 -Baby boomers emerged after the end of World War II, when birth rates across the world spiked. The explosion of new infants became known as the baby boom. During the boom, almost 77 million babies were born in the United States alone, comprising nearly 40% of the American population. -It represents nearly 20% of the American public. As the largest generational group in U.S. history (until the millennial generation slightly surpassed them), baby boomers have had—and continue to have—a significant impact on the economy. As a result, they are often the focus of marketing campaigns and business plans.

Marshall Plan*

-A program giving billions of dollars of U.S. aid to European countries to prevent them from turning to Communism -The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II. It was enacted in 1948 and provided more than $15 billion to help finance rebuilding efforts on the continent. -It helped to restore the economy of western Europe. ... European economic recovery meant that the sale of U.S. goods to European countries would increase.

GI Bill*

-A program that gave substantial benefits to those who served in World War II -Officially the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, the G.I. Bill was created to help veterans of World War II. It established hospitals, made low-interest mortgages available, and granted stipends covering tuition and expenses for veterans attending college or trade schools. Also provided unemployment benefits when the soldiers came home from war.

Rosie the Riveter

-A propaganda character designed to increase the production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. -"Rosie the Riveter" became a generic term for all women working in the defense industry. Although the Rosie depicted on posters was white, many of the real Rosies were African American.

Iron Curtain

-A term coined by Winston Churchill to refer to portions of Eastern Europe that the Soviet Union had incorporated into it sphere of influence and that no longer were free to manage their own affairs

Cash and Carry

-Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them on their own ships.

Brown v. Board of Education*

-Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark 1954 Supreme Court case in which the justices ruled unanimously that racial segregation of children in public schools was unconstitutional. -Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that "separate-but-equal" education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all. -The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education marked a turning point in the history of race relations in the United States. On May 17, 1954, the Court stripped away constitutional sanctions for segregation by race, and made equal opportunity in education the law of the land.

D-Day*

-June 6, 1944, the date of the invasion of Normandy, France, by British, Canadian, and American forces, which opened the second front in Europe. -On 6 June 1944 - 'D-Day' - Allied forces launched the largest amphibious invasion in the history of warfare. Codenamed Operation 'Overlord', the Allied landings on the beaches of Normandy marked the start of a long and costly campaign to liberate north-west Europe from Nazi occupation. -The D-Day invasion is significant in history for the role it played in World War II. It marked the turn of the tide for the control maintained by Nazi Germany; less than a year after the invasion, the Allies formally accepted Nazi Germany's surrender. During World War II (1939-1945), the Battle of Normandy, which lasted from June 1944 to August 1944, resulted in the Allied liberation of Western Europe from Nazi Germany's control. Codenamed Operation Overlord, the battle began on June 6, 1944, also known as D-Day, when some 156,000 American, British and Canadian forces landed on five beaches along a 50-mile stretch of the heavily fortified coast of France's Normandy region. The invasion was one of the largest amphibious military assaults in history and required extensive planning. Prior to D-Day, the Allies conducted a large-scale deception campaign designed to mislead the Germans about the intended invasion target. By late August 1944, all of northern France had been liberated, and by the following spring, the Allies had defeated the Germans. The Normandy landings have been called the beginning of the end of the war in Europe.

Fair Deal

-President Harry Truman's program of economic and social reform

Lend-Lease Act*

-Stated that the U.S. government could lend or lease (rather than sell) war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States." -Under this policy, the United States was able to supply military aid to its foreign allies during World War II while still remaining officially neutral in the conflict. -Most importantly, the passage of the Lend-Lease Act enabled a struggling Great Britain to continue fighting against Germany virtually on its own until the United States entered World War II late in 1941. In March 1941, concerns over Britain's ability to defend itself also influenced Congress to authorize a policy of Lend Lease, a practice by which the United States could sell, lease, or transfer armaments to any nation deemed important to the defense of the United States. Lend Lease effectively ended the policy of nonintervention and dissolved America's pretense of being a neutral nation. The program ran from 1941 to 1945 and distributed some $45 billion worth of weaponry and supplies to Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and other allies.

Levittown

-Suburban housing developments consisting of acres of mass-produced homes

Containment

-The U.S. policy that sought to limit the expansion of Communism abroad

Sputnik

-The first man-made orbital satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in October 1957

Military-Industrial Complex

-The matrix of relationships between officials in the Defense Department and executives in the defense industry who all benefited from increases in defense spending

Little Rock Nine

-The nickname for the nine African-American high school students who first integrated Little Rock's Central High School

Executive Order 9066

-The order given by President Roosevelt to relocate and detain people of Japanese ancestry, including those who were American. -On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066, initiating a controversial World War II policy with lasting consequences for Japanese Americans. The document ordered the removal of resident enemy aliens from parts of the West vaguely identified as military areas. -More than 100,000 (127,000 to be exact) Japanese Americans were ordered to leave their homes and move to internment camps.

Appeasement

-The policy of giving in to threats and aggression in the hopes that the aggressor will be satisfied and make no other demands.

Desegregation

-The removal of laws and policies requiring the separation of different racial or ethnic groups

Manhattan Project*

-Thousands of Women joined to work as chemists and engineers, developing weapons for the war. -Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. The Manhattan Project was started in response to fears that German scientists had been working on a weapon using nuclear technology since the 1930s—and that Adolf Hitler was prepared to use it. -The significance of the Manhattan Project was that it put an end to WWII by using weapons of mass destruction and forced Japan to surrender.

Benjamin Spock*

-United States pediatrician whose many books on child care influenced the upbringing of children around the world (1903-1998) -Benjamin, The physician and author of Baby and Child Care (1946), the most influential book on the subject of child-rearing in the 1950s. Spock and his book are significant as representatives of the postwar era's renewed emphasis on family life, the role of the woman as wife and mother, the relative isolation and newness of the suburbs (so that mothers turned to experts rather than to their mothers), and the importance placed on success and happiness as shown by the attention lavished on children and the greater parental leniency in accordance with Spock's admonition that children's psychological development was crucial to their happiness and success. Many believe this attitude towards children has resulted in children being more self-centered when reaching adulthood.

Truman Doctrine*

-offered support to Greece and Turkey in the form of financial assistance, weaponry, and troops to help train their militaries and bolster their governments against Communism. Eventually, the program was expanded to include any state trying to withstand a Communist takeover. - Doctrine enunciated by U.S. President Harry S Truman in a speech to Congress on March 12, 1947, proclaiming a U.S. commitment to aid non-communist countries to resist expansion by the Soviet Union. Truman, announcing this plan to contain communism, declared that American policy was "to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes." He asked Congress for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey from Soviet aggression. Congress approved the request in May 1947, signalling a departure from the former policy of non-involvement in European affairs. -In America, it whipped up the 'Red Scare' of the 1950s and In Russia, it convinced the Soviets that America was indeed attacking Soviet Communism. -The Truman Doctrine included the policy of containment, as Clark Clifford said in 1972: 'we were concerned about preventing Soviet control of larger areas of the world than they already controlled'.

The Beatniks*

-small group of writers and artists, in the 1950s and early 1960s, who were critical of American society -Beat Generation or "Beats" -A group of writers who rebelled against the conformity and materialism of the 1950s and began a movement which in the 1960s became known as the counterculture. "Beat" was a shorthand term for "beatitude" and the idea that the poor and disadvantaged are saintly. Being "beat" was not about politics but art and spirituality, and they tended to be attracted to Eastern religions such as Buddhism and ideas such as the holy outcast. Some of the leading "beats" were the novelist William S. Burroughs, poet Allen Ginsberg, novelist Jack Kerouac, and novelist Ken Kesey (who later was a hippie). -The impact that the Beat Generation had on America was no way insignificant. It was because of the Beat Generation that people began to question the society they lived in and stepped out of it. The Beat Generation also set precedent for many important things such as the hippies and anti-war movement.

About ___ percent of the population owned stock in 1929. 10 25 50 80

10

The Social Security Act borrowed some ideas from which of the following? A) the Townsend Plan B) the Division of Negro Affairs C) the Education Trust D) the NIRA

A) the Townsend Plan

Which of the following groups or bodies did not offer direct relief to needy people? A) the federal government B) local police and schoolteachers C) churches and synagogues D) wealthy individuals

A) the federal government

Most historians agree that World War II was responsible for ending the Great Depression. In this essay, focus onhow the homefront was impacted by the war. How were the lives of Americans changed? How did they stay the same? How did the war impact race relations in the US?

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, American strategists began to plan counter attacks and campaigns against the Axis powers, and California became the training ground. Thousands of Americans flooded the West Coast to take jobs in defense plants and shipyards. California population skyrocketed, and African-Americans moved out of the rural South into northern or West Coast cities to build the war machines. The African-American population within the demographics changed with the growing urbanization. Just like in World War I, the government sold bonds to finance the war, instituted a current tax withholding system to ensure the collection of taxes, and encouraged Americans to plant victory gardens by marketing campaigns and celebrities to promote the idea. The government also rationed food to make sure the soldiers were well fed. The homefront changed Americans' everyday lives by rationing booklets and books of coupons that enabled them to buy meat, coffee, butter, sugar, and many other foods. Children collected scrap metal, paper, silk, nylon, rags, and sacrificed beloved metal toys to "win the war." Civilian volunteers were trained to recognize enemy aircraft, and they watched the skies along the coast and on the borders. Women took over the men's jobs in male-dominated environments. Women also served in the war effort by working as nurses, drove trucks, repaired airplanes, and performed clerical work to free up men for combat. Women also worked under the Manhattan Projects as chemists, engineers, and developing weapons for the war. The government created a propaganda campaign known as Rosie the Riveter, so it would show that women can do men's jobs and not look masculine. Also, due to the mother's having to work, there were not enough daycare centers to go around so some of the older children had to take the parent's role after they got out of school. American's lives stayed the same regarding how they would come together to destress and pass the time by going to theatres to watch their favorite stars act in war movies directed by Frank Capra. The war impacted minority races because they were treated as a minority even though they wanted to show their patriotism. African-Americans who joined the service got harassed and assaulted by their white counterparts. Mexican-Americans were assaulted because they wore zoot suits. Zoot suits were thought to be un-American and unpatriotic, and in the summer of 1943, the zoot suit riots broke out in Los Angeles when carloads of white sailors stripped and beat a group of men wearing the suits. Last but not very least, Japanese-Americans were sent to internment camps. The government feared that they would sabotage and commit espionage and aid Japan in the war against the United States.

_________________ was the Supreme Court decision that began the mass desegregation of public schools. Plessy v. Ferguson Dred Scott v. Samford Roe v. Wade Brown v. Board

Brown v. Board

Which assessment of Herbert Hoover's presidency is most accurate? Hoover's policies caused the stock market crash and subsequent depression. Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it. Hoover pledged a great deal of direct federal aid to unemployed Americans, overtaxing the federal budget and worsening the financial crisis. Hoover disapproved of American capitalism and therefore attempted to forestall any concrete solutions to the Depression.

Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it.

What did the popular movies of the Depression reveal about American values at that time? How did these values contrast with the values Americans held before the Depression?

American films in the 1930s served to both the fears and frustrations of many Americans suffering through the Depression and reinforce the idea that town and friends working together would help to address the hardships. Previous movies had themes of greed, competition, and capitalist-driven market decisions, which no longer held interest to the American viewers.

Florida Land Boom

An extreme example of real estate speculation during the 1920s where numerous underwater lots were sold to eager purchasers for preposterous sums. The scheme collapsed when the peninsula was devastated by a hurricane In the 1920's Florida was the focus of one of the greatest economic and social phenomenon in American history as hundreds of thousands of Americans of all types of financial strata poured into the Sunshine State and forever changed the global image of Florida. There were similar movements in the south of France during the 1920's, but the Florida story was so vast and complete that it changed the entire scope of the state. After the 1920's Florida would never again be viewed as an farming state. Two important elements played roles in the Florida Land Boom. For the first time Americans had the time and money to travel to Florida to invest in real estate. For the educated and skilled working American, the 1920's meant paid vacations, pensions, and fringe benefits unheard of during the Victorian Era. The United States also had the automobile: that indispensable family transportation that allowed you to travel to Florida. This "welfare capitalism" of time and money contributed to the arrival in Florida of a new kind of tourist - middle class families.

What challenges did Hollywood face in the 1950s?

Antitrust lawsuits deprived studios of their theaters, and the careers of many actors, directors, and screenwriters were destroyed by Senator McCarthy's blacklist of suspected Communists. Meanwhile, the new technology of television drew audiences away from the movies by providing convenient at-home entertainment.

The European policy of ______________ allowed Hitler to take over territory in Central Europe in hopes of avoiding war. Appetite for destruction Appeasement Fascism Avoidance

Appeasement

The Cold War is the defining event that drove American foreign policy from 1945 until 1989. In this essay, focus on the origins of the Cold War (from 1945 to 1960). Write an essay that describes the deterioration of US-Soviet relations at the end of World War II (you may need to reread the last section of chapter 27). Be sure to provide specific examples that show the growing tension. Was this conflict inevitable or could it have been avoided?

As World War II was ending, the United States and the Soviet Union's alliance had begun to fall apart due to the incompatible visions they both had for Europe's future. Since the United States, Churchill, and Stalin failed to meet meaningful agreements on final war plans at the Potsdam Conference, it soon led to the onset of the Cold War. The United States and the Soviet Union's relations started to deteriorate. Joseph Stalin wanted to keep control of Eastern Europe and establish Communist, pro-Soviet governments there, expand Soviet influence, and protect the Soviet Union from future invasions. Stalin also wanted to bring the Communist revolution to Asia and other developing nations in the world. Kennan wrote in the Long Telegram that the Soviet leaders believed that the only way to protect the Soviet Union was to destroy "rival" nations and influence weaker nations and that the Soviet Union was not much of a revolutionary regime as a totalitarian bureaucracy that was unable to accept the prospect of peaceful coexistence of the United States and itself. However, the United States' vision for the world was to expand the influences of democratic governments throughout the world. The United States fought against the influence of the Soviet Union by forming alliances with Asian, African, and Latin American nations. Also, The United States helped these countries establish and expand prosperous free-market economies. The United States was against Communism and was no longer strong enough to police the globe, so they had to make a permanent change to its foreign policy and became more active in foreign affairs engagement. Plus, when Harry Truman became president, he was troubled by the Soviet Unions' actions in Europe because he disliked the concessions made by Roosevelt at Yalta, which had allowed the Soviet Union to install a Communist government in Poland. Finally, Truman opposed Stalin's plans to demand massive reparations from Germany because he feared the burden it would impose on Germany. Truman felt that it might lead to other German rearmament and aggression cycles, which was a fear based on the nation's development after World War I. The conflict was inevitable because of the types of governments each one supported. There is hardly ever a time when Communism and a democratic government will ever agree on policies. For example, the United States believes in free market and trade, and a communist government believes in a socialistic economy. These two different beliefs do not mix, and they never will. Not to mention that Stalin and the United States remained convinced that its own political systems were superior to the others, which is what led them into the conflict in the first place.

Which assessment of Herbert Hoover's presidency is most accurate? A) Hoover's policies caused the stock market crash and subsequent depression. B) Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it. C) Hoover pledged a great deal of direct federal aid to unemployed Americans, overtaxing the federal budget and worsening the financial crisis. D) Hoover disapproved of American capitalism and therefore attempted to forestall any concrete solutions to the Depression.

B) Although he did not cause the stock market crash, Hoover deserves criticism for his inadequate response to it.

Which of the following statements accurately describes Mary McLeod Bethune? A) She was a prominent supporter of the Townsend Plan. B) She was a key figure in the NYA. C) She was Eleanor Roosevelt's personal secretary. D) She was a labor organizer.

B) She was a key figure in the NYA.

Which of the following was not a policy undertaken by the NIRA? A) agreement among industries to set prices B) agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms C) agreement among industries to set production levels D) recognition of the right of workers to form unions

B) agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms

Which of the following was not a key factor in the conditions that led to the Dust Bowl? A) previous overcultivation of farmland B) decreasing American demand for farm produce C) unfavorable weather conditions D) poor farming techniques regarding proper irrigation and acreage rotation

B) decreasing American demand for farm produce

Which of the following is a cause of the stock market crash of 1929? A) too many people invested in the market B) investors made risky investments with borrowed money C) the federal government invested heavily in business stock D) World War I created optimal conditions for an eventual crash

B) investors made risky investments with borrowed money

What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? A) the NRA B) the WPA C) the AAA D) the TVA

B) the WPA

In the years after World War II, the US experienced a large population explosion. Though it can be attributed to several things, the most significant was the __________ that occurred between 1946 and 1964. Baby boom Increased life expectancy Great Migration Cold War

Baby boom

The ___________ was a protest of 15,000 World War I veterans who sought to access their bonus payments several years early. Bonus Army New Dealers Veterans of Foreign Wars Tea Party

Bonus Army

The practice of purchasing stock by making a small down payment and borrowing the rest from the broker was known as __________. Lay-away Credit Buying on margins Price fixing

Buying on margins

Which of the following best describes Roosevelt's attempts to push his political agenda in the last months of Hoover's presidency? A) Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of direct relief. B) Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to convince him to institute certain policy shifts before his presidency ended. C) Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans. D) Roosevelt met secretly with members of Congress to attempt to win their favor.

C) Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans.

Which of the following groups would not be considered "the deserving poor" by social welfare groups and humanitarians in the 1930s? A) vagrant children B) unemployed workers C) stock speculators D) single mothers

C) stock speculators

Which of the following protests was directly related to federal policies, and thus had the greatest impact in creating a negative public perception of the Hoover presidency? A) the Farm Holiday Association B) the Ford Motor Company labor strikes C) the Bonus Expeditionary Force D) the widespread appearance of "Hooverville" shantytowns

C) the Bonus Expeditionary Force

Congress changed the policy of Neutrality in 1939 to help Great Britain and France. Now, the US would allow belligerent nations to buy weapons if they paid cash and transported the weapons themselves. This policy was known as __________. Lend-Lease Neutrality Act II Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty Cash and Carry

Cash and Carry

Reconstruction Finance Corporation*

Congress set up $2 billion. It made loans to major economic institutions such as banks, insurance companies and railroads. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was established during the Hoover administration with the primary objective of providing liquidity to and restoring confidence in the banking system. The banking system experienced extensive pressure during the economic contraction of 1929-1933. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), a former U.S. government agency, created in 1932 by the administration of Herbert Hoover. Its purpose was to facilitate economic activity by lending money in the depression.

Which of the following policies did Roosevelt not include among his early ideas for a New Deal? A) public works B) government regulation of the economy C) elimination of the gold standard D) aid to farmers

D) aid to farmers

What type of help did the CWA provide? A) direct relief B) farm refinancing C) bank reform D) employment opportunities

D) employment opportunities

Which of the following phrases best characterizes Herbert Hoover's foreign policy agenda? A) interventionist, in terms of unwanted interference in other nations' affairs B) militaristic, in terms of strengthening American armed forces C) isolationist, in terms of preventing America's interaction with other nations D) mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

D) mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

Which of the following hardships did African Americans not typically face during the Great Depression? A) lower farm wages in the South B) the belief that white workers needed jobs more than their black counterparts C) white workers taking historically "black" jobs, such as maids and janitors D) widespread race riots in large urban centers

D) widespread race riots in large urban centers

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Despite its largely noninterventionist foreign policy, the United States did nevertheless take steps to try to lessen the chances of war and cut its defense spending at the same time. President Warren G. Harding's administration participated in the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922, which reduced the size of the navies of the nine signatory nations. In addition, the Four Power Treaty, signed by the United States, Great Britain, France, and Japan in 1921, committed the signatories to eschewing any territorial expansion in Asia. In 1928, the United States and fourteen other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, declaring war an international crime. Despite hopes that such agreements would lead to a more peaceful world—far more nations signed on to the agreement in later years—they failed because none of them committed any of the nations to take action in the event of treaty violations. -Also called the Pact of Paris, this 1928 agreement was the brainchild of U.S. Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French Premier Aristide Briand. Its signatories, eventually including nearly all nations, pledged to shun war as an instrument of policy. It had little effect on the conduct of world affairs.

The National Recovery Administration sought to Provide farmers with relief. Establish better working conditions while ensuring corporate profits. Regulate banks. Provide work relief.

Establish better working conditions while ensuring corporate profits.

Truman referred to his program of economic and social reform as the ________. New Deal Square Deal Fair Deal Straight Deal

Fair Deal

Executive Order 9066 gave the government the ability to Sell weapons to the British and French at values significantly lower than actual cost. Jail anyone who spoke out against the war effort. Seize extra food that Americans were hoarding. Forcibly relocate Japanese-Americans.

Forcibly relocate Japanese-Americans.

Which of the following was not a critic or enemy of FDR? The Supreme Court Huey Long Francis Perkins Charles Coughlin

Francis Perkins

Fireside Chats*

From March 1933 to June 1944, Roosevelt addressed the American people in some 30 speeches broadcast via radio, speaking on a variety of topics from banking to unemployment to fighting fascism in Europe. Millions of people found comfort and renewed confidence in these speeches, which became known as the "fireside chats." On radio, he was able to quell rumors and explain his policies. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency.

. The United States Senator who led the noninterventionists in Congress and called for neutrality legislation in the 1930s was ________. Gerald P. Nye Robert Wagner George C. Marshall Neville Chamberlain

Gerald P. Nye

The Zoot Suit riots erupted in Southern California as a result of racial tension between whites and ______________. Hispanics Germans Native-Americans Canadians

Hispanics

What attempts did Hoover make to offer federal relief? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programs?

Hoover formed the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932, which only provided little help. the RFC set aside $2 billion to rescue banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. He also endorsed the Emergency Relief and Construction Act, which provided $1.5 billions too states to fund local public works projects.

What were Hoover's plans when he first entered office, and how were these reflective of the years that preceded the Great Depression?

Hoover planned to establish an agenda that would promote continued gain of material items and end poverty. Americans could work within the government, without the government say in everyday lives. "return to normalcy" after the war.

___________ proposed the "Share Our Wealth" plan as an alternate to the New Deal. Charles Coughlin Francis Townshend Eleanor Roosevelt Huey Long

Huey Long

What was the significance of Shelley v. Kraemer?

In 1948, in Shelley v. Kraemer, the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts could not enforce real estate covenants that restricted the purchase or sale of property based on race. In 1950, the NAACP brought a case before the U.S. Supreme Court that they hoped would help to undermine the concept of "separate but equal" as espoused in the 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson, which gave legal sanction to segregated school systems.

Fascism

In such an unstable environment, Benito Mussolini capitalized on the frustrations of the Italian people who felt betrayed by the Versailles Treaty. In 1919, Mussolini created the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Squadron). The organization's main tenets of Fascism called for a heightened focus on national unity, militarism, social Darwinism, and loyalty to the state. Mussolini wanted a state organized to be what he called totalitario (totalitarian), which he insisted would mean "all within the state, none outside the state, none against the state. With the support of major Italian industrialists and the king, who saw Fascism as a bulwark against growing Socialist and Communist movements, Mussolini became prime minister in 1922. Between 1925 and 1927, Mussolini transformed the nation into a single party state and removed all restraints on his power. -A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

The ________________ changed government policy toward Native Americans by protecting their culture and ending assimilation. Dawes Act Indian New Deal American Indian Movement Civilian Conservation Corps

Indian New Deal

Indian New Deal*

Indian Reorganization Act (sometimes referred to as the "Indian New Deal"). This law formally abandoned the assimilationist policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Rather than forcing Indians to adapt to American culture, the new program encouraged them to develop forms of local self-government, as well as to preserve their artifacts and heritage. It was the centerpiece of what has been often called the "Indian New Deal". The major goal was to reverse the traditional goal of cultural assimilation of Native Americans into American society and to strengthen, encourage and perpetuate the tribes and their historic Native American cultures in the United States.

Which of the following islands had to be captured in order to provide a staging area for U.S. bombing raids against Japan? Sakhalin Iwo Jima Molokai Reunion

Iwo Jima

What were American women's contributions to the war effort?

Many American women joined the armed forces, where they served as nurses, repaired and piloted airplanes, drove trucks, and performed clerical duties. Women in civilian life assumed occupations, often in the defense industries, that would have gone to men in times of peace. Women who did not take on wartime employment also contributed by recycling scarce materials, buying war bonds, planning meals using rationed foods, and generally making do with less.

The Truman administration tried to help Europe recover from the devastation of World War II with the ________. Economic Development Bank Atlantic Free Trade Zone Byrnes Budget Marshall Plan

Marshall Plan

Under the __________, the US spent billions of dollars in financial aid to make European economies more resistant to communism. COMECON NATO Marshall Plan Dawes Plan

Marshall Plan

According to Hoover, ____________ should provide relief to the deserving poor. The federal government Private charities Nobody The Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Private charities

In 1932, an election year, Hoover agreed to support the ________ which would loan money to banks, credit unions, and insurance companies. Emergency Banking Act Federal Reserve Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bank of America

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

The AAA tried to help farmers by _____________. Buying their farms. Paying sharecroppers. Reducing surplus. Giving each sharecropper 40 acres and a mule.

Reducing surplus.

As a result of the Great Depression, the automobile industry Saw a decrease in the number of luxury car sales. Completely collapsed. Was bailed out by the federal government. Remained resistant to the financial issues.

Saw a decrease in the number of luxury car sales.

The main purpose of the fireside chats was to Ensure that all Americans got warm. Accuse Republicans of sabotaging the New Deal. Encourage support for the AAA. Restore consumer confidence.

Restore consumer confidence.

Which of the following was not one of FDR's 3 Rs? Relief Rithmatic Reform Recovery

Rithmatic

Eleanor Roosevelt's maiden name was __________. Carter Delano Smith Roosevelt

Roosevelt

Which of the following best describes Roosevelt's attempts to push his political agenda in the last months of Hoover's presidency? Roosevelt spoke publicly on the issue of direct relief. Roosevelt met privately with Hoover to convince him to institute certain policy shifts before his presidency ended. Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans. Roosevelt met secretly with members of Congress to attempt to win their favor.

Roosevelt awaited his inauguration before introducing any plans.

What did Roosevelt mean to achieve with his demand for Germany and Japan's unconditional surrender?

Roosevelt believed that his demand for an unconditional surrender from Germany and Japan would serve several purposes: It would provide reassurance to the Soviet Union of the nation's loyalty, prepare the Axis nations for a complete postwar transformation, and prevent any other nations from engaging in negotiations that would undermine the Big Three's plans for the defeated belligerents.

Describe Franklin Roosevelt's efforts on behalf of German Jews in the 1930s. How was he able to help, and in what ways did his actions come up short?

Roosevelt recalled the American ambassador from Germany. However, he made no move to relax national immigration quotas, which would have allowed persecuted German Jews to take refuge in the United States. He failed to support legislation that would have enabled Jewish children to enter the country. He also refused to intervene when a ship carrying German refugees, most of whom were Jewish, was turned away from Cuba and looked to the United States for help.

What was the purpose of Roosevelt's "Brains Trust?"

Roosevelt recruited his "Brains Trust" to advise him in his inception of a variety of relief and recovery programs. Among other things, the members of this group pushed for a new national tax policy; addressed the nation's agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable. These advisors helped to craft the legislative programs that Roosevelt presented to Congress.

Whether you like or criticize FDR and the New Deal, it is undeniable that the government fundamentally changed in the 1930s as a response to the Great Depression. Begin with a brief discussion of FDR's beliefs in how the government should react. Then, examine that reaction by discussing the major pieces of legislation that would alter the role of the federal government forever. What did contemporary critics have to say about the New Deal? Finally, make a judgment for yourself. Was the federal government right or wrong to directly intervene in the economy?

Roosevelt was careful not to get involved in any of Hoover's final dealings in the government involvement of the Great Depression. Roosevelt did not want to be involved in the legacy that Hoover was leaving behind. Instead, Roosevelt waited patiently for his Inauguration Day because he wanted to make sure that his beliefs had nothing to do with Hoover's beliefs. In contrast to Hoover's beliefs, Roosevelt believed in positive government action to solve the Depression, and he believed in the federal government providing relief to Americans. Roosevelt also believed in public works, social security, unemployment insurance. Along with those beliefs, he wanted to restore public confidence, stronger government regulation of the economy, and help farmers. Roosevelt's plan to accomplish his beliefs was the New Deal. During Roosevelt's first hundred days in office, he pushed through an unprecedented number of new bills. Many bills provided employment and housing, but out of all the bills pushed through, the ones that would alter the federal government's role forever would be the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, which put paper money back into circulation so the banks could reopen. Which later would turn into the Glass-Steagall Bank Act that prohibited commercial banks from engaging in investment banking, therefore stopping the banks from participating in the stock market with deposits. This act created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) that still exists today. Finally, the Social Securities Act was part of the Second New Deal that provides aid to retirees, the unemployed, and the disabled that still exists today. Contemporary critics consisted of both conservatives and liberals. The conservatives criticized the program because it made the government too powerful. After all, the government told businesses how to operate. They spent large amounts of money running up the national debt. The liberals criticized the government because they felt that the government did not do enough to end the Depression and was only concerned with saving the banking system and ensuring big businesses' profits. FDR and his New Deal was criticized as "socialist," which many mistakenly associated with Communism, and Democrats were often branded Communists by Republicans. The government was right to intervene. However, critics do make good points because the government was getting too powerful to run Americans' lives. Ultimately, the government did not do enough to pull the nation out of the Depression. There is a fine line that the government is responsible for, and then the rest is up to Americans to pull themselves out of a crisis. The government should only provide the resources and then let the American people decide how to pull themselves out of the crisis. That would make a nation much more robust in the end, instead of relying on the government to do everything for them.

Court Packing Plan

Roosevelt's plan, after being reelected, to pack the Supreme Court with an additional six justices, one for every justice over seventy who refused to step down

Long Telegram

The 8,000 word message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.

What was agreed to at the armistice talks between North and South Korea?

The Chinese and North Koreans insisted that their prisoners be returned to them, but many of these men did not wish to be repatriated. Finally, an armistice agreement was signed on July 27, 1953. A border between North and South Korea, one quite close to the original thirty-eighth parallel line, was agreed upon. A demilitarized zone between the two nations was established, and both sides agreed that prisoners of war would be allowed to choose whether to be returned to their homelands. Five million people died in the three-year conflict. Of these, around 36,500 were U.S. soldiers; a majority were Korean civilians.

Which of the following was not a cause of the Great Depression? The Court Packing Plan War debt from World War I Stock market speculation Poor income distribution

The Court Packing Plan

Emergency Banking Act

The Emergency Banking Act was a federal law passed in 1933. Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) on March 9, 1933, the act granted the president, the comptroller of the currency, and the secretary of the treasury broader regulatory authority over the nation's banking system. Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 9, 1933, the legislation was aimed at restoring public confidence in the nation's financial system after a weeklong bank holiday.

How did the GI Bill help veterans return to civilian life? What were its limitations?

The GI Bill provided returning veterans with a year of unemployment compensation, so they did not have to worry about finding jobs immediately. It allowed them to receive low-interest loans to buy homes or start businesses, and it paid for tuition for those who wished to attend college or vocational school. However, African American veterans could use their educational benefits only to attend schools that accepted black students, and some Mexican American veterans had difficulty gaining access to their benefits. Also, because those who had received a dishonorable discharge were not eligible, thousands of gay and lesbian servicemen and women who had been dishonorably discharged for their sexual orientation were unable to receive benefits.

What were the major goals and accomplishments of the Indian New Deal?

The Indian Reorganization Act, or Indian New Deal, of 1934 put an end to the policies set forth in the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Rather than encouraging assimilation, the new act promoted Indians' development of local self-government and the preservation of Indian artifacts and heritage. John Collier, the Commissioner on Indian Bureau Affairs, was able to use the law to push for federal officials' return of nearly two million acres of government-held land to various tribes.

How did the NRA seek to protect workers? What difficulties did this agency face?

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) established a "code of fair practice" for every industry. Business owners were made to accept a set minimum wage and maximum number of work hours, as well as to recognize workers' rights to organize and use collective bargaining. While the NRA established over five hundred different codes, it proved difficult to adapt this plan successfully for diverse industries with very different characteristics and practices.

National Recovery Administration

The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a prime agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cut throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was a prime agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal of the administration was to eliminate "cut throat competition" by bringing industry, labor, and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices.

New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. It responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. The United States was in the throes of the Great Depression. Banks were in crisis, and nearly a quarter of the workforce was unemployed. Wages and salaries declined significantly, as did production. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal (1933-39) aimed to provide immediate economic relief and to bring about reforms to stabilize the economy. Because the New Deal increased the power of the federal government. It meant that the local and state governments had less power. It also meant that the federal government had more control over individuals and over private organizations. What was the overall significance of the New Deal and its legacy? significance of the New Deal: It was the first time that the government intervened to promote the right of labor, by recognizing workers' right to organize unions. It enhanced the power of the national government.

How did suburbanization help the economy?

The construction of houses meant more work for people in the construction trades, including plumbers and electricians, and for those who worked in the lumber and appliance industries. The growth of the suburbs also led to a boom in the manufacture and sale of automobiles, which, in turn, created jobs for those in the steel, rubber, and oil industries.

Which statement best reflects Hoover's beliefs about the federal government and the economy? The federal government should closely regulate the economy. The federal government should help only big business. The federal government should help only the workers. The federal government should not intervene in the economy.

The federal government should not intervene in the economy.

What were the phases of the Holocaust?

The first prison camps for Jews and other "enemies" of the Nazis were built in Germany in 1933. Following the invasion of eastern Europe, more camps, including extermination camps, were built in areas conquered by the Nazis. People, primarily Jews, were shipped to these camps from throughout Nazi-controlled Europe.

In what ways did the New Deal both provide direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs served each of these goals?

The most prominent of Roosevelt's job-creation programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act). Both employed millions of Americans to work on thousands of projects. While programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority were not incepted solely for the purpose of generating jobs, they nevertheless created thousands of employment opportunities in service of their greater goals. Direct relief came primarily in the form of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which lent over $3 billion to states to operate direct relief programs from 1933 to 1935, as well as undertook several employment projects.

. In what ways did the New Deal both provide direct relief and create new jobs? Which programs served each of these goals?

The most prominent of Roosevelt's job-creation programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps and the Public Works Administration (the latter under the auspices of the National Industrial Recovery Act). Both employed millions of Americans to work on thousands of projects. While programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority were not intercepted solely for the purpose of generating jobs, they nevertheless created thousands of employment opportunities in service of their greater goals. Direct relief came primarily in the form of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, which lent over $3 billion to states to operate direct relief programs from 1933 to 1935, as well as undertook several employment projects.

While "The Great Crash" only affected those Americans who had invested in the stock market, all Americans felt the onslaught of the Great Depression. In this essay, examine the impact the depression had on the populace. Be sure to include specific examples of how ordinary Americans experienced and coped with the collapse. Also, focus on any events or circumstances that might hit certain segments of the population harder than others (ethnicity, race, economic, environmental).

The prosperous 1920s ushered in a euphoria feeling among the middle-class and wealthy Americans. They began to speculate on wilder investments, such as cars, houses, land, and many other technologies that were out of reach for some Americans. Americans were not alone in this venture. The government was a willing partner in the endeavor because, following a brief post-war recession in 1920-1921, the Federal Reserve set a policy of setting interest rates artificially low and easing the reserve requirements on the nation's largest banks. In turn, the U.S. money supply increased by about sixty percent, which assured Americans of the safety of investing in questionable schemes. So Americans began to invest in high-risk schemes that they hoped would pay off quickly, like the Florida Land Boom, for instance. Americans soon got in over their heads by debt and could not recover after the "The Great Crash" of 1929. While "The Great Crash" did not cause the Great Depression, it affected the entire nation in one way or another. Only about ten percent of Americans held stock investment and speculated in the market, but ninety percent of all banks had invested in the stock market and failed due to dwindling cash reserves. A third of the ten percent would lose their lifelong savings and jobs in the subsequent Depression. The dwindling cash reserves at the banks would impact the rest of the population by scaring Americans to make bank runs to withdraw their money from the banks before running out of money. Thus, taking out all of the circulating money that the economy depends on keeps our country from bottoming out. The Depression affected Americans daily. After the bank runs, Americans exchanged the dollars they had left for gold to ship it out of the country, and working-class Americans saw their wages drop. The aftermath of the crash made men who lost their jobs disappear. People who lived in cities saw long breadlines of unemployed men waiting for a meal. The companies who fired workers tore down employee housing to avoid paying property taxes, so the fired employees also lost their homes. Americans stopped getting married and having children. Women, children, minorities, and the working class were the most vulnerable and struggled the most. Parents sent their children out to beg for food at restaurants and stores to save themselves from embarrassment. Children dropped out of school, and fewer went to college. However, families adapted to the change by growing gardens, canning, and preserving food. They also sewed their clothes and did creative shoe repair methods by using cardboard for the soles. Women sought employment to makes ends meet even though their husbands and potential employers showed strong resistance toward them. Men criticized women who worked because they thought that unemployed men should have jobs. However, men's pushback did not stop the women from entering the workforce, and they emerged in pink-collar occupations, and they became telephone operators, social workers, and secretaries. African-American men and women experienced unemployment at double and triple the rates of their white counterparts. In 1932 African-American unemployment rates were near fifty percent, and in rural areas, African-Americans continued to live despite the Great Migration of 1910-1930. The depression-era life represented an intensified version of the poverty that they traditionally experienced. Subsistence farming allowed African-Americans who lost their land or jobs for white landholders to survive, but their hardships increased. Life for African-Americans in urban areas was equally trying, with black and working-class whites living close and competing for scarce jobs and resources. Farmers did not experience the widespread prosperity of the 1920s, and even though there was continued advancement in farming techniques and agricultural machinery led to agricultural production, their demand for it was decreasing and drove down commodity prices. Therefore, farmers could barely pay the debt they owed for machinery and land mortgages without banks' generous credit lines. Some farmers lost their homes due to farm foreclosures by desperate bankers. Hoover's belief about the federal government not getting involved and that the charities should take care of "the deserving poor," but there were too many deserving poor to help because there was no system in place. Plus, the Depression had taken from the people who typically would donate to these charities, so there were not enough resources to go around.

The NAACP lawyer who became known as "Mr. Civil Rights" was ________. Earl Warren Jackie Robinson Orval Faubus Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall

Bonus Army*

a group of World War I veterans and affiliated groups who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand their war bonuses early, only to be refused and forcibly removed by the U.S. Army Bonus Army, gathering of probably 10,000 to 25,000 World War I veterans (estimates vary widely) who, with their wives and children, converged on Washington, D.C., in 1932, demanding immediate bonus payment for wartime services to alleviate the economic hardship of the Great Depression. The Bonus Army had both short and long-term effects on the government and went beyond the primary issue of payment of the bonus. The immediate effects of the bonus army derived from how the government, especially President Hoover and General MacArthur, handled the eviction of the veterans from the Capitol.

Works Progress Administration

a program run by Harry Hopkins that provided jobs for over eight million Americans from its inception to its closure in 1943

Civillian Conservation Corps*

a public program for unemployed young men from relief families who were put to work on conservation and land management projects around the country Roosevelt established the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC, with an executive order on April 5, 1933. The CCC was part of his New Deal legislation, combating high unemployment during the Great Depression by putting hundreds of thousands of young men to work on environmental conservation projects. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), (1933-42), one of the earliest New Deal programs, established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men.

Scottsboro Boys

a reference to the infamous trial in Scottsboro, Alabama in 1931, where nine African American boys were falsely accused of raping two white women and sentenced to death; the extreme injustice of the trial, particularly given the age of the boys and the inadequacy of the testimony against them, garnered national and international attention The Scottsboro Boys were nine African American teenagers, ages 13 to 19, accused in Alabama of raping two white women in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident dealt with racism and the right to a fair trial. The case marked the first stirrings of the civil rights movement and led to two landmark Supreme Court rulings that established important rights for criminal defendants. Nine young black Alabama youths - ranging in age from 12 to 19 - were charged with raping two white women near the small town of Scottsboro, Alabama.

Social Security*

a series of programs designed to help the population's most vulnerable—the unemployed, those over age sixty-five, unwed mothers, and the disabled—through various pension, insurance, and aid programs The Social Security Act of 1935 is a law enacted by the 74th United States Congress and signed into law by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The law created the Social Security program as well as insurance against unemployment. The law was part of Roosevelt's New Deal domestic program. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935. In addition to several provisions for general welfare, the new Act created a social insurance program designed to pay retired workers age 65 or older a continuing income after retirement.

Which of the following was not a policy undertaken by the NIRA? agreement among industries to set prices agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms agreement among industries to set production levels recognition of the right of workers to form unions

agreement among industries to reinvest profits into their firms

Which of the following policies did Roosevelt not include among his early ideas for a New Deal? public works government regulation of the economy elimination of the gold standard aid to farmers

aid to farmers

Brain Trust

an unofficial advisory cabinet to President Franklin Roosevelt, originally gathered while he was governor of New York, to present possible solutions to the nations' problems; among its prominent members were Rexford Tugwell, Raymond Moley, and Adolph Berle Brain trust was a term that originally described a group of close advisers to a political candidate or incumbent; these were often academics who were prized for their expertise in particular fields. The term is most associated with the group of advisers of Franklin Roosevelt during his presidential administration. Brain Trust presented Roosevelt with its thinking on economic and social problems facing the nation and helped him weigh the alternatives of public policy that would be open to the new president. It contributed suggestions and drafts for campaign speeches, all of which underwent considerable revision by Roosevelt.

The program to recruit Mexican agricultural workers during World War II was the ________. bracero program maquiladora program brazzos program campesino program

bracero program

What was the policy of trying to limit the expansion of Soviet influence abroad? restraint containment isolationism quarantine

containment

Which of the following was not a key factor in the conditions that led to the Dust Bowl? previous overcultivation of farmland decreasing American demand for farm produce unfavorable weather conditions poor farming techniques regarding proper irrigation and acreage rotation

decreasing American demand for farm produce

What type of help did the CWA provide? direct relief farm refinancing bank reform employment opportunities

employment opportunities

Which of the following phrases best characterizes Herbert Hoover's foreign policy agenda? interventionist, in terms of unwanted interference in other nations' affairs militaristic, in terms of strengthening American armed forces isolationist, in terms of preventing America's interaction with other nations mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

mutual respect, in terms of being available to support others when called upon, but not interfering unnecessarily in their affairs

Which of the following pieces of Truman's domestic agenda was rejected by Congress? the Taft-Hartley Act national healthcare the creation of a civil rights commission funding for schools

national healthcare

What was the purpose of Roosevelt's "Brain Trust?"

new national tax policy; addressed the nation's agricultural problems; advocated an increased role for the federal government in setting wages and prices; and believed that the federal government could temper the boom-and-bust cycles that rendered the economy unstable

Which of the following groups would not be considered "the deserving poor" by social welfare groups and humanitarians in the 1930s? vagrant children unemployed workers stock speculators single mothers

stock speculators

Which of the following protests was directly related to federal policies, and thus had the greatest impact in creating a negative public perception of the Hoover presidency? the Farm Holiday Association the Ford Motor Company labor strikes the Bonus Expeditionary Force the widespread appearance of "Hooverville" shantytowns

the Bonus Expeditionary Force

The Social Security Act borrowed some ideas from which of the following? the Townsend Plan the Division of Negro Affairs the Education Trust the NIRA

the Townsend Plan

What was the first New Deal agency to hire women openly? the NRA the WPA the AAA the TVA

the WPA

Dust Bowl*

the area in the middle of the country that had been badly over-farmed in the 1920s and suffered from a terrible drought that coincided with the Great Depression; the name came from the "black blizzard" of topsoil and dust that blew through the area The Dust Bowl was the name given to the drought-stricken Southern Plains region of the United States, which suffered severe dust storms during a dry period in the 1930s. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and crops failed across the entire region.

Which of the following groups or bodies did not offer direct relief to needy people? the federal government local police and schoolteachers churches and synagogues wealthy individuals

the federal government

Which of the following demands did the Soviet Union make of Britain and the United States? the right to try all Nazi war criminals in the Soviet Union the invasion of North Africa to help the Soviet Union's ally Iraq the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union the right to place Communist Party leaders in charge of the German government

the invasion of western Europe to draw German forces away from the Soviet Union

Smoot-Hawley Tariff*

the tariff approved by Hoover to raise the tax on thousands of imported goods in the hope that it would encourage people to buy American-made products; the unintended result was that other nations raised their tariffs, further hurting American exports and exacerbating the global financial crisis Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, formally United States Tariff Act of 1930, also called Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, U.S. legislation (June 17, 1930) that raised import duties to protect American businesses and farmers, adding considerable strain to the international economic climate of the Great Depression.

Bank Run

the withdrawal by a large number of individuals or investors of money from a bank due to fears of the bank's instability, with the ironic effect of increasing the bank's vulnerability to failure During a bank run, a bank must quickly liquidate loans and sell its assets (often at rock-bottom prices) to come up with the necessary cash, and the losses they suffer can threaten the bank's solvency. The bank runs of 1930 were followed by similar banking panics in the spring and fall of 1931 and the fall of 1932.

During World War II, unionized workers agreed ________. to work without pay to go without vacations or days off to live near the factories to save time commuting to keep production going by not striking

to keep production going by not striking