US History final 11th grade

The message of this political cartoon is

A nuclear war will result in mutual self-destruction of all involved

What was a significant turning point in the Korean War?

China's entry into the war

How did Clark Clifford's Vietnam policy differ from that of his predecessor Robert McNamara?

Clifford believed the war was unwinnable and sought to reach a peace agreement.

According to the chart, which group did not advocate nonviolent resistance as a means of advancing civil rights?

Black Panther Party

What impact did George Wallace's third-party candidacy have on the 1968 presidential election?

It siphoned votes from Humphrey's candidacy, allowing Nixon to win.

How did the War Powers Act of 1973 affect the President's ability to conduct military operations?

It forced him to consult with Congress before ordering any military strikes.

What can you infer from the map about the nature of the Tet Offensive?

It was a coordinated series of attacks on American military outposts.

What can you infer about the Berlin Wall from this photo of an East German soldier leaping over to the western side of the Wall?

It was mainly intended to keep East Germans from escaping to the West.

American Troops Withdraw from Vietnam In October 1972, the United States and North Vietnam came to terms on a peace settlement. One month later, with lasting peace almost at hand, Nixon easily defeated the antiwar Democrat George McGovern for reelection. But Nixon's triumph was short-lived. The Vietnamese peace fell apart when North Vietnam refused to sign the agreement. Talks broke off, but renewed American bombing in North Vietnam finally induced the North Vietnamese to resume negotiations. How was the 1972 presidential election most like the 1968 election?

Nixon used promises to end the war to his advantage.

Carter's view of developing nations led to what significant development during his time in office?

The U.S. withdrew its support from many oppressive dictatorships it had once supported.

According to this information, what was a political effect of the Korean War?

The United States' defense budget continued to rise steadily.

Why didn't the West launch a military operation to end the Berlin blockade?

The distance from West Germany to Berlin would make a military operation difficult.

The violence that erupted outside the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1968 and the confusion inside gave the impression that

The nation was in disorder and the Democrats had lost control.

The Great Society program became Johnson's agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency, removal of obstacles to the right to vote. Congress, at times augmenting or amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social Security Act. Nevertheless, two overriding crises had been gaining momentum since 1965. Despite the beginning of new antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in black ghettos troubled the Nation. President Johnson steadily exerted his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but there was no early solution.The other crisis arose from Viet Nam. Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist aggression and achieve a settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North Viet Nam in order to initiate negotiations. At the same time, he startled the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election so that he might devote his full efforts, unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace. Lyndon Johnson's decision not to seek re-election in 1968 underscored what fact about his presidency?

The war in Vietnam had jeopardized his reelection chances.

In what way was the United States' decision to support the French in Indochina a departure from its usual foreign policy?

US was generally in favor of decolonization

The National Defense Education Act was passed amidst fears that

arts were being funded more than science and math.

What strategy did President Johnson's advisors Robert McNamara and General Westmoreland insist was necessary to winning the war in Vietnam?

committing more troops and taking a more active role in combat activities

For the counterculture movement, the word "freedom" signified

rejection of conformity and social constraints

The term "Third World" was originally coined to refer to countries tha

were aligned with neither the US or China

Which of the following had the largest role in increasing consumer consumption during the 1950s?

ease in obtaining credit

Sweatt v. Painter laid the groundwork for the later efforts of the civil rights movement because it

showed that "separate but equal" was unconstitutional.

The Smith Act was passed because of concerns that

some might advocate government overthrow

"The West has won! I say this quite deliberately in such a crass way because you wanted to know how I felt emotionally. The West—well, we have succeeded. And the West has won and the others have not!"—Ella Barowsky, CNN interview, 1996 In this text, Barowsky was discussing how the Berlin Airlift

succeeded in showing that the Soviet Union could be challenged.

What major long-term effects did the Three Mile Island accident have on American energy policy?

It negatively affected public opinion about nuclear energy and few new plants were ordered for nearly a quarter century.

How did many citizens of Soviet-dominated countries in Eastern Europe interpret Khrushchev's talk of "peaceful co-existence" in the mid 1950s?

an opportunity to gain a degree of political autonom

Secretary of State Dulles's approach to war can best be described as

brinkmanship

The nonviolent protest shown here was one way activists called attention to

businesses that did not treat customers equally.

Although Native Americans used various means to expand their rights, perhaps their most successful action in the 1970s was

the confrontation at Wounded Knee.

The violence committed against nonviolent Freedom Riders forced

the desegregation of interstate transportation.

Which of the following had the biggest impact on post-war economic prosperity in the United States?

the GI Bill of Rights

This political cartoon (bowling pins & bowling ball) makes a reference to

the Senate filibuster against the Civil Rights Act.

The Edmund Pettus Bridge, in Selma, AL, became a symbol of

the determination of the civil rights movement.

Which event suggests that there was growing public support for people with disabilities during the 1960s?

the establishment of the Special Olympics

This political carton was most likely published

This political carton was most likely published

A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction. . . . American makers of plowshares could, with time and as required, make swords as well. But now we can no longer risk emergency improvisation of national defense; we have been compelled to create a permanent armaments industry of vast proportions. . . . This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. . . .Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. . . . In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.—Dwight D. Eisenhower, January 17, 1961 What major difference between Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy is illustrated in this excerpt from Eisenhower's Farewell Address?

. Eisenhower's belief that a robust national defense industry is crucial to the economy

What effect did the post-World War II baby boom have in the United States?

. It resulted in a massive student population in the 1960s

. Critics of the Selective Service System argued that the draft was not fair. The system gave local draft boards considerable influence in selecting men for service, and it also granted deferments to college students and men who worked in certain designated occupations. Most of the 2.5 million men who served in Vietnam came from working-class and poor backgrounds. What measure did the Selective Service System take to address these criticisms of the draft in 1969?

A "lottery" was implemented, in which recruits were picked at random

What argument can be raised against invoking the Fifth Amendment to restrict environmental regulations?

Air and water pollution have negative effects that spread far beyond the boundaries of what could be considered anyone's "private property."

Why did South Vietnam fall to the communists after the Paris Peace accords?

American forces withdrew but fighting continued until Saigon fell to the communists

The 26th Amendment In the turmoil surrounding the unpopular Vietnam War, lowering the national voting age became a controversial topic. Responding to arguments that those old enough to be drafted for military service, should be able to exercise the right to vote, Congress lowered the voting age as part of the Voting Rights Act of 1970. The Supreme Court upheld the legislation in a 5 to 4 vote in applying the lowered voting age to federal elections only. A constitutional amendment was required to uniformly reduce the age to 18. Endorsed by Speaker Carl Albert of Oklahoma, the amendment passed the House 400 to 19 on March 23, 1971. On June 30, 1971, Ohio became the 39th state to ratify the amendment; however the official ratification did not take effect until July 1 when the Government Services Administration opened for the day. With the 1972 elections looming, the 26th Amendment was ratified in record time. President Richard M. Nixon officially certified it on July 5. Why did it take some time before the provision lowering the voting age would apply nationwide?

An amendment requires ratification by individual states.

The integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, followed which landmark Supreme Court case?

Brown v. Board of Education

"...We will never communicate talking one language and he's talking another language. He's talking the language of violence...Let's learn his language. If his language is with a shotgun, get a shotgun. If he only understands the language of a rifle, get a rifle. If he only understands the language of a rope, get a rope. But don't waste time talking the wrong language to a man, if you want to really communicate with him. Speak his language."—Malcolm X, speech at Harlem rally, 1964 In this speech, Malcolm X explains his disagreement with

D. Martin Luther King's style of protest.

4. SEC. 100. The Veterans' Administration is hereby declared to be an essential war agency and entitled, second only to the War and Navy Departments, to priorities in personnel, equipment, supplies, and material under any laws, Executive orders, and regulations pertaining to priorities, and in appointments of personnel from civil-service registers the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs is hereby granted the same authority and discretion as the War and Navy Departments and the United States Public Health Service: Provided, That the provisions of this section as to priorities for materials shall apply to any State institution to be built for the care or hospitalization of veterans.—TITLE I, CHAPTER I-HOSPITALIZATION, CLAIMS, AND PROCEDURES, Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 This text is from an act otherwise known as the

GI Bill

Enacted following the end of the Vietnam War, the War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Act) can be seen as Congress' attempt to undo what previous piece of legislation?

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Which U.S. President desegregated the military by executive order?

Harry Truman.

Why did Nixon publicly criticize the practice of court-ordered busing of children to schools outside their neighborhoods?

He wanted to win over Southern white voters and blue-collar voters.

What best describes the impact of Title IX on women's opportunities since it was put into law in 1972?

It banned discrimination in education.

"I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. . . . From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comforts and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the West. . . . But the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier—the frontier of the 1960s—the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils—a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats." These words were spoken by"I stand tonight facing west on what was once the last frontier. . . . From the lands that stretch three thousand miles behind me, the pioneers of old gave up their safety, their comforts and sometimes their lives to build a new world here in the West. . . . But the problems are not all solved and the battles are not all won, and we stand today on the edge of a new frontier—the frontier of the 1960s—the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils—a frontier of unfulfilled hopes and threats." These words were spoken by

John F. Kennedy

. During the Vietnam War, what contributed to low morale among US troops and on the home front?

Lack of progress and doubts about the wisdom of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

What best describes the main difference between many American troops stationed in Vietnam before 1965 and those stationed there after that date?

Many troops stationed there before 1965 were volunteers, while many of those after were drafted into the service.

. According to the map, the Freedom Ride that resulted in the largest number of people being arrested or jailed began on which day in 1961?

May 17

According to this map, there were no laws specifically addressing segregation in

New Hampshire

. What was the most significant result of the 1972 presidential election?

Nixon was the first Republican to sweep the Southern state

What is this political cartoon, published in October 1973, most likely referring to?

Nixon's attempts to obstruct justice during the Watergate scandal

What impact did defense spending for the Vietnam War have on education in the U.S.?

Paying for the war affected education spending.

What explains the American public's reaction to President Gerald Ford's pardon of Richard Nixon?

People were angry because some suspected that Ford had made a secret deal with Nixon to gain the vice-presidency.

Why did radical Iranian students storm the U.S. embassy in Tehran and take 66 Americans as hostages?

People were angry because some suspected that Ford had made a secret deal with Nixon to gain the vice-presidency.

How did U.S. policy in Vietnam change following the Tet Offensive?

Policy makers thought the war unwinnable and began to negotiate for peace.

"The Southern Christian Leadership Conference...have outlined 5 requirements of the bill of economic and social rights that will set poverty on the road to extinction: 1. A meaningful job at a living wage for every employable citizen. 2. A secure and adequate income for all who cannot find jobs or for whom employment is inappropriate. 3. Access to land as a means to income and livelihood. 4. Access to capital as a means of full participation in the economic life of America. 5. Recognition by law of the right of people affected by government programs to play a truly significant role in determining how they are designed and carried out." —SCLC Papers With which protest action is this list affiliated?

The Poor People's Campaign

"First, this is not a method for cowards; it does resist. The nonviolent resister is just as strongly opposed to the evil against which he protests as is the person who uses violence. His method is passive or nonaggressive in the sense that he is not physically aggressive toward his opponent. But his mind and emotions are always active, constantly seeking to persuade the opponent that he is mistaken. This method is passive physically but strongly active spiritually... A second point is that nonviolent resistance does not seek to defeat or humiliate the opponent, but to win his friendship and understanding. The nonviolent resister must often express his protest through noncooperation or boycotts, but he realizes that noncooperation and boycotts are not ends themselves; they are merely means to awaken a sense of moral shame in the opponent."—Martin Luther King, Nonviolence and Racial Justice, 1957 How does Dr. King defend nonviolent resistance in this text?

Resistance should not mimic the action it is protesting.

What was Martha Griffiths's role in the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?

She was critical in getting the amendment passed in both houses of Congress

This model of Sputnik III displayed in Moscow was intended to inspire feelings of

Soviet nationalism.

What best describes the thesis Betty Friedan presents in The Feminine Mystique?

Strict gender roles have a negative effect on women's health and careers.

"We who are demonstrators are trying to raise what we call the 'moral issue.' That is, we are pointing to the viciousness of racial segregation and prejudice and calling it evil or sin. . . . [We are also] asserting, 'get moving.' The pace of change is too slow. At this rate it will be another generation before the major forms of segregation disappear. . . . Most of us will be grandparents before we can live normal human lives."—James Lawson, "From a Lunch Counter Stool," 1960 The group that Lawson spoke these words to later formed the

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

"The launching by the Soviet Union of the first earth satellite is an event of considerable technical and scientific importance. However, that importance should not be exaggerated. What has happened involves no basic discovery and the value of a satellite to mankind will for a long time be highly problematical. That the Soviet Union was first in this project is due to the high priority which the Soviet Union gives to scientific training and to the fact that since 1945 the Soviet Union has particularly emphasized developments in the fields of missiles and of outer space... The Soviets [have concentrated] upon developments in this field with a use of resources and effort not possible in time of peace to societies where the people are free to engage in pursuits of their own choosing and where public monies are limited by representatives of the people. Despotic societies which can command the activities and resources of all their people can often produce spectacular accomplishments. These, however, do not prove that freedom is not the best way."—John Foster Dulles, "Draft Statements on the Soviet Satellite," October 5, 1957 According to Dulles, why did the Soviets launch a satellite before the Americans?

Their government dictated that the necessary resources be utilized.

communists in China used propaganda to influence public opinion.

They are trying to demonstrate their independence from the West

What objective did American military leaders hope to achieve in North Vietnam with military campaigns such as Operation Rolling Thunder?

They believed that the strikes would lower the enemy's morale and drive the North Vietnamese to negotiate a peace treaty.

What did Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers accomplish through their workers' strike and demands for a nationwide boycott of California grapes?

They compelled California to pass legislation requiring collective bargaining between growers and unions.

How did the protests at Birmingham and the March on Washington bring about the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

They helped swing public opinion in favor of civil rights legislation.

How are Pop Art works like Andy Warhol's Campbell's Soup can paintings and Roy Lichtenstein's comic book paintings representative of 1960s counterculture?

They reject traditional ideas about art.

What cause was at the root of the rising inflation the country experienced in the 1970s?

federal budget deficits from increased defense spending

The Eisenhower administration transformed the American landscape forever by

funding highway construction that helped the suburbs spread

The time is past when a boy's chief possession was his bike and a girl's party wardrobe consisted of a fancy dress worn with a string of dime-store pearls. . . . Today's teenagers surround themselves with a fantastic array of garish and often expensive baubles and amusements. They own 10 million phonographs, over a million TV sets, 13 million cameras." This text underlies what growing phenomenon of the 1950s?

increased consumption

In the 1950s, middle class prosperity and the abundance of inexpensive goods had the unexpected effect of

inspiring rock n' roll music.

"The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use that wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization. . . . [W]e have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward to the Great Society."—President Johnson, University of Michigan, May 22, 1964 Lyndon Johnson gave this speech to

introduce his domestic program.

During the postwar era, all minorities faced problems stemming from

language barriers and cultural segregation.

Based on the national election data, it can be inferred that in the 1960s

many voters were not attracted by either party as the decade wore on.

The counterculture in the 1960s promoted the values of

nonconformity, personal freedom, racial equality, and self-fulfillment.

In this map, the areas in green show the countries "soviet controlled countries 1949"

that belonged to the Warsaw Pact.

What military strategy did President Nixon employ in Vietnam early on in his presidency?

the "Vietnamization" of combat operations

Phyllis Schlafly's message most likely resonated with the members of which group?

the "silent majority" referred to by Nixon

Dien Bien Phu showed that

the French could no longer hold on to Vietnam.

What proved to be the biggest obstacle to finding missing American soldiers in Vietnam following the war?

the new communist regime in Vietnam

What is the most likely cause of the long-term surge in immigration beginning in the 1970s?

the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act in 1965 that eliminated national immigration quotas

In response to this Soviet aggression, Kennedy demanded the removal of the missiles. In a dramatic television address on October 22, 1962, he blamed Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet premier, for causing a "reckless and provocative threat to world peace." He also announced that he had approved a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba to prevent the Soviets from completing the bases. Behind the scenes, however, Kennedy worked toward a diplomatic settlement. He indicated that he would remove U.S. missiles in Turkey and Italy if the Soviets removed their missiles in Cuba. After six tense days during which nuclear war seemed a real possibility, Khrushchev agreed to honor the blockade and remove the missiles. As Secretary of State Dean Rusk later told a reporter, "Remember, when you report this, that, eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first." Why did Secretary of State Rusk likely insist that the reporter remember, when reporting the story, that the Soviets "blinked first"?

to bolster Kennedy's image as a strong and resolute leader

. Job Corps was created as a part of the

Economic Opportunity Act.

The Eisenhower Doctrine promised aid to any Middle Eastern nations threatened by communism. Why was this doctrine inspired in part by the Suez Canal Crisis?

Eisenhower believed that communist influence was growing in Egypt.

Ho Chi Minh's military doctrine hinged on fighting only when victory was assured, which meant never fighting on his opponents' terms. He compared his troops to a tiger, while the Americans were like an elephant. If the tiger stands still, the elephant will crush it. But if the tiger keeps moving and occasionally jumps on the elephant to take a bite out of it, the elephant will slowly bleed to death. What did Ho Chi Minh believe this strategy would ultimately accomplish against the American military?

He believed that if the North Vietnamese wore the American forces down enough they would eventually leave.

How did the idea of realpolitik shape the United States' handling of the Cold War?

It justified President Nixon's establishing relations with nations that the United States opposed ideologically.

What major impact did the growing popularity of evangelical Christianity have on American politics?

It led to a conservative coalition with Republicans that would dominate American politics in the next decade.

Today, Nixon's attitude toward big government appears contradictory because he

Today, Nixon's attitude toward big government appears contradictory because he

Based on the figures from the chart, the income tax rate was most likely raised 10% to account for

costs associated with the war effort.

How was the American public first made aware of the dangers of pesticides like DDT?

a book by Rachel Carson entitled Silent Spring

What did rock acts like the Beatles (pictured), Bob Dylan, and the Grateful Dead represent to members of the baby boom generation?

a rejection of the status quo

Women's organizations used litigation in order to

a. compel the government to enforce existing anti-discrimination legislation.

The Truman Doctrine was established because of fears that

communism would spread to other countries.

Based on what is visible in the picture, one can infer that

communists in China used propaganda to influence public opinion.

"The undersigned, the Commander-in-Chief, United Nations Command, on the one hand, and the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and the Commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers, on the other hand, in the interest of stopping the Korean conflict, with its great toil of suffering and bloodshed on both sides, and with the objective of establishing an armistice which will insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved, do individually, collectively, and mutually agree to accept and to be bound and governed by the conditions and terms of armistice set forth in the following articles and paragraphs, which said conditions and terms are intended to be purely military in character and to pertain solely to the belligerents in Korea..."—Preamble, Armistice Agreement for the Restoration of the South Korean State (1953) The text above is from an agreement that

established a cease-fire in Korea

"The unfortunate but inescapable fact is that the ominous result of the civil war in China was beyond the control of the government of the United States. Nothing that this country did or could have done within the reasonable limits of its capabilities could have changed the result."—Secretary of State Dean Acheson, "White Paper on China," August 1949 In this text, Secretary Acheson's purpose was

explaining why China fell to communism

Before running for governor of Georgia, Lester Maddox protested the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by closing down his restaurant to show that

he refused to accept integration.

The decision in the landmark Supreme Court case Sweatt v. Painter involved segregation in

higher education

"The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next 3 or 4 years of foreign food and other essential products—principally from America—are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help, or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character. The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies the continuing value of which is not open to question."—Congressional Record, June 30, 1947

marshall plan

"The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all, and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually, and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area."—Article 5, NATO Treaty; April 4, 1949 Article 5 of the NATO Treaty promises

mutual defense for all member nations

The Montgomery bus boycott became a model for the civil rights movement of the early 1960s because it showed that

nonviolent protest by ordinary people could bring about change.

The fact that 1950 saw the greatest increase in the production of televisions is an indication of

postwar prosperity.

Presidents Truman and Eisenhower both provided strong leadership in the 1940s and 1950s by

promoting social welfare programs while reducing defense budgets.

In Texas, the aim of Jose Angel Gutierrez in forming the political party La Raza Unida was to

select Latino candidates who would fight for better housing and jobs

. "It is important that the reasons for my action be understood by all our citizens. . . . A foundation of our American way of life is our national respect for law. . . ."—President Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957 Which action was Eisenhower discussing in this address?

sending federal troops to Little Rock

"In the absence of constitutional authority and without legislative action, an ambitious federal government, employing naked and arbitrary power, has decided to deny us the right of self-determination in the conduct of the affairs of our sovereign state... Even now as I speak to you tonight, professional agitators and the unfriendly liberal press and other trouble makers are pouring across our borders intent upon instigating strife among our people. Paid propagandists are continually hammering away at us in the hope that they can succeed in bringing about a division among us. Every effort is being made to intimidate us into submission to the tyranny of judicial oppression. The Kennedy Administration is lending the power of the federal government to the ruthless demands of these agitators. Thus we see our own federal government teamed up with a motley array of un-American pressure groups against us. This is the crisis we face today."—Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, televised address, September 13, 1962 In this address, Governor Barnett is saying that

the federal government is exercising too much authority over the states.

What is this 1964 political cartoon saying about Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty?

ts effectiveness in reducing poverty is yet to be determined.

. "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal. . . . Segregation and poverty have created the racial ghetto and a destructive environment totally unknown to most Americans."—National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, Report, 1967 The Kerner Commission, which made this report, suggested that the majority of Americans were

unfamiliar with urban poverty.

"Nobody cared what we wanted when they built this place. They threw our houses down and pushed us there and pushed our friends somewhere else. We don't have a place around here to get a cup of coffee or a newspaper even, or borrow fifty cents."—America's History Since 1865 The speaker of the text above is explaining the negative consequences of

urban migration

The importance of television in the presidential election of 1960 suggested that

voters might be swayed by appearances rather than by issues.

The 1968 East L.A. high school walkouts were indicative of the Chicano movement as a whole in that they

were aimed at ending the segregation of Latinos from whites in California public schools.