Utopia

Raphael

"God's healer" in Hebrew

Nephelogetes

"People born from the clouds" [allies of Utopians]

Zapoletes

"busy sellers" [mercenaries hired by Utopians]

Hythlodaeus

"distributor or peddler of nonsense" in Greek

*Name of ruler after Utopus conquered* phylarch

"fond of power"; "head of a tribe"

Morus

"fool" in Greek

*Names of rulers before Utopus conquered* Barzanes (former name of the ruler or princeps)

"leader of cattle,"* barion ("cattle") + zanides ("one who leads")

Utopia

"noplace" in Greek - (Eutopia would have been "happy place.")

*Names of rulers before Utopus conquered* syphogrant - "old men of the sty"*; compare with Plato's "sycophant" at 340d et al in Republic tranibor - "plain glutton"* Barzanes (former name of the ruler or princeps) - "leader of cattle,"* barion ("cattle") + zanides ("one who leads")

"old men of the sty"*; compare with Plato's "sycophant" at 340d et al in Republic

Polylerites

"people of much nonsense (or lying)"* [example used with Cardinal Morton]

Achorians

"people without a country" [later example used by Raphael in book 1]

Alaopolitans

"people without a country" [reduced to slavery by Nephelogetes]

*Names of rulers before Utopus conquered* tranibor

"plain glutton"

Amaurot

(name of a Utopian city) - "[made]* dark"

Anyder

(name of a Utopian river) - "without water"

first view,

1. 200 miles wide 2. like a crescent - continued harbor perfect for commerce 3. shallow with rocks underwater in the bay - stranger/enemy ships would be wrecked 4. other side has many harbors, all fortified

recreation

1. 24 hour days 2. 6 for work; 3 before, 3 after dinner 3. rest of time is up to them - not to be used for laziness, but to pursue something (reading) - public lectures - smart games (chess) - doing more work - play music or discuss after meals 4. people who love intellectual pursuits are identified early and are exempt from physical labor. 5. Though the Utopians work such short hours they do not suffer from any lack of productivity. Europeans work longer, but their populations are filled with so many people who do no productive work (women, clergy, rich gentlemen, nobles, beggars)

Number, size,

1. 54 cities (large, well-built) - 24 miles distance from one another - every city is about 20 miles (one days walk) of the next city 2. every city sends 3 of their wisest senators once a year to Amaurot to discuss common concerns 3. founded: 244 BC

Example of Anemolian ambassadors

1. Anemolian ambassadors came to Utopia and thought they would look impressive by dressing up. 2. Utopians thought they looked ridiculous - thought they might be slaves or playthings 3. they don't understand why riches qualify people to hold positions of prominence. - that wealth could go away, and he would become a servant

John Morton is described

1. Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal, Chancellor of England 2. strong character, skilled in law 3. great speaker, strong, young, wisdom (as a result of past financial troubles) 4. tested men by speaking angrily to see their tempers; if they didn't get mad, he would put them in the highest places 5. king depended on him

agriculture

1. Each city is surrounded by farmland, and every member spends occasional two-year stints in the country doing agricultural work. 2. Cities do not attempt to expand their frontiers; they think of the surrounding areas as land to be worked rather than as estates to be owned. 3. When one city has an agricultural surplus, it exports with no charge to its neighbors. Those neighbors do the same in return. 4. When it is time to harvest, extra men are sent from the city to help out. Harvesting usually takes little more than a day. 5. meet in town once a month for festival day

Raphael advises the French king to imitate the Achorians who asked their king to rule only one kingdom

1. French King wants to maintain his control of Milan and recover the area around Naples 2. Achorians engaged in war to get more territory, which only caused problems 3. they realized they needed their leader to focus on their kingdom being the best at peace, not on it acquiring more land

rationale for their gold and silver policy

1. Gold and silver measured by a different standard - seen as useless because it is weaker than iron - only kept as a provision in case bad things happen 2. men have made go value because of its scarcity - nature has given us the best things in abundance (water and earth), and has hid from us the vain and useless things (gold) 3. They don't keep them in fancy buildings - they don't want people to like them too much - so they make toilets and chains for slaves out of these metals 4. pearls and diamonds are given to children - so that grown ups think they're just children's toys

At the end of this 926-word sentence, Raphael gives the example of the Macarians.

1. Great king never had more than 1,000 pounds of gold so that he wouldn't impoverish people - enough money to protect the people, but not to infringe on their rights 2. when he gives the excess money away, he is less disposed to oppress his subjects

Why does Raphael not want to serve a king?

1. He claims he's already given to the people 2. claims that there many who chase after great men, and he doesn't want to be one of them 3. claims a prince is more interested in war than how to maintain peace properly (rather get new kingdoms than rightly govern the one they have)

Raphael then explains why the elimination of private property is needed for justice

1. Hythloday will never be accepted until the idea of private property is abolished and communal property is established. - not just: because the best things will be given to the worst men - not happy: because all things will be divided among the few 2. Utopia: all man lives in plenty 3. it puts the few ill at ease for fear of the dissatisfied masses. 4. He invokes the name of Plato, who in The Republic calls for communal property as the basis for the ideal city.

prince

1. Magistrates (Phylarch) choose the prince out of a list of four who are nominated by the people 2. for life unless he is removed by suspicion he is enslaving the people

Morus gives his longest reply, distinguishing academic from political philosophy

1. More again admits that Hythloday's advice would not be accepted. 2. Instead of engaging in "ivory-tower theorizing, which makes no allowance for time and place," he should employ a form of philosophy that is better suited to politics, that adapts itself to the circumstances of a situation and tries to do what it can.

Morus strongly disagrees, invoking the need for legal protection

1. More disagrees, claiming a country with communal property will have no prosperity. 2. The people will have no incentive to work, since they will be fed by the labor of others. 3. lack of private property will also eliminate all respect for authority - this will cause bloodshed and conflict to increase.

Morus still disagrees and invokes Plato

1. Raphael says the company didn't care about what he had to say until the cardinal said it, so his advisements would be useless to courtiers 2. Plato claims nations will be happy when either philosophers become kings or kings become philosophers - no wonder we are so unhappy since philosophers don't want to advise kings

Raphael relates a "silly" incident between a friar and a fool

1. company member asks what to do with the old and sick 2. fool says all male beggars would be made "lay brothers" of Benedictine monasteries, and all women be made nuns 3. Cardinal takes this as a good joke, though others take the idea seriously. 4. A friar responds that begging will remain as long as there are friars, referring to the fact that friars collect money for their religious order through begging. 5. The fool wittily says that the friars would already have been arrested as vagabonds (homeless person). 6. friar gets mad - curses the fool with biblical references and threatens him with excommunication. 7. Cardinal Morton defuses the situation by dismissing the fool, and, soon after, the Cardinal himself goes off to bed, dismissing everyone.

Utopus design

1. designed at first by Utopus 2. he left all improvement to those who would come after him

absurdity of fasting (p. 53)

1. dumb to weaken the strength of his constitution and reject the other delights of life - only beneficial if he can serve the public, promote the happiness of others, which he might feel he would get more rewards from God 2. fasting = a mind that is cruel to itself and ungrateful to the author of nature - reject His blessing - empty shadow of virtue 3. dumb, just making him capable of bearing something that would probably never happen anyways

trades

1. each has a trade - making wool, flax, masonry, smith, or carpentry 2. no trade is better than another 3. women = most likely wool and flax 4. trades tend to pass down from father to son - if son wants to learn something else, he is adopted into a family that does that trade (father and magistrate make sure he is sent to a good man)

Distribution of food

1. every father gets what his family needs without paying for it 2. Syphogrants oversee dining halls 3. stewards bring food to hospitals first 4. everyone served equally - the Prince, chief priest, foreigners can get more food - anyone can bring food home but it doesn't make sense

Household and population policies

1. families - women marry out - men live with their parents and bring a woman in 2. no cities can have more than 6,000 people 3. families must have 10-16 people (no more or less) - children will be moved to new families that have less children 4. increase in citizens on the whole island = sending them to the neighboring continent 5. decrease in citizens = take from their colonies - only used in a situation where the neighboring town cannot make up for a loss in population

gardens/

1. front door to street, back door to garden (vines, fruits, herbs) 2. all buildings identical 3. fortified rivers and rain water 4. high thick wall and ditch with thorns 5. no property of their own = men can freely enter into any house

nature of human happiness

1. greatest goal 2. based on religious principles - claim you must call on religion because reason alone is ill equipped to handle such an investigation 3. Belief in an afterlife means that pleasure exists only in acts of virtue, because it is these acts that will ultimately be rewarded.

source of greed and pride

1. greed: no many will ask for more than he needs - there is so much for everyone that there is no reason to do this - *Fear of want is what makes man greedy* but they don't have this fear 2. pride: makes man happy to excel over others

description of Utopian people (74-75),

1. happiest government 2. bodies = middle stature, lively, healthiest, free from diseases 3. they don't have the most fruitful soil, but they cultivate their soil so well 4. convenience of carriage (moving timber to town) 5. apt to learning, cheerful, pleasant - learned Greek super fast

the rotation of homes

1. houses shifted by lots every 10 years 2. every member spends occasional two-year stints in the country doing agricultural work

Raphael objects

1. imagining himself a counselor in the French court 2. French King wants to maintain his control of Milan and recover the area around Naples 3. describes the reaction of the other courtiers when he, Hythloday, proposes that they should forget about expanding French territory and concentrate instead on governing well the territory France already holds. 4. More admits that Hythloday would be laughed at.

colonization

1. increase in citizens on the whole island = sending them to the neighboring continent 2. if the inhabitants have more soil than they can take care of, they establish a colony there - Utopians form their society, having the inhabitants obey their rules - if they resist, the Utopians drive them out by force 3. can be called back from the colonies if the people on the island grow too low

Raphael suggests ways of remedying theft in England

1. it is unjust to take away a man's life for a little money 2. God has commanded us not to kill; give a preference to human laws before the divine 3. dumb to have the same punishment for theft as murder (nothing to deter a thief from also being a murderer)

Utopian institutions and good character (63-64), what they study (64-68).

1. know about foolishness of wealth by... - growing up with these customs - spending their free time reading 2. they don't study the philosophers that everyone knows - but they have made the same discoveries as the Greeks (music, logic, math, geometry) - possibly better off not knowing common philosophers 3. knew astronomy - but don't believe in divine stars (astrology)

Lawyer objects but the Cardinal asks Raphael to explain his position

1. lawyer wants to reject Raphael's claims 2. Cardinal says he'd rather hear why the punishment of death is so bad.

Raphael's "Great Books" [N.B.: No Bible or Christian book is included] (p. 56)

1. left his books there - Aristotle - Plato - Theophrastus on Plants 2. they love that the Author of Nature made it so only them as creatures can contemplate these things

Tranibors

1. magistrate AKA Archphilarch 2. new chosen every year 3. meet every 3rd day to consult with the prince 4. oversee every 10 phylarchs

Morus meets Peter Giles; Peter is described

1. man of honor, extremely likable

how senate works

1. no issue brought to the senate can be decided upon until the next day, so as to remove any chance of over-hasty action 2. Under pain of death, no person may discuss issues of state outside of the committee (prevents tyranny) 3. order - first goes to the Syphogrants, - communicate it to their family divisions - make report to the senate

summum bonum (67), relation of virtue and pleasure, true and false and best pleasures

1. no one will pursue virtue (difficult in the world) if there is no reward in the afterlife 2. virtue: living according to Nature, and we are made by God for that end - pursues or avoids things according to reason - reason: respect for God to whom we owe everything; keep our minds free from passion and cheerful in bringing others happiness 3. true pleasure: movement of body or mind in which a person takes a natural delight, such as reflecting on true knowledge, eating well, or exercising 4. false pleasure: sensations that are not naturally delightful, but that distorted desires have tricked people into believing they pleasurable (wealth, titles, appearance, gambling, hunting) 5. Pursuit of false pleasures often interferes of true pleasures, and so Utopians try to get rid of false pleasures in society 6. height of reason = relationship between pain and pleasure - The only possible way to gain a deeper understanding, they hold, would be if God were to send some religion down from heaven to "inspire more sacred convictions."

Morus meets Raphael outside Notre Dame; Raphael is described

1. older 2. seaman, but really a traveller and philosopher 3. portuguese 4. name = "knowing in trifles"

Name of ruler after Utopus conquered Phylarch - (CW 4, p. 114/7) Protophylarch - proto means "first," so the ruler "most fond of power" Ademos (present name of the princeps, instead of "Barzanes") - ademon: not being native,

1. phylarch 2. protophylarch 3. Ademos

Raphael disagrees with Morus, invoking Plato and Utopians and Christ

1. priests do this sinfully by adapting God's word to social standards today (causes men to become more secure in their wickedness 2. Plato in his commonwealth; - a man runs into the rain to convince people to go into their houses - he becomes as wet and they and they don't listen - no one wins 3. Utopians in their establishments

Hospitals

1. public hospitals 2. each town has 4 hospitals 3. huge 4. constantly attends patients with skilled doctors 5. stewards get their food first

clothing

1. same clothes with no distinction - wanting more clothes will get them nothing, making them no better than anyone else 2. only distinctions - man and women - married and unmarried 3. fashion never alters - suited for summer and winter 4. every family makes their own clothes

Cardinal expresses interest

1. says that it hasn't been tried, so we can't judge its success 2. claims it wouldn't be bad to try it with a few thieves, then if it doesn't work they can execute them 3. When the cardinal said this, the company agreed, but when Raphael said this, they were against it

names of rulers before utopus conquered

1. syphogrant 2. tranibor 3. barzanes

Raphael's concern that he won't be believed

1. they have abundant, but don't keep it as treasure 2. extremely extravagant; thinks it's so extravagant he won't be believed

(75-76), Utopians and medicine and inventions (76-77).

1. they made the manufacture of paper and the art of printing - Raphael gave them hints about how it worked, they then figured it out

Why do Morus and Peter say that Raphael should serve a king?

1. they say he should ADVISE a king 2. they say his knowledge could be useful 3. they say he should advise a prince

he explains the methods used by the Polylerites

1. thieves are forced to return stolen goods to their victims 2. they are well fed and treated with respect, but they are forced to perform hard labor for the rest of their lives 3. If these thieves commit any further crime, then they are put to death 4. eliminates crime not criminals 5. good behavior = eventual freedom

Raphael condemns enclosures

1. transforms land into private pastures, - steals peasants' livelihoods while simultaneously creating an oligopoly (ownership by the wealthy few) - raises the price of bread and wool 2. people no longer have a choice but to steal

Regulations and punishments

1. travel - men can leave the country by getting a passport from the Syphogrant and Tranibors - they bring nothing 2. if he wants to stay in a neighboring city, he must do his job there to eat 3. Traveling without a passport - treated as a fugitive; 2nd time done = slavery 4. traveling to another city - can do it with his father's and wife's permission 5. no parties for people to go to, and no excuse to not do work, and no reason to beg

farming

1. universal among them - learned from school and practice since childhood - both men and women

Morus summarizes the long conversation with Raphael Hythloday

1. went on 3 voyages with Americus Vesputius (stayed there on the last) 2. learned about native people and wise governments 3. nations that had mutual commerce among themselves and neighbors

What is the point of this part of Raphael's argument?

A king definitely wouldn't listen to his advice to stop taking more land

*names associated with Utopian religion* Buthrescas

Bythus (a gnostic god) + ureskos ("superstitious") or ureskeia ("religious cult") = superstitious cult of Bythus

Raphael's First Example of the Futility of Service

Cardinal and Lord Chancellor Morton

quaestor

Collector of Revenues

Title in Latin

De Optimo Reipublicae / Statu deque / nova insula Utopia libellus vere aureus, / nec minus salutaris quam festivus, / clarissimi disertissimique viri Thomae Mori / inclytae civitatis Londinensis civis / & Vicecomitis.

With a lawyer, Raphael discusses the cause of thievery in England

Lawyer states the punishment for theft in England is death and doesn't understand why there are still so many thieves 1. Raphael sys it's because the robbers have no other form of livelihood (stop worrying about punishments, give provisions instead) 2. Lawyer says there is husbandry or they can learn anything 3. Raphael says those who come back mutilated from war can't learn anything new and others are too old 4. Raphael claims nobles would rather feed lazy followers than take care of the poor; the poor then turn to crime; their past crime makes it so they can't get a job 5. having a longstanding army promotes good thieves in peacetime 6. enclosures - transforms land into private pastures, steals peasants' livelihoods while simultaneously creating an oligopoly (ownership by the wealthy few) that raises the price of bread and wool.

Should a counselor like Raphael serve a king?

Raphael says no Morus and Peter say yes

Anemolian

[ambassadors] - "windy"

Lawyer objects and the company agrees

claims it would endanger the whole nation

*names associated with Utopian religion* Abraxa

former name of island; highest of 365 spheres of gnostic universe

care for sick and euthanasia

1. Sick Utopians receive tremendous care 2. terminally ill who are suffering - doctors, priests, and government leaders urge the patient to recognize that they are no longer able to fulfill the duties of life, that they are a burden to both others and themselves, and that they should put their hope in the afterlife and choose to let themselves die. - Those who agree are let from life starve themselves or take opium - Those who do not agree are treated as kindly and tenderly as before. 3. if any takes his life without a priest, he is dishonored

Types and treatment of slaves

1. Slaves are never bought - captured by the Utopians in battle - people who have committed a horrible crime within Utopia (treated worst) - or people who have committed crimes in other countries and been condemned to death, and saved from their fates by the Utopians. (treat these better, but are given more labor) - they can go back to their home country 2. The children of slaves are not born into slavery. 3. Slaves work constantly, and are always chained. 4. slave revolt = death 5. good behavior of slave = the prince will free them

Syphogrant -Number, way of selection, prince elected for life (48), how senate works

1. Syphogrant, now called Phylarch: 30 families choose a magistrate every year 2. 200 3. they choose the prince out of a list of four who are nominated by the people - oath that they will choose honestly 4. replaced every year 5. always two called into the council-chamber (change everyday) 6. Tranibors oversee every ten phylarchs 7. main job: make sure every man follows his trade dilligently

philosophy based on religious principles

1. Utopians believe the soul is immortal 2. afterlife = actions are rewarded or punished. 3. They believe that if people were skeptical of an afterlife, all intelligent people would pursue physical pleasure and ignore all higher moral laws. - Belief in an afterlife means that pleasure exists only in acts of virtue, because it is these acts that will ultimately be rewarded.

architecture

1. Utopians maintain everything they build, so they don't have to do rebuilding projects - Europeans, who instead follow a cycle of build, watch degenerate, rebuild. 2. Utopian vanity = value of utility over style - the goods Utopians use are also far less difficult to produce.

origin

1. Utopus conquered it - not an island at first - brought inhabitants into good government 2. Utopus ordered a deep channel be dug to make it an island - used the people and his own soldiers to dig it, so the people wouldn't feel like slaves - his neighbors at first laughed, then were afraid 3. originally called Abraxa

marriage and premarital inspection

1. Women cannot marry until they reach the age of 18; men must be 22. 2. No premarital sex is allowed; if anyone is caught they are forbidden to marry for life. - Utopians think that if promiscuity were allowed, no one would choose to marry. 3. Before any marriage takes place, the bride and groom are, in the presence of a chaperone, shown to each other naked, so that neither is surprised by what they find come wedding day. - it allowed the man and woman to know exactly what they were committing to.

An imaginary court of a king set on accumulating money

1. a King and his counselors coming up with the best means for the king to raise money. 2. Hythloday wonders what would be the response to his proposal that all of the proposed policies are faulty because the assumptions behind them are faulty - the king's safety depends not on his own riches, but on the wealth of his subjects. 3. What if he explained that a ruler should rule according to the interests of the people, not his own?

"whole island is like a single family"

1. annual Great Council at Amaurot - distribute goods among bountiful vs. scarce cities 2. then trade to other countries whatever is left over. 3. they get a lot of money (because they need so few goods) - They've gained a lot of gold and silver, so they don't mind lending to other cities on credit. - spend their treasure to hire soldiers

Ethics

1. based on what's good for the body and the mind - an outward thing can only be called truly good if it benefits the soul 2. nature of virtue and pleasure

eating arrangements

1. bondsmen kill animals since the Utopian people don't think it right for their people to kill anything 2. men sit toward the wall 3. women sit on the other side - if she feels sick, she can go to the nurse's room with the newborns - nurses will gladly nurse a newborn without a mother 4. younger kids serve the tables 5. Syphogrant sits: middle of the first table 6. two most ancient: next to the syphogrant 7. young and old then mixed together (try to restrain young from indecent gestures) - old engage young to talk 8. dishes first given to the old 9. lecture of morality read before dinner 10. dine with music 11. in the country, dine at home, not in halls

amaurot

1. chief town of the island 2. located in the center of the island (most convenient)

names associated with Utopian religion

Abraxa - former name of island; highest of 365 spheres of gnostic universe Mithra - name of Persian gnostic god and of Utopia's god Buthrescas - Bythus (a gnostic god) + ureskos ("superstitious") or ureskeia ("religious cult") = superstitious cult of Bythus

Morus explains his presence in Antwerp

He goes there as an ambassador for King Henry VIII

Morus's four-word response to Raphael

I think not very well

Raphael responds by wishing that More had seen Utopia

Morus invites Raphael to tell him all about Utopia

*Name of ruler after Utopus conquered* Ademos (present name of the princeps, instead of "Barzanes")

ademon: not being native, adema: "dogma, without form or idea";* a demos: "without people" (CW 4, 133/8-9)

greatest pleasure

body: health mind: true virtue and good conscience

*names associated with Utopian religion* Mithra

name of Persian gnostic god and of Utopia's god

*Name of ruler after Utopus conquered* protophylarch

proto means "first," so the ruler "most fond of power"