UVU NUTR 1020-Albertson fall semester 2020

Which of the following are functions of calcium?

1-Bone building 2-Muscle function 3-Blood clotting

Which of the following are characteristics of type 2 osteoporosis?

1-Demineralization of trabecular bone 2-Affects both men and women 3-Demineralization of cortical bone

Select ways in which a person can help prevent osteoporosis.

1-Maintaining a healthy body weight 2-Consuming a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D 3-Conducting weight-bearing exercise

For a person who does not consume cow's milk, which of the following are useful sources of calcium?

1-Salmon with bones 2-Fortified breakfast cereals 3-Fortified soymilk

What are some reasons an individual may choose to avoid dairy products?

1-avoid antibiotics and hormones 2-vegan diet 3-lactose intolerance 4-milk protein allergy

Bones consist of

1-bone marrow. 2-cortical and trabecular bone. 3-a layer of periosteum.

Choose the minerals that have a role in building/maintaining bone strength.

1-calcium 2-magnesium 3-phosphorus

Active vitamin D increases intestinal absorption of

1-calcium. 2-phosphorus.

Adequate dietary intake of magnesium is associated with decreased risk of

1-cardiovascular disease. 2-type 2 diabetes.

During which phases of the life cycle does the rate of bone formation exceed the rate of bone loss?

1-childhood 2-infancy 3-young adulthood

Which of the following are nondairy milk beverages?

1-coconut milk 2-almond milk 3-soy milk 4-rice milk

What are good nondairy food sources of vitamin D?

1-fortified breakfast cereals 2-fortified orange juice

When habitual intake of vitamin D exceeds the UL, health risks include

1-gastrointestinal disorders. 2-calcium deposits in organs.

The functions of fluoride include

1-helping teeth resist acids. 2-blocking growth of bacteria. 3-mineralizing tooth enamel.

Absorption of calcium is increased during

1-infancy. 2-pregnancy.

Hip fractures are particularly devastating because they often result in

1-loss of independence. 2-mortality. 3-disability.

For which of the following population groups does typical calcium intake fall short of recommendations in the United States?

1-older adult men 2-adolescent girls 3-young adult women

The consequences of osteoporosis are

1-pain and deformity. 2-bone fractures. 3-decreased physical ability.

Common sites for osteoporotic fractures include

1-pelvis. 2-wrist. 3-spine.

Calcium absorption is increased by

1-pregnancy. 2-high blood levels of parathyroid hormone. 3-the presence of lactose in the diet.

Among typical Americans, deficiencies of phosphorus are

1-rare because the mineral is widespread in the diet. 2-rare because the hormonal control of phosphorus is effective.

In the process of bone remodeling, osteoclasts

1-release minerals into the blood. 2-break down bone tissue.

The UL of 350 mg/day refers to magnesium from

1-supplements. 2-laxatives. 3-antacids.

Select the sources of fluoride.

1-tea 2-fluoridated water 3-seaweed

High levels of ingested fluoride can lead to

1-tooth mottling. 2-skeletal damage.

Fluoride content of foods is limited, so in areas where fluoridation of the water supply is not feasible, this mineral can be supplied by

1-topical fluoride treatments. 2-fluoride tablets. 3-toothpaste.

Supplementation may be required to meet the RDA for vitamin D for individuals with

1-vegan diets. 2-inadequate sun exposure. 3-milk allergies.

Rank the following food sources from lowest (at the top) to highest (at the bottom) magnesium content.

1.Whole wheat bread, 1 slice 2.banana, 1 medium 3.Plain yoghurt, 1 cup 4.spinach, 1 cup

About how much sun exposure is needed per day to ensure a full day's supply of vitamin D?

10 minutes

UL for phosphorus is

3 - 4 g/day.

Adults absorb about _____ of the calcium in the foods eaten.

30%

On average, peak bone mass is achieved just before age

30.

What type of environment is necessary for calcium to be absorbed into the body?

Acidic

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Beans

Where is 85% of the phosphorus in the body found?

Bone

For a normal blood calcium value to be maintained despite an inadequate calcium intake, what "pays the price"?

Bones

Which type of calcium supplement do you need to take with meals for optimal absorption?

Calcium carbonate

Which type of calcium supplement can be taken without regard to meals?

Calcium citrate

Which of the following minerals does NOT play a role in bone strength?

Chloride

__ bone is the compact tissue on the outer surfaces of bones that provides strength and stability.

Cortical

Rickets is the deficiency disease caused by the lack of vitamin

D

Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D. However, if you cannot spend enough time in the sun to synthesize adequate vitamin D, which of the following is the best dietary strategy to obtain vitamin D?

Eat a serving of fatty fish twice per week.

True or false: A person who does not consume adequate calcium intakes, will have less calcium in the blood.

False

True or false: Bone loss is a rapid process.

False

True or false: Dairy products, such as milk and cheese, provide about 25% of the calcium in North American diets.

False

True or false: In the United States, the average calcium intakes are approximately 800 milligrams for women and 1000 milligrams for men, which is well above the Recommended Dietary Allowance.

False

True or false: Milk alternatives are now widely available, but decreasing in popularity.

False

True or false: Phosphorus deficiency is a very serious and relatively common concern.

False

True or false: The low absorption, plus the limited availability of phosphorus in foods, makes this mineral more important than calcium in diet planning.

False

What is the most nutrient-dense source of calcium?

Fat-free milk, because of its high bioavailability and low calorie content.

Which type of bone cell breaks down bone tissue and releases calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium into the blood?

Osteoclasts

__ is a debilitating chronic disease that leads to about 2 million bone fractures each year in the United States.

Osteoporosis

Of the following bone-building nutrients, which is LEAST likely to be deficient in the diets of typical Americans?

Phosphorus

___ is the vitamin D deficiency disease characterized by bowed legs, an enlarged head, deformities of the ribs and pelvis, and pain in the joints.

Rickets

The results of DEXA measurements are known as

T scores.

What type of nutrient is fluoride?

Trace mineral

True or false: The Upper Level for phosphorus intake is 3 to 4 grams per day.

True

__ commonly occurs in women after menopause as a result of low estrogen concentrations.

Type 1 osteoporosis

__ refers to low bone mineral density that occurs in both men and women after age 60.

Type 2 osteoporosis

Which of the following population groups is affected by type 1 osteoporosis?

Women after menopause

Kyphosis is

an abnormal bending of the spine.

The continual balance of degradation and resynthesis of bone by osteoclasts and osteoblasts is called

bone remodeling.

Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.

bones

The best way to prevent osteoporosis is to

build dense bones during the first 30 years of life and then minimize bone loss later in life.

A person with intolerance to lactose may have to follow a _____ free diet.

dairy

Incorporation of fluoride into the tooth structure during tooth development limits

demineralization by acid-producing bacteria.

The Upper Level for magnesium intake is 350 milligrams per day, based on the risk of developing

diarrhea.

Osteoporosis and menopause are linked due to the

drop in estrogen after menopause.

Low levels of the female reproductive hormone (blank) are detrimental to bone health because this hormone stimulates osteoblast activity. (This question is asking for a hormone, not a vitamin or mineral.)

estrogen

Menopause may lead to a rapid loss of bone mass because

estrogen is required for maximal osteoblast activity.

Exceeding the UL for ______ can lead to hip fractures, still joints, and stomach inflammation among adults.

fluoride

With an AI of 3.1 to 3.8 mg/day, ______ is a trace mineral that contributes to bone health.

fluoride

Which of the following foods provides the highest concentration of bioavailable calcium for a vegetarian?

fortified orange juice

Osteoporotic fractures of the ______ lead to the worst outcomes, including long hospital stays, permanent disability, and even death.

hip

Vitamin D is unique in that it has a site of synthesis that is different from the location of action, so it is considered to be a

hormone.

A magnesium deficiency can cause

irregular heartbeat.

The scientific term for "dowager's hump" is

kyphosis.

Large amounts of phytic acid found in fiber from grains, excess phosphorous, polyphenols in tea, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to ______.

limiting calcium absorption

The DEXA technique uses ______ to measure bone mineral density.

low-level x-rays

Irregular heartbeat, weakness, and muscle pain are symptoms of a ______ deficiency.

magnesium

Potassium and ______ supplementation can decrease blood pressure.

magnesium

Highly trained athletes are at risk for bone loss if

menstruation becomes irregular or ceases altogether.

With the highest milligrams of calcium per kcal, fat-free milk is the most ______ source of calcium.

nutrient-dense

Bone-building cells are called

osteoblasts

Cells that synthesize new bone are

osteoblasts.

Vitamin D toxicity is most likely to result from

overuse of supplemental vitamin D.

Much of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is not absorbed because of the presence of ______ acid.

oxalic

Active vitamin D enhances absorption of calcium and

phosphorus

Found mostly in bone, ______ is the second most abundant mineral in the body.

phosphorus

The main function of cortical bone is to

provide strength and stability.

Calcium requires an acidic environment in the GI tract to be absorbed efficiently. Absorption of calcium occurs primarily in the upper part of the

small intestine.

Of the dairy-free milk substitutes, ______ has the highest protein content and protein quality.

soy milk

Which milk is most similar to dairy milk in terms of protein?

soy milk

Which of the following exercises is the best choice for maintaining bone mass?

strength training

Exercise is beneficial for bone health because

the additional stress on bone increases bone mineral density.

The hip, spine, and wrist are common sites of fractures related to osteoporosis because these regions are high in ______ bone.

trabecular

Which of the following bone-building nutrients is classified as a hormone?

vitamin D