UX Design
Buley's UX Principles
#1 Invite People In #2 Make Things Together #3 Truly Listen #4 Know When It's Good Enough
A Work Breakdown Structure (or a WBS) is singled out as a key detailed planning tool; what are key characteristics of a WBS? (select all correct) A WBS can be represented in a tree-like graphic or a text-based numeric outline A WBS should represent 100% of the scope of work that is part of the project Each level deeper in a WBS provides less detail on project deliverables A WBS should clearly identify deliverables (as nouns, not verbs)
A WBS can be represented in a tree-like graphic or a text-based numeric outline A WBS should represent 100% of the scope of work that is part of the project A WBS should clearly identify deliverables (as nouns, not verbs)
When looking at Verification and Validation methods, what is an additional criteria for method selection not found in other UX Process Phases? Fit to Project Time Complexity Ability to provide qualitative or quantitative results
Ability to provide qualitative or quantitative results
"Engineer's Conceit" refers to these cases (select all correct)
an engineer claiming a design is correct because their team likes the design an engineer claiming they won't make interface or product mistakes an engineer claiming to know what a user wants in a UX design (without involving actual users)
This method is cited as the most important exercise in learning about users
Contextual Interview
Balancing Unique Value Proposition (UVP) with Minimum Viable Product (MVP) impacts the approach to providing good UX design. (select all correct)
If the MVP is too low in content, the customer is underserved, and the product may not be saleable If the UVP is too large, delivery will be slowed, and the customer overserved.
UX Roles
Interaction Design/Information Architecture • Visual Design • User Research • Content Strategy/Copywriting
The term "t-shirt sizing" speaks to a method of estimating using a WBS; what are true statements about t-shirt sizing? (select all correct) T-shirt sizing can help align the reality of the actual work to the plan for work The estimates will be more accurate if tasks and deliverables are large and multi-person Cost for the overall project can be estimated based on a bottom up roll-up of cost per deliverable Time for the overall project can be estimated based on a bottom up roll-up of time per deliverable
Time for the overall project can be estimated based on a bottom up roll-up of time per deliverable
Which of the following types of data are analyzed as means (with descriptive statistics, regression, etc.)? (select all correct) Times Categories Scales (as from an SUS survey) Averages
Times Scales (as from an SUS survey) Averages
In the odd graphic of "how the computer sees us", what senses are emphasized?
Touch, Sight, Sound
The ANSI Common Industry Format for Usability Test Reports, often used in formal testing, includes sections on (select all correct) Method or process for designing interface Usability measures and data collection methods Method or process for conducting test Numerical results
Usability measures and data collection methods Method or process for conducting test Numerical results
Use Cases are singled out as an effective UX Research tool; what are some characteristics of effective use cases? (select all correct) Use cases should focus on what a user and system will do, not how Textual use cases should be limited in scope (3 to 9 steps in a scenatio) and easy to read Textual use cases should include GUI images and data formats Use cases can be created up front in a design cycle or as needed
Use cases should focus on what a user and system will do, not how Textual use cases should be limited in scope (3 to 9 steps in a scenatio) and easy to read Use cases can be created up front in a design cycle or as needed
Select true statements about color perception (select all correct): The meanings of color (danger, success, etc.) are constant across all international cultures 8% of females are colorblind - red/green is most common 0.5% of females are colorblind - red/green is most common Color should not be the only differentiating factor between choices
0.5% of females are colorblind - red/green is most common Color should not be the only differentiating factor between choices
Identify typical aspects of usability (Select all correct)
1. Learnability - how quickly can I learn to use the interface 2. Visibility - how easy are interface elements to see or find 3. Efficiency - how many steps does it take to do tasks 4. Errors and Error Handling - what can cause errors, and how does the interface handle them 5. Satisfaction - how does the user feel about using the interface
10 Things Every Designer Needs To Know About People - Weinschenk
1. Most mental processing people do is unconscious 2. People use peripheral vision more than central to get the "gist" of a scene 3. The Fusiform Facial Area (FFA) makes us pay particular attention to human faces 4. People can remember/deal with only 3 to 4 items • People like having a lot of choices • If you give people too many choices they won't choose anything 5. People have mental models for common objects - try to match them 6. Speaker and listener brains syncronise 7. People have weak and strong ties • People are strongly tied socially to about 150 people (100 to 230) 8. Beauty is in the eye of the unconscious • People prefer objects with curves 9. The brain processes information best when it is presented as a story 10. People expect technology to follow human-to-human Interaction Rules
Sketching using a pencil and paper is only one approach; what other methods are mentioned in the Sketching UX Workbook? (select all correct) 3D sketches Sampling with cameras Physical collections Collecting images and clippings
3D sketches Sampling with cameras Physical collections Collecting images and clippings
Elements of the Stanford How to Run a UX Test include Always blame the prototype, not the user Have a test plan and realistic tasks Stay neutral and encourage thinking aloud Introduce yourself as the designer
Always blame the prototype, not the user Have a test plan and realistic tasks Stay neutral and encourage thinking aloud
User Personas are singled out as a particularly effective design technique; what are some of the key benefits of Personas? (select all correct) Can encourage the team to think empathically about customer needs during design work (per Buley) Should be used to explore rare situations and edge cases If performed thoroughly (per Cooper) can provide a user model - how users behave and think Can be used to communicate user needs to a project team, and build design consensus
Can encourage the team to think empathically about customer needs during design work (per Buley) If performed thoroughly (per Cooper) can provide a user model - how users behave and think Can be used to communicate user needs to a project team, and build design consensus
Which of these statements are true about Design Requirements? (select all correct) Can include business, user, operating, and quality-of-service requirements Can be broken into functional, non-functional, and constraints Fidelity of most requirements is low Requirements should be verifiable
Can include business, user, operating, and quality-of-service requirements Can be broken into functional, non-functional, and constraints Requirements should be verifiable
Cognitive Psychology vs. Human Factors
Cognitive Psychology is the study of the human mind as an information processor, looking at how perception, memory, and thinking influence interaction Human Factors study is also known as Ergonomics, and focuses on the needs, abilities, and limitations of people doing a designed task or acting in a system
In Paper Prototype (or Wizard of Oz) testing, what are some roles of participants? (select all correct) Greeter or Receiver Computer or Device Facilitator or Observer User (or user surrogate)
Computer or Device Facilitator or Observer User (or user surrogate)
When designing an embedded device, we often fall back on common input and output devices like switches and buttons, lights, and screens - which of the following could we also consider? (select all correct) Computer-vision recognition Use of gestures or body position Tangible UIs for proximity or position Audio output and voice user interfaces (VUIs)
Computer-vision recognition Use of gestures or body position Tangible UIs for proximity or position Audio output and voice user interfaces (VUIs)
Considering making UX Testing stronger, what are some best practices? (select all correct) Conduct a pilot test Follow the test with metric selection Write a test plan Write tasks to match study goals
Conduct a pilot test Write a test plan Write tasks to match study goals
A User Persona is a representation of a typical user, what are some things captured in a typical Persona? (select all correct) Parents and birthplace Demographics (age, family status, etc.) Name and photo (fictional) Job title, role, responsibilities
Demographics (age, family status, etc.) Name and photo (fictional) Job title, role, responsibilities
The Buxton design funnel illustrates both ___ and ___. (select all correct) Using premature design, Avoiding progressive elaboration Design reduction through decision making, Elaboration of design elements Reducing elaboration, Increasing design reduction Using progressive elaboration, Avoiding premature design
Design reduction through decision making, Elaboration of design elements Using progressive elaboration, Avoiding premature design
In the Menlo Persona Mapping process, the ____ designs the personas, the ___ prioritizes them on a persona map (1 primary, 2 secondary, and 3 tertiary users)
Design team, Customer
A/B Testing should not be used on ____________. (select all correct) Designs without understanding what usability issues are being addressed Pairs of alternative designs Designs that vary based on design guesses Designs with obvious usability issues
Designs without understanding what usability issues are being addressed Designs that vary based on design guesses Designs with obvious usability issues
Wireframes generally ___ include style, color, graphics
Do not
Which of the following are among the common "Laws" of UX? (select all correct) Fitts' Law - Time it takes to make a decision based on number of choices Hick-Hyman Law - Time to acquire a target in an interface Doherty Threshold - Productivity increase when neither computer or user has to wait Power Law of Practice - first 50% of a skill is learned quickly, last 50% more slowly
Doherty Threshold - Productivity increase when neither computer or user has to wait Power Law of Practice - first 50% of a skill is learned quickly, last 50% more slowly
Verification is about ___ while validation is more ___. (select all correct) Engineering Requirements, User Requirements User Requirements, Engineering Requirements Working as designed, Working as expected Working as expected, Working as designed
Engineering Requirements, User Requirements Working as designed, Working as expected
Three core design principles
Firmitas - Strength and durability of Design Utilitas - Design usefulness and suitability to task Venustas - Beauty of the design
The base set of ten usability heuristics used in Heuristic Evaluation were developed by Jacob Nielsen; which of the following are part of Neilsen's Usability Heuristics? (select all correct) User control and freedom; Recall rather than recognition; Consistency and standards Flexibility and efficiency of use; Visibility of system status Aesthetic and minimalist design; Match between system and real world Error prevention; Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors; Help and documentation
Flexibility and efficiency of use; Visibility of system status Aesthetic and minimalist design; Match between system and real world Error prevention; Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors; Help and documentation
Although heuristics, principles, and laws have different definitions, when considering them for usability or UX, we treat them all as ___ for effective design
Guidelines
User Friendly
How easy or difficult to use a given device or perform an interaction
One of the added characteristics for assessing a UX Design method is the level of Fidelity, how closely the model resembles the final product; what are some of the aspects of Fidelity? (select all correct) Interactivity and capability Visual refinement Color palette Depth and details of features
Interactivity and capability Visual refinement Depth and details of features
Steps to successful UX Process implementation (select all correct)
Iterate on designs by focusing on small numbers of most important problems Start UX Design earlier in the process than you may think you should
The key to effective UX/UI design is ____________ of designs with actual ______
Iteration, users
Which of these are aspects of Discount UX processes? (select all correct) 1 point A usability study run by experts in a specialized laboratory Iterative testing and design enhancement using paper prototypes Large numbers of participants in a designed experiment Simplified user testing with a handful of participants
Iterative testing and design enhancement using paper prototypes Simplified user testing with a handful of participants Find key issues through early and rapid design iteration
Which of the following statements are true about UX Research methods? (select all correct) Journey Lines can be used as an interactive interview tool to elicit user storytelling, or they can be used to report on a UX process Focus groups should generally be held with over 10 participants to encourage discussion Surveys, if used in this stage, should have a clear purpose, target, and collection and analysis strategy Task analysis, a common UX Research method, can use several different representations, including UML state and activity diagramming
Journey Lines can be used as an interactive interview tool to elicit user storytelling, or they can be used to report on a UX process Surveys, if used in this stage, should have a clear purpose, target, and collection and analysis strategy Task analysis, a common UX Research method, can use several different representations, including UML state and activity diagramming
Identify typical aspects of usability (Select all correct) Learnability and visibility Errors and error handling Efficiency and satisfaction Strength and durability
Learnability and visibility Errors and error handling Efficiency and satisfaction
Prototypes can vary from paper prototypes that are ___ fidelity to nearly functional devices that are ___ fidelity.
Low, High
Which of the following are Don Norman's guidance on UX Design? Hide details between execution and evaluation Make it easy to see what actions are possible When all else fails, standardize Make it easy to see the state of the system
Make it easy to see what actions are possible When all else fails, standardize Make it easy to see the state of the system
Which of the following are common myths about Measuring UX? (select all correct) Metrics aren't useful for small improvements Usability metrics don't help understand causes Metrics take too much time or money to collect Difficult to collect reliable data with large sample sizes
Metrics aren't useful for small improvements Usability metrics don't help understand causes Metrics take too much time or money to collect
The user experience is ___ the user interface.
More than
The Black Hat Test is not natural for people to do because you're asking the assessors to be particularly ____________ in their assessments.
Negative and direct
Which of the following are typical data visualization errors? (select all correct) Not labeling axes and units on graphs Using a bar chart instead of a line graph Using color as the only differentiator on a bar chart Providing a bar graph without including error bars or confidence limits
Not labeling axes and units on graphs Using color as the only differentiator on a bar chart Providing a bar graph without including error bars or confidence limits
The Unified Modelling Language (UML) provides for a graphical use case approach; what are some elements of this method? (select all correct) Ovals with text that describe individual tasks A representation of the actor include clauses that provide for optional or conditional tasks extends clauses that provide for optional or conditional tasks
Ovals with text that describe individual tasks A representation of the actor extends clauses that provide for optional or conditional tasks
User Experience (UX)
Overall effect of interactions and perceptions someone has when using a product or service (or embedded device) The cumulative effect of many factors, some you can control, some you can't
All the methods in Analysis and Planning support communications of plans or directions, but which ones are solely focused on communications? Pecha Kucha Project Brief Stakeholder Interviews Elevator Pitch
Pecha Kucha Project Brief Elevator Pitch
Select true statements about characteristics of people from cognitive psychology
People naturally respond to human faces (Fusiform Facial Area) People maintain mental models of how they expect common objects to work
The most common discount test is the "Hallway" Usability Test; what attributes are true about this test approach? (select all correct) Stop the testing and make fixes if severe errors are observed Can be done with a single tester or a team of observer, moderator, and greeter Cannot be done online; must be in person You'll want to have a task ready to ask users to perform in the test
Stop the testing and make fixes if severe errors are observed Can be done with a single tester or a team of observer, moderator, and greeter You'll want to have a task ready to ask users to perform in the test
Pre-validated usability surveys like the CSUQ or the SUS provide (select all correct) Pre-determined methods for assessing results Only paper based surveys, cannot be used online. Experimentally verified ways to assess usability measures For quantitative measures of usability assessment
Pre-determined methods for assessing results Experimentally verified ways to assess usability measures For quantitative measures of usability assessment
Sketches are usually _______ whereas a prototype is ______. (select all correct) Proposing, Resolving Exploratory, Descriptive An Answer, A Question Tentative, Specific
Proposing, Resolving Exploratory, Descriptive Tentative, Specific
Statistical analysis and presentation of data is used when decisions need to be made on designs based on _____ data, vs. the discount method of improving designs using ______ data.
Quantitative, Qualitative
Which of the following is NOT a reason why Sketching is singled out as a vital tool in UX Design? Engages others, invites feedback Aid in exploration Supports perfectionism Cheap and fast
Supports perfectionism
Which of the following are typical usability measures collected in quantitative data gathering? (select all correct) Satisfaction and problem counting Time between usability test executions Task success counts and time on task Error counts and learnability measures
Satisfaction and problem counting Task success counts and time on task Error counts and learnability measures
User Experience Design
Set of methods and techniques for researching what users want and need, to provide products and services (and embedded devices) for them
The following are typical goals for the Analyze and Plan phase of a UX effort (select all correct) Set the scope of the project (target of development, who is it developed for) Set alignment and authorize work (agree on what will be done) Set final design selections for all interfaces (finalize design choices) Set measurable objectives (user goals, usability goals)
Set the scope of the project (target of development, who is it developed for) Set alignment and authorize work (agree on what will be done) Set measurable objectives (user goals, usability goals)
Select elements of textual use cases from the following (select all correct) Short summary of system goals Formats of data in transactions The main success scenario Identification of actor or actors
Short summary of system goals The main success scenario
Which of the following are among the NCSU Seven Principles of Universal Design? (select all correct) Size and Space for Approach and Use Simple and Intuitive Use and Tolerance for Errors Perceptible Information and High Physical Effort Equitable Use and Flexibility in Use
Size and Space for Approach and Use Simple and Intuitive Use and Tolerance for Errors Equitable Use and Flexibility in Use
Which of the following represents a flow of UX Design for devices? Works-like prototype -> Storyboards -> Pre-production prototype Sketches -> Looks-like appearance model -> high-fidelity form model Low-fi mockups -> works-like prototype -> custom electronics prototype -> pre-production prototype Looks-like appearance model -> high-fidelity form model -> sketches
Sketches -> Looks-like appearance model -> high-fidelity form model Low-fi mockups -> works-like prototype -> custom electronics prototype -> pre-production prototype
In applying UX Design methods to progressively elaborate a design, we generally select progressive design methods that increase in fidelity, which of these is a likely order of methods increasing in fidelity?
Sketches, wireframes, works-like/looks-like prototypes, final prototypes
Edward Tufte is a recognized expert in information design and data visualization; he is particularly known for two data display techniques
Sparklines and Small Multiples
The most important method in this phase (per Leah Buley) is
Stakeholder Interviews
User experience (or UX) is a cumulative effect of many factors (select all correct)
System design and responsive elements User goals and motivation Environment and context of use
Seeing and Hearing are most often used for modern device output, what other approaches are available? (select all correct) Tactile changes and movement Temperature changes Smell Telepathy
Tactile changes and movement Temperature changes Smell
Effective UX Design includes... (select all correct) Testing both low and high fidelity models Avoiding progressive elaboration Using premature optimization Involving users (or user surrogates) as much as possible
Testing both low and high fidelity models Involving users (or user surrogates) as much as possible
What statements are true about the cost of not understanding the users of a system? (select all correct) The design uncertainty is larger at the beginning of a project, so researching user needs begins to elaborate the project requirements The cost of change increases as a project moves on, so understanding user needs early helps avoid changes The cost of design misses reduces as a project continues, so the timing for discovering user issues is not as important as just finding them Keeping users at the center of a design process keeps your work relevant, provides for ease and pleasure in use of the design, and ensures a good return on investment for your design efforts
The design uncertainty is larger at the beginning of a project, so researching user needs begins to elaborate the project requirements The cost of change increases as a project moves on, so understanding user needs early helps avoid changes Keeping users at the center of a design process keeps your work relevant, provides for ease and pleasure in use of the design, and ensures a good return on investment for your design efforts
Which of these are accurate real-time expectations of people using a system? (select all correct) The length of a person's unbroken attention to a task ranges from 6 to 30 seconds The average gap in a conversation between people is 5 seconds The limit of perceiving a connection between a cause and an effect is 1.4 seconds The minimum time for a person to respond with a motor reaction to a visual stimulus is .7 seconds
The length of a person's unbroken attention to a task ranges from 6 to 30 seconds The average gap in a conversation between people is 5 seconds The limit of perceiving a connection between a cause and an effect is 1.4 seconds The minimum time for a person to respond with a motor reaction to a visual stimulus is .7 seconds
Touch and Speech are typical device input approaches in modern devices, what other approaches are available? (select all correct) Thoughts and Heart Rate Galvanic Skin Response Movement and Gestures Smell and Temperature Sense
Thoughts and Heart Rate Galvanic Skin Response Movement and Gestures
In Krug's review of number of users for a test, two tests with three users is more effective than one test with eight users because
The most obvious issues from the first test are fixed before the second test is held
What are some common limitations we must consider when picking interface elements? (select all correct) The user's ability to learn skills to use a device interface The user's ability to differentiate scents Limitations of user's vision or hearing Limitations caused by the environment where the device will be used
The user's ability to learn skills to use a device interface Limitations of user's vision or hearing Limitations caused by the environment where the device will be used
Which of the following are selection criteria for Analysis and Planning methods in UX processes? (select all correct) Time (for preparation, execution, follow up) Complexity and Fit to overall project The Goal of using the method (communications, learning, planning, etc.) Fidelity of the method (high, medium, low)
Time (for preparation, execution, follow up) Complexity and Fit to overall project The Goal of using the method (communications, learning, planning, etc.)
Surveys are broken out as a key Verification and Validation method because (select all correct) They should only be used in the Verify/Validate stage They can provide statistically strong assessments They can provide quantitative and qualitative design assessment They can be provided via online web-based tools
They can provide statistically strong assessments They can provide quantitative and qualitative design assessment They can be provided via online web-based tools
The primary stated goal of the UX research phase is
Understand the users (identity, tasks, goals, other impacting factors)
The WAVE rule applies generically to all use case design - which of the following are correct for what the letters of the WAVE rule stand for? (select all correct) V, Has VALUE to the actor E, Use case models the ELEMENTS of the scenario W, Use case describes WHO is performing the action A, From the ACTOR's point of view
V, Has VALUE to the actor A, From the ACTOR's point of view
There are two major categories of project flows, waterfall and agile; what are the characteristics of these project approaches? (select all correct) Agile projects move through phases using stage gates to ensure all activities are complete and accepted before proceeding Waterfall projects tend to include a comprehensive project management plan, providing for scope, requirements, schedule, cost, and other controls Waterfall projects tend to use informal stand-up meetings to move from stage to stage Agile projects use iterative cycles of reviews, planning, and stand-up status reviews to allow for changes as teams move from iteration to iteration of the project
Waterfall projects tend to include a comprehensive project management plan, providing for scope, requirements, schedule, cost, and other controls Agile projects use iterative cycles of reviews, planning, and stand-up status reviews to allow for changes as teams move from iteration to iteration of the project
Usability/UX design isn't a hard science like Chemistry or Electronics, it is
a soft collection of methods and principles
Usability ___________ of a overall product design
is only part
Usability studies, and other methods, like rapid prototyping, are _____________ to clarify the true needs of the user
necessary
Successful UX Process Implementation
• Start UX process at beginning of design • Involve users (or surrogates) at all stages • Be open to alternatives • Progressive elaboration • Iterate on designs • When fixing a problem, do the least you can do
People maintain mental models of how they expect common objects to work
• Time for a skilled reader to comprehend a word = .15 seconds • Time to identify a visual object = .25 seconds • Minimum visual to motor reaction time = .7 seconds • Average conversational gap = 1 second • Length of unbroken attention to a task = 6-30 seconds • Limit of perception of cause/effect = .14 seconds
