Veneil AP Ch 14 endocrine system

Insulin and glucagon

both help regulate blood glucose levels

antidiuretic hormone and oxycontin

are released in response to signals from the nervous system.

oxytocin

(posterior pituitary gland hormone) - contracts uterine muscle during labor, releases milk from the mammary glands (during breast feeding)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

(posterior pituitary gland hormone) - stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys, also constricts blood vessels

steroids

(secreted by the adrenal cortex), are lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol.

The Hypothalmus

-controls the secretions of the anterior pituitary gland -it secretes releasing hormones and release-inhibiting hormones (they stimulate or inhibit secretions) -secretes its hormones into network of capillaries that connect to the anterior pituitary gland (hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system)

gland associated with sugar, salt and sex

Adrenal gland

Gland that secretes TSH, ACTH, and Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary gland

response to low plasma levels of calcium

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is released to increase plasma calcium levels.

Iodine containing hormones

T3 (contains 3 iodine atoms) and T4 (contains 4 iodine atoms) (thyroid hormones)

T3, T4 and calcitonin are

Thyroid Hormones

kussmaul respirations occur in response to

acidosis

adrenal cortical insufficiency also causes a hypersecretion of ACTH derived from POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin) causing a person to appear

bronzed

Deficiency of aldosterone

causes piaphoresis

the person with _______________ is most likely to receive insulin therapy

diabetes (hyperglycemia)

cretinism, myxedema, and graves disease are all

diseases of the endocrine system all related to the thyroid (deficiency)

hormones secreted from the adrenal gland

epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines) - they stimulate the fight or flight response.

catecholamines

epinephrine and norepinephrine (fight or flight)

cortisol (adrenal gland hormone)

glucocorticoid that helps regulate glucose, fat and protein metabolism; is part of the stress response.

the three adrenal cortical steroids are

glucocorticoids (sugar), mineralocorticoids (salt), sex hormones (sex).

enlargement of the thyroid gland

goiter

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

helps activate enzymes with in the cell

deficiency of insulin causes

hyperglycemia or diabetes mellitus

structures connects the hypothalamus and the adenohypophysis

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (blood capillaries)*

hypothalamic-releasing hormone is controlled by

hypothalamus

which of the following is most responsive to treatment with thyroxine (T4)

hypothyroidism

ketoacidosis is most related to

incomplete break down of fatty acids or diabetic ketoacidosis

hormone that lowers blood glucose

insulin

the hypersecreation of this hormone is LEAST likely to cause hyperglycemia

insulin

portal capillaries carry releasing hormones from the brain to the

interior pituitary

adenohypophysis

is also called the anterior pituitary gland

insulin

is released in response to increased blood levels of glucose, such as what occurs after a meal. (only hormone that lowers blood glucose)

the secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland suppresses further secretion of the ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland. what is this interaction called?

negative feedback control*

the posterior pituitary is composed of nervous tissue and is therefore called the

neurohypophysis

hypocalcemic tetany

not only contorts the wrist, it causes sustained contractions of the muscles of the larynx and breathing muscles, can cause asphyxiation and death.

this gland secretes melatonin and is concerned with our biologic rhythms

pineal gland

excess secretions of epinephrine

prolong the fight or light response

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

regulate blood calcium levels

insulin (hormone of pancreas)

secreted by beta cells of the islets of langerhans; helps regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; lowers blood glucose levels.

glucagon (hormone of pancreas)

secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans; raises blood glucose levels

testosterone is best described as

secreted primarily by the testes, cheif male androgen, stimulates development of sperm, secondary characteristic in the male

estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

sex hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete steroids, especially cortisol

Prolactin also called lactogenic hormone

stimulates the breast to develop and produce milk

growth hormone

stimulates the growth of bone and soft tissue, stimulates the synthesis of glucose during periods of fasting. (also called somatotropin or somatotropic hormone)

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (t3 and t4)

which of the following steroids is an androgen

testosterone

islets of langerhans

the hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas. has alpha cells(which secrete glucagon) and beta cells (which secrete insulin)

adrenal medulla

the inner region of the adrenal gland and is considered an extension of the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)

Adrenal cortex

the outer region of the adrenal gland, secretes hormones called steroids.

this gland secretes two hormones: one hormone elevates blood glucose and the second hormone decreases blood glucose

the pancreas

sugar, salt and sex is descriptive of

the three adrenal cortical steroids

iodine, colloid, and goiter refer to this gland

thyroid gland

what is most likely to cause the secretion of calcitonin

thyroid gland secretes calcitonin in response to elevated blood levels of calcium, calcitonin acts as a antagonist to PTH.

function of the parathyroid hormone

to increase blood calcium levels, it increases the release of calcium from bone tissues (resorption), stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine, increases the absorption of dietary calcium by the digestive tract.