Vertebral Column

Characteristics of lumbar vertebra? 1. Relative size-- ____________________ 2. Body shape-- _________ 3. Costal Facets for Ribs-- Not ______________. 4. Transverse Foramina-- __________ 5. Spinous Processes-- ___________(___________ and ___________); project ___________________. 6. Inferior = ______________ Superior= ____________ 7. Transverse Processes = ___________, ___________, and ______________.

1. Relative size-- largest 2. Body shape-- large, round or oval. 3. Costal Facets for Ribs-- Not present. 4. Transverse Formamina-- None 5. Spinous Process-- Short (thick and blunt); project posteriorly 6. Angle of Articular Facets- 1. Inferior= Lateral 2. Superior= Medial. 7. Transverse Processes= Large, thick, and blunt.

Ala also known as "________", is formed by the ______________ __________________s of the __________________ __________________.

Ala also known as "wing", is formed by the fused remnants of the transverse process. Confirm if ok.

Identify the features that indicate the anterior, posterior and lateral sides. See diagram.

Anterior-- heart shaped base.- body of a typical vertebral. Posterior-- Spinous process toward the top of the typical vertebra. Lateral-- Transverse Process. to the side. Ask to confirm this is sufficient.

Describe the appearance and function of the atlas-- Atlas appearance: _________ body or ___________ _______________; _______-like Atlas superior articular surfaces articulate with the ______________ ___________s of the skull. Atlas holds the __________ and ________________s ____________ the __________. Atlas Creates the "_____" motion when _______ articulates with the ____________ ____________s __________. see diagram.

Atlas = C1 •No body or spinous process; ring-like • •Superior articular surfaces articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull. • •The atlas holds up the skull and swivels around the axis. •Creates the "yes" motion when C1 articulates with the occipital condyles skull.

Describe the appearance and function of the axis: Axis appearance: More _________-________ has a _______s portion that juts out Axis= ___________ of _________ has a __________ projection called the : ___________s= structure that initially would have been ________ body embryologically ________________ to become the _________s. Axis is the _________________ of all _________________ __________________. Axis Ligaments _____________ this mechanism of rotation for the ________________ ____________. _____________ is "axis" of rotation Creates the "______" motion.

Axis appearance: More dense like. and has a Dens portion that juts out. Axis = Body of axis has a vertical projection called the: Dens = structure that initially would have been C1 body embryologically migrated to become the dens. Axis is strongest of all cervical vertebrae. Axis Ligaments support this mechanism of rotation for the cervical spine. Dens is "axis" of rotation Creates the "no" motion.

Characteristics of Cervical vertebra 1.Relative size= ___________ 2. Body shape= _________ and __________ ___________ ____________ 3. Costal Facets for Ribs= ________ ___________ 4. Transverse Foramina= ____________ 5. Spinous Process= ____________: _______--________ are often ____________ 6. Angle of Articular Facets 1. Inferior= ___________________ 2. Superior= ________________ 7. Transverse Processes= ________(contain ___________________ _______________)

Characteristics of Cervical vertebra 1.Relative size= small 2. Body shape= small and kidney bean shaped 3. Costal Facets for Ribs= not present 4. Transverse Foramina= Present 5. Spinous Process= Slender: C2-C6 are often bifid 6. Angle of Articular Facets 1. Inferior= Anterioinferior 2. Superior= Posterosuperior 7. Transverse Processes= small(contain transverse foramina)

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebra 1.Relative size= ________--_________(_________ than ___________) 2. Body Shape= ___________--____________ body. 3. Costal Facets for Ribs = Present on __________ and ______________ _______________s 4.Any Transverse Foramina? _________ 5. Any Spinous Process? _________; most project _________________. 6. Angle of Articular Facets. 1. Inferior = ________________ 2. Superior = _______________ Do these two look okay? 7. Transverse Processes = _______( contain _____________ _________________

Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebra. 1. Relative size= Medium-sized(larger than cervical) 2. Body shape= Heart-shaped body 3. Costal Facets for Ribs= Present on body and transverse processes 4. Any Transverse Foramina? none 5. Spinous Process? Long, most projects inferiorly 6. Angle of Articular Facets. 1. Inferior= Anteromedial 2. Posterolateral= Posterolateral 7. Transverse process= medium-sized.

Difference between a primary vertebral curvature and a secondary vertebral curvature? Primary curvature develop during 1.___________ _______________( ________rd- ________th month) Secondary curvature = complete development _________ _________

Difference between a primary vertebral curvature and a secondary vertebral curvature? 1. •Primary = develop during fetal period (3rd - 9th month) 2. •Secondary = complete development after birth

Difference between vertebral foramen and vertebral canal? Vertebral foramen is the opening in the ___________________ through which the ________________ ____________ ____________ Also, Vertebral foramen is formed by the ________________ __________ and ___________________ __________. Whereas, the vertebral canal is when _____ or ________ _____________ ____________ are ____ ______ with ________ _____________. See image of both and determine which is which.

Difference between vertebral foramen and vertebral canal? Vertebral foramen - opening in the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes Also, vertebral foramen is formed by the the Vertebral arch and vertebral body. Whereas, the vertebral canal is when 2 or more vertebral foramen are in line with each other.

Functions of Vertebral Column 1. Vertebral Column offers Protection for __________________ __________ and ___________________ ______________s, and ______________ _____________s. 2. Vertebral Column _______________s the ______________ of the body. 3. Vertebral Column is a site of ____________ ___________________. 4. Vertebral Column ______________s and ___________s torso ___________________.

Functions of Vertebral Column 1. •Protection for spinal cord & surrounding meninges, and spinal nerves 2.•Supports the weight of the body 3. •Site of muscle attachment 4. Controls and limits torso movement

Identify the regions of Vertebral Column and the number of vertebrae in each region. 1._______ ______________ 2._______ ______________ 3.______ ______________ 4.______ _____________(_______________ into ____________) 5. ______--_____ _________________( fused as ___________.

Identify the regions of Vertebral Column and the number of vertebrae in each region. 1. 7 cervical 2. 12 thoracic 3. 5 lumbar 4. 5 sacral 5. 1-4 cocygeal(fused as Coccyx) Is it 1-4? Ask

In a single vertebra, the spinal cord passes through the ____________________ ________________.

In a single vertebra, the spinal cord passes through the Vertebral foramen.

Individual vertebra in the vertebral column separated by the _____________________ _____________s

Individual vertebra in the vertebral column separated by the Intervertebral discs.

Intervertebral foramen formed by the __________________ _____________________ _________ and ______________________ __________________ ________________

Intervertebral foramen formed by inferior vertebral notch and superior vertebral notch.

Median sacral chest formed by _____________ ________________ _______________s of _________--_________.

Median sacral chest formed by the fused spinous processes of S1-S3.

Sacral hiatus-- formed at the ______________ at the ____________ end of the _____________/____________ ___________ due to ____________ of _______/_______ _____________ ____________s to form.

Sacral hiatus-- formed at the opening at the distal end of the vertebral/sacral canal due to failure of S4/5 spinous processes to form.

__________________ _____________s pass through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina.

Spinal nerves pass through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina. Confirm.

The parts of the intervertebral disc include two parts: 1. _____________________ _________________ and __________________ 2. ______________________ 1. ______________ ______________ function: inner gelatinous material that gives the disc its ___________________ and ______________________ 2. _________________ _____________ function: surrounds the _____________ _________________ with a collar composed of a _________________ _________________ with _________________ __________s of ______________s that serve to ___________________ the disc _______________________.

The parts of the intervertebral disc include two parts: 1. Nucleus pulposus and 2. Annulus fibrosus. 1. -Nucleus pulposus - inner gelatinous material that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility 2. Annulus fibrosus - surrounds the nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of a cartilage matrix with concentric rings of fibers that serve to strengthen the disc considerably.

The features that combine to form the Vertebral (Neural) Arch (formed by _________________ and ______________s on _________ sides of ________________).

Vertebral (Neural) Arch (formed by lamina & pedicles on both sides of vertebrae)

Answers to which is which for vertebral foramen and vertebral canal.

Vertebral foramen is on the left. Vertebral canal is on the right.

What regions of the vertebral column are primary curvatures? ______________& _________________ Concave ________________.

What regions of the vertebral column are primary curvatures? -Thoracic & Sacral/ Pelvic -Concave anteriorly

What regions of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures? _____________ and _______________ --- _________________= prominent after child holds head up. ________________= prominent after child walks.

What regions of the vertebral column are secondary columns? Cervical and Lumbar -Cervical = prominent after child holds head up -Lumbar = prominent after child walks

When an intervertebral disc is herniated, it leads to ________________________ of the _____________ _____________(or __________ __________s) exiting the ____________ in this ______________.

When an intervertebral disc is herniated, it leads to compression of the spinal nerves(or nerve roots) exiting the spine in this area.

auricular surface articulates with ______________ to form ____________________ ____________.

auricular surface articulates with ilium to form the sacroiliac joint. confirm/ask.

Kyphosis is marked by a __________________, and excessive ________________ ____________________________ Some causes of Kyphosis include: 1. ___________________________ of _____________________ 2.__________ of ________________ 3. ________________ 4. ____________________ ________________ 5.____________________________ -- __________'s hump in ________________________ _______________s 6. occurs in __________________ ____________ of both sexes.

•Kyphosis- -Hunchback -Excessive Thoracic Curvature -Causes: •1.Degeneration of anterior •2body of vertebra •3Fracture •4Congenital defect •5Osteoporosis -Dowager's hump in osteoporotic females •6Occurs in geriatric people of both sexes

Lordosis is marked by a _______________, excessive __________________ ___________________ with _______________ _______________ of _____________, and __________________ ___________________ ______________________. Some Lordosis causes include: _______________________ of _____________________ ______________________ _____________ and is common during ______________________.

•Lordosis- -Swayback -Excessive Lumbar Curvature •Anterior rotation of pelvis •Abnormal extension deformity -Causes: •Weakening of anterolateral abdominal wall •Common during pregnancy

The stabilizing ligaments include ______________________ _______________________ ____________________ and _________________ ___________________ _______________________. Their functions are below. 1. ____________________ ____________________ ___________________functions -- 1. reinforces support of ___________________ _______________ posterior to the __________ of the _________________. 2. Resists ___________________ of the ________________ _______________. 3. Drives "_________________" of ___________________ _________________ ___________________________(rarely pushed __________________ ______________________). 2. __________________ ________________________ _________________________ functions-- 1. reinforces __________________ of _______________ _____________________ anterior to _______________ of __________________. 2. Resists ________________________ of ___________________ _____________________.

•Stabilizing ligaments include Posterior longitudinal ligament and anterior longitudinal ligament. Posterior longitudinal ligament: -Reinforces support of vertebral column posterior to body of vertebrae -Resists Hyperflexion of vertebral column -Drives "herniation" of nucleus pulposus posterolaterally (rarely pushed directly posterior) •Anterior longitudinal ligament: -Reinforces support of vertebral column anterior to body of vertebrae -Resists Hyperextension of vertebral column

The abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column include ________________, _________________, and _____________________ Scoliosis is marked by a _____________ or _______________ back. Scoliosis involves abnormal _________________ ________________ of the spine(especially near the ______________ _______________) Some causes of Scoliosis 1. include _______________ in the intrinsic back muscles (____________________) 2. Failure of _________ of ________________ to develop(___________________) 3. Difference in ____________ of ____________s. 4. And is common among _________________ girls aged _________--_______

•The abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column include scoliosis, kyphosis, and Lordosis Scoliosis- -Crooked or curved back -Abnormal lateral curvature of spine (especially thoracic region) -Causes: •Weakness in intrinsic back muscles (myopathic) •Failure of half of vertebra to develop (hemivertebra) •Difference in length of limbs •Common in pubertal girls 12-15 yrs.