Vet 265: Vaccines in companion animals

FELV & FIV

BOTH elective - cats Viruses shed in saliva and excretions of sero-positive cats Risk exposure greatest among young cats that go outdoors or that live in catteries Cats should be tested for FeLV & FIV before immunization -IDEALLY...cats would be quarantined for 8 weeks, & be tested at the beginning & end of this period before having contact w/ virus free cats (could have contracted 2 days before being caught/rescued)

Why Vaccinate So Often?

Because of Maternal Immunity. -The mother passes antibodies in her colostrum to her young. These protective antibodies will wane at different rates in different individuals between the ages of roughly 12 to 22 weeks. -If the young are still protected by the mother's passive immunities, the vaccines cannot take effect because not only do the antibodies block disease, they also block the vaccine induced immunity

Canine "Non-Core"

Bordatella Vaccine ('Kennel Cough) Lyme Disease Giardia Crotalus atrox toxoid vaccine (Rattlesnake vaccine) Porphyromonas (periodontal disease vaccine)

Clinical signs of distemper

Oculonasal discharge Coughing Dehydration Vomiting Diarrhea Seizures Inflammation of chorion and retina in the eye Later-onset manifestations: Thickening of footpads and planum nasale Enamel hypoplasia of teeth Neurologic tics Epilepsy

read

Pages 216 to 225

Postvaccinal adverse events

Postvaccinal adverse events should be reported to both the manufacturer and to the U.S. Pharmacopeia Veterinary Practitioner's Reporting Program: 1-800-487-7776

Canines: "Core Vaccines"

Rabies -1 and 3 year vaccine is the same thing DHLPPC: D= Distemper H= Hepatitis (Adenovirus) L= Leptospirosis P= Parvovirus P= Parainfluenza C= Corona

Feline- "Core Vaccines":

Rabies -1 and 3 year vaccine is the same thing FVRCPC F= Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis C= Calici Virus P= Panleukopenia C= Chlamydia

fiv

Retrovirus "feline AIDS" Immunosuppression and predisposition for secondary infections

felv

Retrovirus Can cause lymphoma, bone marrow dyscrasias, and immunosuppression in cats usually within 2 to 4 years of becoming seropositive

Intranasal

Stimulate development of local mucosal immunoglobulins at the site where pathogens commonly gain entrance to the body Should NEVER be injected SQ

mlv

Stimulate interferon production better than killed-virus Interferon protects animal quickly, even before antibody protection occurs Interferon from previous vaccine may negate the animal's ability to mount a response to another vaccine if given within 2 weeks -Why 3 to 4 week interval for puppy/kitten vaccines Theoretically...microbes in MLV could be virulent if the attenuation process is incomplete or unsuccessful Vaccinated animals may shed virus particles for a few days Vaccine can be dangerous to immunosuppressed and pregnant animals -Can affect fetuses -Puppy recovering from parvo is immunosuppressed so should not receive

dose

The quantity of vaccine used for a small chihuahua puppy is the SAME as for an adult Great Dane Should not be divided into smaller quantities b/c of animal's age or size

Why they work

Vaccines work b/c they contain a pathogen that is either killed or altered Vaccine stimulates immune response without making the animal sick Microbes are cultured, harvested, and inactivated by either killing them with heat or chemicals or modifying (attenuating) them by growing in nonhost species (bird eggs), or in the environment where the temp is below body temp

Canine parvovirus

Vomiting, diarrhea (bloody/foul smelling), fever, severe dehydration, and protein loss from GI tract Parvovirus type - 2 most common viral cause of mortality in young dogs Virus particles HIGHLY RESILIENT in environment -ubiquitous -fomites can bring into home on shoes/clothing -even strictly indoor dogs can be exposed... -kennels should be cleaned with 1:30 solution of bleach and water

Danger Zone

We DO know that there is a period when the antibody level is high enough to interfere with immunization yet, at the same time, is too low to be protective against environmental pathogens -Keep puppies/kittens away from other animals and their excrement until they have received a full series of immunizations -Puppy classes... -Dog parks -Boarding situations -Even veterinary visits

Maternal Antibodies

Without titering, don't know how long antibodies last for each disease Don't know when antibodies will be LOW enough to NOT interfere with vaccine antigens Don't know when the antibodies will be TOO LOW to no longer protect against natural exposure to disease

Granuloma

a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection Significantly more common in felines than in canines

Passive Transfer

absorption of passive antibodies from colostrum by newborns Maternal antibodies from mother to offspring Placenta

Edward Jenner

an English doctor, 1796 Observed that dairymaids who contracted the less serious cowpox did not seem to succumb to smallpox

storage

Must be stored according to the manufacturer's directions -refrigerated Lyophilized (freeze-dried) powders need to be reconstituted and gently mixed w/ the proper type AND amount of diluent provided by the manufacturer

Testing for rabies?

No available test to diagnose premortem

Sites of sq vaccine administration

B/c of small risk of pet developing localized reaction, the site of administration should ALWAYS be recorded A consensus of veterinary groups has recommended that rabies is given SQ over the right rear leg area, the combo vaccines over the right shoulder, and elective vaccine over the left rear leg

Clinical signs of rabies

1 to 3 days of prodromal abnormal behavior 3 to 4 days of hyperactivity Aggressive behavior Vicious behavior and biting ("furious rabies") Motor neuron paralysis -Hamper normal movement in legs -Affects facial muscles and ability to swallow (paralytic or "dumb rabies") -Dogs more likely to be wildly aggressive and "foam at the mouth" -Cats more likely to exhibit hind leg paralysis

Feline Vaccine Protocols

-Vaccinate kittens with at least FVRCPC combo starting at 6 to 8 weeks of age, and vaccinating at 2 to 4 week intervals until the kitten is at least 14 weeks of age -Rabies vaccine can be given as young as 12 weeks of age. -Rabies is boostered at 1 year, and then boostered every 1 to 3 years after that

Canine Vaccine Protocols

-Vaccinate puppies with at least the DHLPPC combo (sometimes minus the "L" due to adverse reactions in young) starting at 6 to 8 weeks of age, and vaccinating at 2 to 4 week intervals, until the puppy is between 20 to 22 weeks of age. -The DHLPPC is then boostered yearly -Rabies vaccine can be given as young as 12 weeks of age. -Rabies is boostered at 1 year, and then boostered every 1 to 3 years after that

Sarcoma

A sarcoma is a cancer of the connective tissue (bone, cartilage, fat) resulting in mesoderm proliferation.

Infectious canine hepatitis

Adenovirus - 1 causes canine hepatitis, but also: -Glomerulonephritis, vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, and blue eye

What is a Vaccine?

Administered parentally -Subcutaneous or Intramuscular injection -Intranasal Contain a small, modified dose of an infectious disease (usually viral or bacterial)

Solution

Administration of series of vaccinations every few weeks after weaning Immunization occurs during the earliest opportunity to confer active immunity Adult animals with no known immunization history (strays) do not need to complete a repetitive series of vaccines like puppies/kittens because adults LACK (or no longer have) maternal antibody interference

Adverse Reactions

Anaphylaxis Facial swelling Vomiting Fever Muscle atrophy Bleeding gums Skin allergies Seizures Hemorrhages Kidney failure Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Blindness Encephalitis Chronic colitis Epilepsy Liver failure Thyroid disease Degenerative arthritis Cancers

Active Immunity

Animals develop antibodies to antigens present in their environment Ex: Puppy develops Parvo...if puppy lives, the dog will be protected against Parvo for life

Maternal Antibody Interference

Antibodies in colostrum can only be absorbed for the first 24 hours of life Why it's VERY important that neonates nurse Passive immunity from colostrum waxes/wanes of different time periods Has the POTENTIAL to protect young via material antibodies for up to 14 - 16 weeks WHY WE VACCINATE AT INTERVALS!

Titer Testing

Antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the presence and amount of antibodies in blood. The antibody level in the blood is a reflection of past exposure to an antigen or to something that the body does not recognize as belonging to itself These tests could determine when and if a vaccine needs to be given You cannot add more immunity to an already immune dog. It is not immunologically possible. All you are doing is increasing the risk of chronic disease. The duration of immunity to infectious disease agents is controlled by memory cells, B and T lymphocytes. Once programmed, memory cells persist for life.

Er treatment for anaphylaxis

Antihistamine (Benadryl/diphenhydramine) Corticosteroid s/a dexamethasone Epinephrine IV fluids

Core

Are necessary b/c they protect against highly contagious and dangerous viruses that are ubiquitous in the environment Even indoor pets can be exposed to these dangerous viruses and there is no specific treatment therapy

leptospirosis

Caused by bacteria Leptospira spp. May induce chronic or acute disease in Liver, Kidney, and/or eyes Any number of serovars can cause disease Four new serovar bacterins HOPE to protect against newer bacterial types Shed in the urine of affected animals: -Dogs, rats, cattle, wildlife Infected animals can become carriers and shed bacteria intermittently for years ZOONOTIC

panleukopenia

Caused by parvovirus that is SIMILAR, but not identical to the one found in canines USE to be termed "feline distemper" -b/c was a common infectious dz around the same time as CD was abundant Like canine parvovirus, Panleukopenia causes: -Severe dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and leukopenia -Can also cause cerebellar hypoplasia in neonates if exposed during late gestation or early life

Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpesvirus) & Calicivirus vaccine

Core - Cats Both SQ and IN forms: -RIGHT FRONT LIMB, SQ Produced as both killed & MLV Efficacy of vaccine not 100% b/c it may not protect against the carrier state and not all calicivirus vaccines protect against the rare serious systemic form of calicivirus Immunity last about 3 years in fully immunized adult cats -Recommended to be given every 3 years, not annually -Calicivirus vaccines may cause immune-mediated polyarthritis

panleukopenia vaccine

Core - cats Killed0virus vaccines safer for use in pregnant and immuno compromised cats -Viral particles shed from cats vaccinated with MLV vaccines, so it is recommended that only killed-virus vaccines be used for animals that LIVE with pregnant or immunosuppressed cats Immunization with kitten series followed by the first adult booster produces excellent protection and long-lasting immunity -7 plus years

parvo vaccines

Core - dogs Immunization confers long duration of immunity: 7 plus years MLV vaccine: May be shed False positives on fecal Parvocite test Blood abnormalities: Leukopenia Low Neutrophil Secondary bacterial infections

Canine distemper vaccine

Core vaccine - DOGS (ferrets, skunks, etc...) Vaccines are either Modified-live or Viral-DNA-vectored Killed-virus proved ineffective and is no longer used MLV should not be given to immunosuppressed animals (such as???) CD paramyxovirus shares some antigens with the human measles virus A measles vaccine made for dogs can be used in young puppies b/c it can override colostral distemper antibodies and be protective

rabies vaccine

Core vaccine - DOGS and CATS (etc...) Administered RIGHT HIND LEG SQ Proof of up-to-date rabies immunization is necessary for dog licensure in many locations Killed virus vaccines Approved as 1 year or 3 year vaccines -Same darn thing in the vial Local law governs whether puppies require 1st vaccine at 13 or 16 weeks of age -Mat require boosters more frequently than manufacturer's recommendations Local statutes may also insist on IM administration -Overrides manufacturer's recommendations

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Elective Bacterium in kennel cough complex Given month prior to possible exposure: -boarding Killed bacterins: -Given SQ Live-attenuated -Given IN Protection not long lasting

leptospirosis vaccine

Elective - dogs Can be "core" in areas where Lepto is endemic In hot/arid regions where Lepto is unlikely to occur, vaccine shouldn't be used due to the increased risk of adverse reactions (anaphylaxis) -Reactions more common in small-breed dogs under 12 - weeks of age Vaccine may not be "effective" b/c it doesn't protect against ALL strains, or even all strains to the same extent... Vaccine may not protect against carrier state Given in a combo vaccine: RIGHT, FRONT LIMB, SQ Given alone as a vaccine: LEFT, FRONT LIMB, SQ Does NOT produce long immunity Must be given annually

Prevalence of tumors

Estimates range from: 2.1 to 3.6 per 100,000 vaccinated cats 5 per 100,000 vaccinated cats 1 per 1,000 cats (administered FeLV or Rabies vaccines) NOT all vets report their cases! Many of your instructors here have seen several cases...at least, so feel the actual occurrence is much higher.

Felines- "Non-Core"

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) Feline Bordatella Dermatophyte (Ringworm) Giardia

Problems with Companion Animal Vaccines

Frequency at which they are given -Vaccines in animals, just as in people, do not lose efficiency or wane in the effectiveness, so annual re-vaccination protocols are unnecessary and harmful Over stimulation of the immune system can cause it to lose its strength -Imagine yourself being vaccinated for Chicken-pox, Polio, Measles, Mumps, Whooping cough, Smallpox, and the Flu all at the same time...year after year Dose: -The same 1 cc dose is given to a 1 lb Chihuahua puppy, or a 200 lb Great Dane -To ensure efficacy, manufacturers for years have made vaccines ten times more potent than what is needed to challenge the immune system

Transdermal

Given without needles Merial's VET JET FeLv

Killed-virus

Immunosuppressed and pregnant animals may be safely vaccinated with killed-virus vaccines, but may not be able to mount protective titers

Down Fall of Jenner's Experiment

Jenner re-vaccinated the Phipps boy and his own son more than twenty times -James Phipps died at the age of 20 -Jenner's son died at the age of 21 -Both succumbed to tuberculosis -Modern-day researchers have associated TB with the smallpox vaccine

Canine distemper

Killed countless puppies in the last century prior to the production of the vaccine Paramyxovirus which is spread via direct contact between dogs or their excretions and by direct contact with wildlife reservoirs -Coyote -Wolf -Raccoon -Skunk -Weasel -Otter

parainfluenza

Like adenovirus - 2, is one of the many viruses that make up kennel cough complex Since viral...not treatable, but doesn't have a high mortality rate Vaccine safe and effective: -Duration of immunity 3 plus years

Feline Vaccine-Associated Fibrosarcomas

Linked specifically to the Feline Leukemia Vaccine(FeLV) and to the Rabies Vaccine Injections were initially given between the cat's shoulder blades or other flank areas Remove tumor- leaving only healthy tissue behind and it will grow right back, at the incision site or adjacent to it. Newer vaccine protocols advise: Vaccinate in the left rear leg for Feline Leukemia Vaccinate in the right rear leg for Rabies In the event of a tumor- leg can be amputated to save the animals life, and the causative agent will be obvious

Elective

May be indicated in some situations, but are not necessary for all dogs and cats -Inside only cat doesn't need FeLv -Poodle that constantly stays inside may not need Lyme's

Duration of immunity?

Million dollar question.... Some produce long-acting immunity for 3 or more years, whereas other last only 6 to 12 months Manufacturer's inserts may recommend annual boosters, but.... AVMA AAHA (American Animal Hospital Association) AAFP (American Association of Feline Practitioners) Have established guidelines for frequency of immunization Long story short... Every animal is different Titer testing is the only real way to know when immunity is low Manufacturer isn't going to sink money into research telling you to use their product that you're currently using yearly, every 3 years, or even every 7 years Some anti-overvaccination activists believe that puppy/kitten vaccines last a life time, just as our childhood vaccine do

Postvaccinal side effects

Most NOT life threatening: -Lethargy, local pain, transient swelling at site, or fever Allergic reactions to microbial antigens, adjuvant, inactivators, or preservatives in a vaccine can cause severe reactions: -Anaphylaxis-an immediate hypersensitivity response that may include respiratory arrest, cardiovascular collapse, and death w/in 30 minutes of vaccine -Less severe: hives, facial swelling or edema, periocular swelling

administration

Most administrated SQ rather than IM these days, although some local laws require the rabies vaccine to be given IM in specific areas of the body

rabies

Most serious zoonotic rhabdiviral disease of all mammals that is transmitted via saliva -Bite wound Virus enters distal nerves near the wound and travels proximally toward the spinal cord and brain Migration can take months -Asymptomatic period Once in brain and salivary glands -Infected animal usually die of encephalitis w/in 10 days despite treatment

How Does a Vaccine Work?

This dose is not enough to actually infect the person or animal to whom it's administered Activates the body's immune system and imprints the memory of the disease upon it If the body later encounters the disease for real, the immune system will be prepared to fight it off

Jenners experiment

Took a small piece of diseased skin from a dairymaid and applied it to a cut on a young boy named James Phipps The experiment was a success -Phipps contracted cow pox, and when exposed to smallpox one month later he was unaffected and apparently immune to the disease

Feline viral rhinotracheitis (Herpesvirus) & Calicivirus

Two viruses cause upper respiratory disease: -Oculonasal discharge, ulceration or mouth and nose (calici), and sometimes serious ocular disease (herpes), or polyarthritis (calici)

FIV vaccine

Vaccine DOES interfere w/ future FIV testing b/c the test screens for anti-FIV antibodies and cannot distinguish antibodies produced during immunization from those made in response to natural infection -Cats immunized will test positive -Identity chip

Infectious canine hepatitis vaccine

Vaccine for adenovirus - 1 could cause an immune-mediated side effect: "blue eye" No longer used Vaccine for adenovirus - 2 (virus is kennel cough complex): Does NOT cause "blue eye" Protection against both adenovirus 1 and 2

Vaccines Role

Vaccine include antigens from a pathogen that cause a particular disease When the vaccine is introduced to the immune system the animal forms antibodies to the antigen Immunization successful: Protective level of humoral (B-cell) circulating antibodies and/or a cell-mediated (T-cell) lymphocyte response When naturally exposed in the future: Immunologic memory (from vaccine) will cause a rapid and heightened immune response that will protect the animal from illness

felv vaccine

Vaccine used to protect OUTDOOR cats from sporadic exposure to the virus, but will not protect cats that have constant exposure such as negative cats living in a household with positive cats Vaccine for FeLV does NOT interfere w/ future testing for FeLV antigens

CORE VS. ELECTIVE

Vaccines against more than 20 different types of infectious diseases in dogs and cats To d/c possible side effects from overvaccinating, and individual's lifestyle and risk of exposure should be considered along with the benefits of vaccinating the design the best vaccination protocol for each animal

Pathogenesis of tumor involves

chronic local inflammation -Inflammation of the subcutis/ hypodermis is a precursor to the fibrosarcomas -When the vaccine contains adjuvant (which is used to catalyze or modify actions of the vaccine) inflammation is thought to be more prevalent. -Tumors are often surrounded by peripheral inflammatory infiltrate, consisting of lymphocytes and macrophages

SQ injections

distal thigh or shoulder area most preferred: -Should mass develop...amputation would be possible NOT recommended to give in the tail or between the shoulder blades -Poor drainage in interscapular area -If postvaccinal lump develops, difficult to surgically remove

Antibodies

immnuoglobulin formed in the blood or tissues that interacts only with antigens that induced its synthesis

Antigen

molecule of substance that is recognized by the immune system as foreign (nonself) and that elicits an immune response of specific antibody response

Ages for giving vaccines in puppies

start at 6 weeks for combos every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks then give rabies and lepto booster in a year and then every 3 years

Colostrum

the first milk that contains the antibodies