Vibrations and Waves

v = λf

(b) Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive crests of a wave. Frequency is the number of oscillations per second. The product of a wave's wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) is equal to the waves velocity (v): v= λf. a. Define nodes and anti-nodes (for standing waves)

Equilibrium Position

A condition in which all influences acting cancel each other, so that a static or balanced situation results. In physics, equilibrium results from the cancellation of forces acting on an object.

crests

A crest is a point on the wave where the displacement of the medium is at a maximum. A point on the wave is a trough if the displacement of the medium at that point is at a minimum.

Transverse Wave

A transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular (or right angled) to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in the positive x-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the y-z plane. Light is an example of a transverse wave.

Hertz, kHz, MHz, GHz

A unit of frequency is called a hertz (Hz). A frequency of one cycle per second is 1 hertz, two cycles per second is 2 hertz, and so on. Higher frequencies are measured in : Kilohertz: (kHz-thousands of hertz) Megahertz: (MHz-millions of hertz) Gigahertz: (GHz-billions of hertz)

Electromagnetic Wave

Electromagnetic waves are waves that contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry energy. They travel at the speed of light.

Wavelength and Frequency Vary Inversely

Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time

Speed of Sound

In dry air at sea level at 0 degrees Celsius , the speed of sound is approximately 331.4 meter s per second (m/s). Temperature, pressure, and humidity affect this value to some extent. In most liquids and solids, the speed of sound is greater than in air at sea leve

Musical Notes

In music, the term note has two primary meanings: A sign used in musical notation to represent the relative duration and pitch of a sound (♪, ♫); A pitched sound itself.

Interference Pattern

In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater or lower amplitude. I

Longitudinal Wave

Longitudinal waves, also known as "l-waves", are waves in which the displacement of the medium is in the same direction as, or the opposite direction to, the direction of travel of the wave.

Wave Amplitude

Physics One half the full extent of a vibration, oscillation, or wave. The amplitude of an ocean wave is the maximum height of the wave crest above the level of calm water, or the maximum depth of the wave trough below the level of calm water.

Period

The amount of time it takes for one complete cycple

troughs

The wavelength is the distance from crest to crest, trough to trough, or from a point on one wave cycle to the corresponding point on the next adjacent wave cycle.

Constructive Interference

This type of interference is sometimes called constructive interference. Constructive interference is a type of interference that occurs at any location along the medium where the two interfering waves have a displacement in the same direction.

In Phase

Two waves with the same frequency

Wave Speed

Wave speed is a measure of how fast a wave travels. It is calculated as a ratio of how far a wave travels to the time it takes the wave to travel that distance.

Out of Phase

Waves with the same frequency but different phases

sine curve

a curve representing periodic oscillations of constant amplitude as given by a sine function.

Receiver

a receiver, as that used with the air pump, from which the air has been withdrawn; a vessel the interior of which is a more or less complete vacuum.

Moiré Pattern

a secondary and visually evident superimposed pattern created, for example, when two identical (usually transparent) patterns on a flat or curved surface

Sound Waves

a wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is propagated in an elastic medium such as air.

Pendulum

a weight hung from a fixed point so that it can swing freely backward and forward, especially a rod with a weight at the end that regulates the mechanism of a clock.

Vibration

an oscillation of the parts of a fluid or an elastic solid whose equilibrium has been disturbed, or of an electromagnetic wave.

Wave

any regularly recurring event, such as surf coming in toward a beach, that can be thought of as a disturbance moving through a medium. Waves are characterized by wavelength, frequency, and the speed at which they move

Disturbance in a medium

are an example of longitudinal waves while electromagnetic waves, such as light, are examples of transverse waves. • Transverse waves transfer energy in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the disturbance in the medium. A vibrating string is an example of a transverse wave.

Destructive Interference

constructive interference. noun, Physics. 1. the interference of two or more waves of equal frequency and phase, resulting in their mutual reinforcement and producing a single amplitude equal to the sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves.

Simple harmonic motion

oscillatory motion under a retarding force proportional to the amount of displacement from an equilibrium position.

Reinforcement

the action or process of reinforcing or strengthening.

wavelength

the distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.

amplitude

the maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

frequency

the number of crests of a wave that move past a given point in a given unit of time. The most common unit of frequency is the hertz (Hz), corresponding to one crest per second. The frequency of a wave can be calculated by dividing the speed of the wave by the wavelength.

Vibrating Source

the oscillating, reciprocating, or other periodic motion of a rigid or elastic body or medium forced from a position or state of equilibrium.

Oscillatory Motion

the repetitive variation, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. Familiar examples include a swinging pendulum and alternating current power.

Period of Vibration

time recorded of an acurring vibration

Neutralized

to end