Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

The phenomenon of _____ best illustrates that visual information can be processed without conscious awareness.

blindsight

What phenomenon best illustrates that visual information can be processed without conscious awareness?

blindsight

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or _____.

blue

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to _____ constancy.

brightness

Researchers used goggles to restrict kittens' vision for several months. Once the goggles were removed, the kittens could distinguish only color and _____.

brightness

Even though black paper reflects a tremendous amount of light outdoors, it still appears black. This is an example of:

light constancy.

Relative luminance most clearly contributes to:

lightness constancy.

Intensity refers to the level of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or _____, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

loudness

Relative _____ most clearly contributes to lightness constancy.

luminance

Relative _____ refers to the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.

luminance

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues.

monocular

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative height are examples of:

monocular cues.

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are _____ each other. This is called the principle of proximity.

near

What theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of afterimages?

opponent-process theory

Afterimages are best explained by:

opponent-processing theory.

The blind spot is the point at which the _____ nerve leaves the eye.

optic

Wavelength refers to the distance from the _____ of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

peak

Subsequent research on perceptual adaptation, similar to the experiment conducted by Stratton, has found that when people wear optical inversion gear:

people are able to do all these tasks.

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in _____, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

perception

In terms of vision, _____ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

perceptual adaptation

Stefan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision. He has agreed to wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Due to _____, after about a week, he is able to perform his usual tasks, like riding a bike or reading a book.

perceptual adaptation

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates:

perceptual adaptation.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes illustrates:

perceptual constancy.

We recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact illustrates:

perceptual constancy.

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near each other. This is called the principle of _____.

proximity

According to the Gestalt psychologists, humans tend to group together figures that are near each other. This is called the principle of:

proximity.

The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of:

proximity.

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the _____.

pupil

The lens is the transparent structure behind the _____ that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

pupil

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the size of the _____ is called the iris.

pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the:

pupil.

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: _____, green, or blue.

red

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: blue, green, or _____.

red

The human retina has three types of color receptors, each of which is especially sensitive to one of the three primary colors. They are:

red, blue, and green.

We perceive a tomato to be red because it _____ the long wavelengths of red.

reflects

Madeline is an interior designer. When she chooses a new color for her client's walls, she always checks the swatch against different colored objects in the room. Madeline is aware of how colors change because of:

relative luminance.

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the _____ has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

retina

The central focal point in the _____ where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the fovea.

retina

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the _____ is called the lens.

retina

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as _____ disparity.

retinal

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for depth perception known as:

retinal disparity.

Our perceptual tendency to organize _____ into coherent groups is known as grouping.

sensations

Rules for organizing _____ into coherent groups were first identified by Gestalt psychologists.

sensations

According to the Young-Helmholtz _____ theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

trichromatic

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.

unaffected

Your 8-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. Minnie's vision will be _____ by this sensory deprivation.

unaffected

In terms of _____, perceptual adaptation is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

vision

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that:

vision is partly an acquired sense.

At Cornell University, Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive depth. This famous experiment is known as the _____ cliff.

visual

At Cornell University, Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants can perceive depth. This famous experiment is known as the:

visual cliff.

Radio waves, X-rays, infrared rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet waves are all forms of electromagnetic energy that differ in terms of their _____.

wavelength

Adults who were blind from birth but who gained sight after surgery:

were able to experience all of these effects.

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the _____ may exceed the sum of its parts.

whole

Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he:

wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for 8 days.

White paper reflects 90 percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects _____ percent.

10

White paper reflects _____ percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects 10 percent.

90

White paper reflects _____ percent of the light falling on it, while black paper reflects _____ percent.

90; 10

_____ refers to the level of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Intensity

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by _____ psychologists.

Gestalt

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by:

Gestalt psychologists.

What was the ultimate result of Stratton's experiment on perceptual adaptation?

He was eventually able to perform most daily tasks.

Your 8-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision?

Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months. How will this sensory restriction affect his vision?

His vision will be unaffected by this sensory restriction.

_____ occurs when one object partially blocks our view of another; we perceive it as closer.

Interposition

_____ refers to the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.

Relative luminance

Psychologist _____ conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for 8 days.

Stratton

What happens during accommodation?

The lens changes its curvature to focus on an image.

_____ refers to the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next.

Wavelength

According to the _____, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that vision is partly a(n) _____ sense.

acquired

After some practice, Carol was able to read books while holding them upside down. This best illustrates perceptual _____.

adaptation

In terms of vision, perceptual _____ is the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted visual field.

adaptation

Stefan has volunteered to participate in an experiment studying vision. He has agreed to wear a pair of glasses that invert his vision. Due to perceptual _____, after about a week, he is able to perform his usual tasks, like riding a bike or reading a book.

adaptation

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells _____ it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

after

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells after it is processed by rods and cones and _____ it is processed by bipolar cells.

after

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

after it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of _____.

afterimages

The opponent-process theory is most useful for explaining the characteristics of:

afterimages.

Intensity refers to the level of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's _____.

amplitude

Alicia is traveling on a train. She stares out the window at a house. The sidewalk in front of the house will appear to move _____.

backward

The _____ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

blind spot

Interposition occurs when one object partially blocks our view of another; we perceive it as _____.

closer

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of _____.

closure

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

closure.

At the optometrist's office, Lou failed to distinguish numbers from the color designs shown to him. Lou is most likely _____.

colorblind

The phenomenon of blindsight best illustrates that visual information can be processed without:

conscious awareness.

The fact that we recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes illustrates perceptual _____.

constancy

We recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact illustrates perceptual _____.

constancy

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, unbroken patterns rather than broken ones. This is called the principle of _____.

continuity

According to the Gestalt psychologists, we perceive smooth, unbroken patterns rather than broken ones. This is called the principle of:

continuity.

About 30 percent of the _____ is required for facial recognition.

cortex

Researchers used goggles to restrict kittens' vision for several months. Once the goggles were removed, the kittens:

could distinguish only color and brightness.

Kittens, monkeys, and humans who experience sensory deprivation early in life end up with permanent damage to their visual functioning. This finding suggests that there is a(n) _____ period for normal sensory and perceptual development.

critical

At Cornell University, Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk placed infants on the edge of a safe canyon to determine whether crawling infants and newborn animals can perceive _____. This famous experiment is known as the visual cliff.

depth

The distance between our right and left eyes functions to provide us with a cue for _____ perception known as retinal disparity.

depth

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the:

lens.

Immanuel Kant and John Locke would have been most likely to disagree about the extent to which perception is influenced by:

experience.

About 30 percent of the cortex is required for _____ recognition.

facial

About 30 percent of the cortex is required for:

facial recognition.

The ability of nerve cells in the brain to discriminate specific angles, lines, and movements of an object is known as:

feature detection.

The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the _____.

fovea

The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, no rods.

fovea

The central focal point in the retina where cones are heavily concentrated is known as the:

fovea.

Visual information is processed by _____ cells after it is processed by rods and cones and after it is processed by bipolar cells.

ganglion

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: blue, red, or _____.

green

According to the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, _____, or blue.

green

Our perceptual tendency to organize stimuli coherently is known as _____.

grouping

Our perceptual tendency to organize stimuli coherently is known as:

grouping.

Relative size, interposition, linear perspective, relative motion, and relative _____ are examples of monocular cues.

height

In terms of our sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to brightness.

hue

Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he wore a pair of glasses that _____ his vision for 8 days.

inverted

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the _____.

iris

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

iris.

You walk into a darkened room; the black structure in the center of your eye seems to enlarge causing the center of your eye to appear dark. This response is caused by the action of the part of the eye called the:

iris.

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually _____ when it is near the horizon.

large

The Moon illusion refers to our tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

large when it is near the horizon.

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates _____ constancy.

shape

The ability to accurately perceive distances most clearly underlies our capacity for _____ constancy.

size

The ability to accurately perceive distances most clearly underlies our capacity for:

size constancy.

Relative luminance refers to the amount of light an object reflects relative to its _____.

surroundings

Jasmine was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She most likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.

temporal

When you enter and dark room or turn off the lights, how do your eyes adapt to the new environment?

the pupils of the eye dilate to let more light reach the retina

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that in perception:

the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Adults who were blind from birth but who gained sight after surgery were NOT able to recognize objects by sight that were familiar by _____.

touch