Vitamins Final Quiz 1, minerals
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus? a. Ranks highest among the minerals in amount present in the body b. Activates fat-soluble vitamins c. Ranks lowest among the minerals in amount present in the body d. Involved in energy exchange
d.Involved in energy exchange
At what age do adults normally begin to lose bone mass? Select one: a. 40-50 yrs b. 30-40 yrs c. 60-70 yrs d. 50-60 yrs
b. 30-40 yrs
A person's highest bone density is achieved by around age (years) Select one: a. 18. b. 30. c. 55. d. 70.
b. 30.
The incidence of death within 1 year of sustaining an osteoporosis-related fracture is about Select one: a. 20%. b. 33%. c. 6%. d. 2%.
b. 33%.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of body weight and bone health? Select one: a. Negative energy balance typically reduces calcium absorption b. A low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people c. People with BMIs over 30 have denser bones than their counterparts with BMIs around 25 d. Weight loss adversely affects bone density
b. A low-calcium diet promotes similar bone loss in normal and overweight people
Which of the following is a feature of magnesium in nutrition? Select one: a. Toxicity is common in people taking diuretics b. Average intakes from food are below recommendations c. The amounts present in hard water are poorly utilized d. High intakes interfere with stability of tooth enamel
b. Average intakes from food are below recommendations
Which of the following is a feature of calcium in the body? Select one: a. Abnormal dietary calcium intakes promote calcium rigor b. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness c. Efficiency of intestinal calcium absorption is similar for children and adults d. High blood calcium levels correlate with tetany
b. Higher calcium intakes correlate with lower body fatness
Which of the following is a feature of osteoporosis? Select one: a. It results from short-term deprivation of dietary calcium b. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels c. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathormone and calcitonin d. It is most common in men over 45 years of age
b. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels
Among the following calcium supplements, which is most likely to be contaminated with toxic minerals? Select one: a. Calcium carbonate b. Oyster shells c. Calcium lactate d. Calcium citrate
b. Oyster shells
Tiffany is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods nor supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? Select one: a. Calmodulin b. Parathyroid hormone c. Calcitonin d. Hydroxyapatite
b. Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following regulates the level of calcium in the blood? Select one: a. Dietary intake of phosphorus b. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin c. Dietary intake of calcium d. Glucagon and epinephrine
b. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
On a per kcalorie basis, which of the following are the best sources of calcium? Select one: a. Fruits b. Vegetables c. Breads d. Meats
b. Vegetables
The muscle stiffness that results from abnormally high calcium levels in the blood is termed Select one: a. calcium tetany. b. calcium rigor. c. calmodulin dysfunction. d. myosinotoxicosis.
b. calcium rigor.
The disorder "dowager's hump" is associated with a long-term deficiency of Select one: a. phosphorus. b. calcium. c. potassium. d. magnesium.
b. calcium.
All of the following are known to have a high correlation with risk for osteoporosis EXCEPT Select one: a. being thin. b. consuming a high-protein diet. c. having anorexia nervosa. d. being female.
b. consuming a high-protein diet.
The outer, hard shell of bone is called Select one: a. trabecular bone. b. cortical bone. c. dolomitic bone. d. hydroxyl bone
b. cortical bone.
All of the following dietary substances are known to adversely affect calcium balance EXCEPT Select one: a. a high-fiber diet. b. lactose in the diet. c. phytic acid in the diet. d. phosphorus in the diet at a level 3 times that of calcium.
b. lactose in the diet.
A friend shows you a newspaper article titled "Magnesium's Role in ATP Synthesis." You explain that Select one: a. it is not magnesium but manganese that plays the role in ATP synthesis. b. magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP. c. there are three magnesium groups within the ATP structure that help it do its work. d. magnesium does not play a role in ATP synthesis.
b. magnesium serves as a catalyst in the reaction that adds the last phosphate to ATP.
Certain green leafy vegetables have a very low calcium bioavailability due to the presence of Select one: a. low vitamin D content. b. naturally occurring binders. c. low calcium content. d. high magnesium content, which lowers calcium absorption.
b. naturally occurring binders.
All of the following are known to enhance calcium absorption from the GI tract EXCEPT Select one: a. pregnancy. b. oxalates. c. stomach acid. d. lactose.
b. oxalates.
As far as is known, which of the following is NOT a process that directly involves calcium? Select one: a. Nerve transmission b. pH regulation c. Blood clotting d. Maintenance of heart beat
b. pH regulation
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is used to Select one: a. regulate the transmission of nerve impulses. b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth. c. maintain the blood level of calcium within very narrow limits. d. provide energy for cells
b. provide rigidity for the bones and teeth.
People in the United States who are meeting their recommended intake for calcium usually are Select one: a. consuming liberal amounts of spinach. b. taking calcium supplements. c. low consumers of phytate-containing foods. d. on prescription osteoporosis medications.
b. taking calcium supplements.
The primary mechanism by which soy consumption may lower the risk for osteoporosis is related to Select one: a. more stable hydroxyapatite crystal formation. b. the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals. c. the presence of bioavailable calcium. d. greater kidney retention of calcium.
b. the estrogen-like activity of soy phytochemicals.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alcohol and bone health? a. Alcohol intake promotes urinary calcium loss b. Even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density c. Hormones involved in bone maintenance are adversely affected by alcohol intake d.Bone breakdown is enhanced by excess alcohol consumption
b. Even moderate alcohol intake reduces bone density
Sam has recently been diagnosed with high blood pressure. His doctor recommended adopting the DASH diet plan. Along with including more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, he was also advised to reduce daily sodium intake to no more than 2000 mg. How much salt (g) would be allowed under Sam's restriction? Select one: a. 8 b.5 c.6.5 d. 9.5
b.5
Which of the following ages (years) is typically associated with people having the densest bone? Select one: a. 15 b. 35 c. 28 d. 46
c. 28
Which of the following are good sources of dietary calcium? a. Enriched grains b. Fruits c. Certain green vegetables d. Breads Incorrect
c. Certain green vegetables
Which of the following is a feature of magnesium nutrition? Select one: a. Dietary intake data are the sum of the amounts from food and water b. The average body contains about 100 g c. Deficiency is associated with hypertension d. Blood is a major reservoir of the mineral
c. Deficiency is associated with hypertension
What component of soy is thought to account for most of its beneficial effects on bone health? Select one: a. Protein b. Calcium c. Phytochemicals d. Fiber
c. Phytochemicals
Which of the following green vegetables shows the lowest bioavailability of calcium? Select one: a. Kale b. Mustard greens c. Spinach d. Broccoli
c. Spinach
Which of the following foods are significant sources of oxalates? Select one: a. Processed cheeses b. Fermented dairy products c. Spinach and sweet potatoes d. Seeds and nuts
c. Spinach and sweet potatoes
Which of the following is a function of trabecular bone? Select one: a. Synthesis of calcitonin b. Storage site for vitamin D c. Storage site for calcium d. Synthesis of vitamin D
c. Storage site for calcium
Which of the following is characteristic of calcium nutrition in teenagers? Select one: a. The dietary intakes of calcium are similar for girls and boys of this population group b. The recommended intake is higher for girls than boys c. The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food d. The recommended intake is 800-1,000 mg for this population group
c. The intake of calcium is higher in boys than girls because they eat more food
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of phosphorus in nutrition? Select one: a. About 85% of the body's phosphorus is located in bones and teeth b. The phosphoric acid in cola drinks has little effect on bone content c. The ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance d. High dietary intakes have no adverse effects
c. The ratio of phosphorus to calcium in the diet is important for bone maintenance
Which of the following contributes most to the weight of the human body? Select one: a. Iron b. Calcium c. Water d. Protein
c. Water
Which of the following is a general property of the minerals? Select one: a. Absorption efficiency from foods is similar among the minerals b. Some minerals in food are destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light c. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash d. Minerals in food can be degraded by certain processing methods
c. When a food is burned, all the minerals are found in the ash
All of the following characteristics are shared by calcium and magnesium EXCEPT Select one: a. both may result in tetany when blood levels become abnormally low. b. both are involved in bone formation. c. both are found in abundance in dairy products. d. both are involved in blood clotting.
c. both are found in abundance in dairy products.
Estrogen therapy for osteoporosis is often rejected because it may increase risk for Select one: a. diverticulosis. b. hypertension. c. cancer. d. heart disease.
c. cancer.
How much calcium (mg) would typically be absorbed by a normal adult with a calcium intake of 1,000 mg? Select one: a. 300 b. 100 c. 600 d. 950
a. 300
Where is the majority of the body's magnesium found? Select one: a. Bones b. Teeth c. Cells of soft tissue d. Fatty tissue
a. Bones
Among the following calcium supplements, which is most calcium-dense? Select one: a. Calcium carbonate b. Calcium citrate c. Calcium gluconate d. Calcium lactate
a. Calcium carbonate
Among the following calcium supplements, which contains the lowest percentage of calcium? Select one: a. Calcium gluconate b. Calcium citrate c. Calcium lactate d. Calcium carbonate
a. Calcium gluconate
Which of the following is a major function of magnesium? Select one: a. Catalyst in energy metabolism b. Prevention of anemia c. Production of thyroid hormone d. Transport of oxygen
a. Catalyst in energy metabolism
Barbara has been healthy up to the past couple of weeks, but since then has been complaining of considerable muscle weakness. Her doctor just received the results of blood tests, which showed that she is deficient in potassium. If Barbara continues her current habits of consuming a diet low in potassium, for which of the following disorders is she most likely to be at risk? Select one: a. High blood pressure b. Rickets c. Low blood pressure d. Arthritis
a. High blood pressure
Which of the following represents the least likely cause for an abnormal blood calcium level? a. Insufficient dietary intake b. Diseases of the kidney c. Diseases of the liver d. Altered secretion of parathyroid hormone
a. Insufficient dietary intake
Which of the following is NOT among the features of bone health and smoking? Select one: a. Smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate b. Bone density appears to recover in former smokers c. Older smokers have less dense bones than older nonsmokers d. Sedentary smokers have less dense bones than sedentary nonsmokers
a. Smokers adapt by increasing their calcium absorption and reducing their bone resorption rate
What is hydroxyapatite? Select one: a. The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones b. A calcium regulatory hormone secreted from the trabeculae region of bone c. A compound in plant foods that binds to calcium and phosphorus and inhibits absorption d. Abnormal cellular structures seen in osteoporosis
a. The calcium-rich crystalline structure of teeth and bones
Which of the following is a feature of bone metabolism? Select one: a. Trabecular bone is the chief supplier of blood calcium on a low-calcium diet b. Bone density of former smokers never achieves the level found in people who never smoked c. The strongest predictor of bone density is calcium intake during the third decade of life d. Cortical bone mass alone is diagnostic of osteoporosis
a. Trabecular bone is the chief supplier of blood calcium on a low-calcium diet
The strongest predictor for loss of bone density is a person's Select one: a. age. b. sex. c. blood estrogen level. d. calcium intake.
a. age.
Calcium absorption is facilitated by the presence of Select one: a. lactose. b. phytic acid. c. fiber. d. oxalic acid.
a. lactose.
How many mg of calcium are present in a 500-mg tablet of calcium carbonate? a. 200 b.350 c.500 d. 100
a. 200
Which of the following is a feature of the minerals in nutrition? a.Once minerals enter the bloodstream, they remain in the body until excreted b.Some minerals are destroyed by heat c.Much care is needed to preserve minerals during food preparation d.Some minerals are destroyed by UV light
a. Once minerals enter the bloodstream, they remain in the body until excreted Correct
After age, what is the next strongest risk factor for osteoporosis? a. Sex b. Physical activity level c. Calcium intake d. Tobacco use
a. Sex
Which of the following is a characteristic of calcium supplement use? a. Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium b. Taking them with iron supplements enhances absorption of iron c. Small pills containing a large amount of calcium salt show faster dissolution in the stomach d.Supplements of calcium carbonate show higher bioavailability than calcium citrate
a. Taking them with a meal enhances absorption of calcium
The development of osteoporosis in men typically occurs at what age in relation to the appearance of osteoporosis in women? Select one: a. 3 years later b. 4 years earlier c. About the same d. 10 years later
d. 10 years later
The magnesium present in mineral water has a bioavailability of about Select one: a. 25%. b. 5%. c. 90%. d. 50%.
d. 50%.
What is calmodulin? Select one: a. A calcium supplement with high bioavailability b. A drug that treats osteoporosis c. A form of calcium used in fortifying soy products d. A calcium-binding protein
d. A calcium-binding protein
What does a DEXA scan measure? a. Bioavailability of calcium supplements b. Calcium absorption and excretion balance Incorrect Incorrect c. Severity of bone microfractures d. Bone density
d. Bone density
Which of the following shows the highest bioavailability for calcium? Select one: a. Spinach b. Milk c. Pinto beans d. Broccoli
d. Broccoli
Which of the following is a feature of calcium supplements? Select one: a. There are large differences in the efficiency of calcium absorption from various supplements b. The bioavailability of calcium from most supplements is significantly lower than from milk c. The calcium in supplements made from oyster shell and bone meal is more absorbable than the calcium in calcium citrate and calcium lactate d. Common antacids are used as a source of calcium
d. Common antacids are used as a source of calcium
Which of the following is a feature of phosphorus in nutrition? Select one: a. Rich sources include fresh vegetables b. Its participation in bone synthesis requires equivalent intake of dietary calcium c. Absorption is known to be reduced by soft drink consumption d. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
d. Dietary deficiencies are virtually unknown
Which of the following is NOT known to be a risk factor for osteoporosis in men? Select one: a. Corticosteroid use b. Low testosterone levels c. Alcohol abuse d. High BMI
d. High BMI
Which of the following is a risk of consuming calcium supplements above the UL? Select one: a. Calcium tetany b. Vitamin D deficiency c. Atrophic gastritis d. Kidney stone formation
d. Kidney stone formation
Which of the following is NOT among good plant sources of calcium for the body? Select one: a. Corn tortillas b. Sesame seeds c. Almonds d. Spinach
d. Spinach
Which of the following is a feature of physical activity and bone health? a. Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density Incorrect Incorrect b. Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass in adults but not in adolescents c. Weight training improves bone density in young but not older women d. Working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density
d. Working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density
Magnesium is known to be involved in all of the following EXCEPT a. prevention of dental caries. b. muscle contraction. c. blood clotting. d. production of red blood cells.
d. production of red blood cells.