Vocabulary for IELTS ADVANCED

renewable (adj)

(adj) * forms of energy can be produced as quickly as they are used: * energy sources such as wind and solar power

unleaded (adj)

(adj) * petrol or other substance does not contain lead

eco-friendly (adj)

(adj) * products have been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment

carbon neutral (adj)

(adj) If a person, organization, event, etc. is *, it does things such as planting trees to reduce carbon dioxide by the same amount as it produces it

hands-on (adj)

(adj) Someone with a * way of doing things becomes closely involved in managing and organizing things and in making decisions

rechargeable (adj)

(adj) able to be recharged

recyclable (adj)

(adj) able to be recycled

subjective (adj) (The judging of artistic works can be very subjective; we need to find a way to make it more specific.)

(adj) based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair

catastrophic (adj)

(adj) causing a lot of damage and suffering

sustainable (adj) (It should also be possible to produce hydrogen in a sustainable way by using other recyclable materials in addition to cooking oils.)

(adj) causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time

severe (adj)

(adj) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.; very serious

long-term (adj)

(adj) continuing a long time into the future

ongoing (adj Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction)

(adj) continuing to exist or develop

problematic (adj Each individual component is less problematic, so what begins as an insurmountable problem is far less difficult.)

(adj) difficult to deal with or to understand; full of problems; not certain to be successful

dense (adj)

(adj) difficult to understand because it contains a lot of information

frantic (adj However, people born and raised in rural areas enjoy the slow pace of life and often feel overwhelmed by the frantic pace of the city)

(adj) done quickly and with a lot of activity, but in a way that is not very well organized synonym hectic

thrilling (adj) (I was expecting the circus acts to be really daring and exciting to watch, but it was all a bit disappointing.)

(adj) exciting and enjoyable

pervasive (adj Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction)

(adj) existing in all parts of a place or thing; spreading gradually to affect all parts of a place or thing a * smell of damp

freezing (adj)

(adj) extremely cold

petrified (adj) (I really enjoy horror movies. I know it sounds strange, but I like the feeling of being really scared!)

(adj) extremely frightened synonym terrified

hilarious (adj) (The last movie I saw was supposed to be a really funny comedy, but I didn't laugh at all.)

(adj) extremely funny

eminent (adj)

(adj) famous and respected, especially in a particular profession

isolated (adj)

(adj) far away from any others

spine-chilling (adj) (Last week I saw a horror movie, and the special effects were so realistic it was really scary to watch.)

(adj) frightening in an exciting way

tropical (adj)

(adj) from or relating to the area between the two tropics

current (adj)

(adj) happening now; of the present time

talented (adj)

(adj) having a natural ability to do something well

biased (adj) (I think they're the best team here, but then I am biased as I'm their teacher.)

(adj) having a tendency to show favour towards or against one group of people or one opinion for personal reasons; making unfair judgements

prejudiced (adj) (Some companies are prejudiced against taking on employees over 40.)

(adj) having an unreasonable dislike of or preference for somebody/something, especially based on their race, religion, sex, etc.

prominent (adj)

(adj) important or well known

world-famous (adj)

(adj) known all over the world

tedious (adj) (I really enjoy his plays before, but this one was so boring that I was asleep by the third act.)

(adj) lasting or taking too long and not interesting synonym boring

terrifying (adj) (Last week I saw a horror movie, and the special effects were so realistic it was really scary to watch.)

(adj) making somebody feel extremely frightened

daunting (adj Indeed, when you are faced with a daunting problem, feeling depressed is often a useful response that may help you analyse and solve it.)

(adj) making somebody feel nervous and less confident about doing something; likely to make somebody feel this way synonym intimidating

lenient (adj)

(adj) not as strict as expected when punishing somebody or when making sure that rules are obeyed

fictional (adj)

(adj) not real or true; existing only in stories; connected with fiction

resistant (adj)

(adj) not wanting to accept something, especially changes or new ideas

precious (adj)

(adj) of great value because of being rare, expensive, or importan

inspirational (adj)

(adj) providing inspiration

tranquil (adj)

(adj) quiet and peaceful

high-profile (adj)

(adj) receiving or involving a lot of attention and discussion on television, in newspapers, etc.

managerial (adj)

(adj) relating to a manager or management

insurmountable (adj Each individual component is less problematic, so what begins as an insurmountable problem is far less difficult.))

(adj) that cannot be dealt with successfully

settle (adj)

(adj) to make a place your permanent home

migrate (adj)

(adj) to move from one town, country, etc. to go and live and/or work in another synonym emigrate

figurative (adj)

(adj) used in a way that is different from the usual meaning, in order to create a particular mental picture. For example, 'He exploded with rage' shows a figurative use of the verb 'explode'.

native (adj)

(adj) used to refer to plants and animals that grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else

torrential (adj)

(adj) used to refer to very heavy rain

disastrous (adj)

(adj) very bad, harmful or unsuccessful

terrified (adj) (I really enjoy horror movies. I know it sounds strange, but I like the feeling of being really scared.)

(adj) very frightened

high-rise (adj)

(adj) very tall and having a lot of floors

hostile (adj) (Although this approach may work for a while (many notable practitioners are highly profitable), businesses that that prey on customers are always vulnerable to possible hostility.)

(adj) very unfriendly or aggressive and ready to argue or fight

heavy (adj)

(adj) weighing a lot, and needing effort to move or lift

overpopulated (adj)

(adj) with too many people living in it

de facto (Now millions of people carry a de facto tracking device with them all day that automatically logs their every move.)

(adj.) actually existing or in effect, although not legally required or sanctioned; (adv.) in reality, actually

legitimate (The first stems from a legitimate attempt to create value by giving customers a broa set of options.)

(adj.) lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable

synthetic (The manufacture of polyester and other synthetic fabrics is an energy-intensive process requiring large amounts of crude oil and releasing emissions which can cause or aggravate respiratory disease.)

(adj.) made or put together by people; (n.) something artificial opposite to organic

partial

(adj.) not complete; favoring one side over another; showing a strong liking for someone or something

trivial

(adj.) not important, minor; ordinary, commonplace

iodine (The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.)

(hóa học) i-ốt (dược học) cồn i-ốt

metropolis (A mega city can be a single metropolitan area or two or more areas that converge or join together. This is sometimes referred to as a metropolis)

(n.) a large city; the chief city of an area

integrity (The problems for the conservator of modern art differ fundamentally from those that concern conservators of old master works, where the goal is to preserve as faithfully as possible the integrity of the original.)

(n.) honesty, high moral standards; an unimpaired condition, completeness, soundness

well-adjusted (adj)

(of a person) able to deal with people, problems and life in general in a normal, sensible way

catchy

(of music or the words of an advertisement) pleasing and easily remembered

pay off (Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.)

(phr v) to be successful and bring good results

reap (I know I'll reap the rewards one day, when I'm qualfied.)

(v) harvest, such as by cutting; gather; get as a result of one's effort

ascribe (The book begins by examining the stereotypes that the media ascribes to female candidates, and asserts that as well as potraying women as incompetent leaders, reporters also tend to describe them their according to their fashion choices.)

(v.) to assign or refer to (as a cause or source), attribute

congeal (The impact radically changed our planet, expelling a huge amount of debris that eventually congealed into our oversied moon.)

(v.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid

to vie for sth (In an era when conventional medicine seldom provided cures, these manufacturers vied for consumer attention with large, often outrageous, promises and colourful, dramatic advertisements.)

(v.) to compete; to strive for victory or superiority

evolve (The cultural status of tattooing has steadily evolved from that of an anti-social activity in the 1960s to that of a socially acceptable fashion statement today.)

(v.) to develop gradually; to rise to a higher level

encompass (This variation in estimates can be accounted for by different definitions of what the area encompasses.)

(v.) to encircle, go or reach around; to enclose; to include with a certain group or class

institute (After taking the throne in 1974, King Jigme Singye Wangchuck instituted a number of policies designed to preserve the country's cultural identity.)

(v.) to establish, set up; (n.) an organization for the promotion of learning

probe (That x-rays, ultraviolet and infrared photography, and chemical analysis - tools used to probe works centuries old - are now being employed on more recent art confirms that modernism has entered history.)

(v.) to examine, investigate thoroughly; (n.) an investigation; a device used to explore or examine

entail (Building a new fence entails tearing down the old one. It is also a problem that replacing our current energy supply will entail expensive research and development, which, in turn, involves government cooperation.)

(v.) to include as a necessary step

deteriorate (After all, the functioning of all body systems and organs tends to deterioate with age)

(v.) to lower in quality or value; to wear away

recoup (Penalties for problems such as bouncing a cheque, for example, were orginally designed to discourage banking customers from spending more money than they had and to recoup administrative costs.)

(v.) to make up for, regain

divulge (You may not think twice about it, but if you use a social networking site, a cellphone or the internet regularly, you are leaving behind a clear digital trail that describes your behaviour, travel patterns, and likes and dislikes, divulges who you friends are, and reveals your mood and your opinions.)

(v.) to tell, reveal; to make public

avert (Even vigorous housework or heavy gardening can help avert heart disease.)

(v.) to turn aside, turn away; to prevent, avoid

purge (These days, our ambivalence and need to purge come in slick, packaged form: a magazine called Real Simple that specialises in de-cluttering.)

(v.) to wash away impurities, clean up; (n.) the process of getting rid of something or someone decisively

oblige

* somebody to do something to force somebody to do something, by law, because it is a duty, etc

retain

* something to keep something; to continue to have something synonym preserve

stem (noun) stem from (The poor quality of our soils stems from this)

+the main long thin part of a plant above the ground from which the leaves or flowers grow; a smaller part that grows from this and supports flowers or leaves +to be caused by something or someone

full-scale (Goverment labs, universities and private companies are doing more research on the health effects of many nutrients, food scientists say, but much of it falls short of the full-scale clinical trials that the Food and Drug Administration has required for use in marketing.)

..., Scale used for very complex details.

scale

1. a set of numbers, amounts, etc., used to measure or compare the level of somethingthe relation between 2. the real size of something and its size on a map, model, or diagram

abrupt (adj)

1. sudden and unexpected, often in an unpleasant way 2. speaking or acting in a way that seems unfriendly and rude; not taking time to say more than is necessary synonym brusque, curt

threshold (noun) (1. Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense. 2. There is a high risk of dramatic biodiveristy loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services if the Earth's system is pushed beyond a certain threshold)

1. the floor or ground at the bottom of a doorway, considered as the entrance to a building or room 2. the point or level at which something begins or changes

disinfect (a household chemical product used to disinfect: bleach)

1. to clean something using a substance that kills bacteria 2. to run a computer program to get rid of a computer virus

era (noun)

1.a period of time, usually in history, that is different from other periods because of particular characteristics or events 2. (geology) a length of time which is a division of an aeon Unit 2 Time for a change

turbulent (adj)

1.in which there is a lot of sudden change, confusion, disagreement and sometimes violence 2. (of air or water) changing direction suddenly and violently

genetically modified food/crops

A * * plant or animal has had some of its genes changed scientifically

A megacity/ a megalopolis

A * is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people)

staple food (Rice crop is such a staple food in many areas and the plan is to create a crop that contains a richer supply of nutrients.)

A basic food that is used frequently and in large amounts

transaction (Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.)

A business activity that changes assets, liabilities, or owner's equity

pigment (Chemical analysis and powerful microdcopy can reveal remarkable characteristics of textiles: what plants and animals the fibres came from, how the yarns were made, what weaving techniques were employed and what dyes or pigments were used to colour them.)

A chemical that produces color

sensor

A device that responds to a physical stimulus (as heat, light, sound, pressure, magnetism, or a particular motion) and transmits a resulting impulse (as for measurement or operating a control).

Federal Government (Since 1938, the federal government had strictly regulated airline fares and routes.)

A form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments.

petition (Dozens of petitions have been filed with the agency seeking permission for such claims.)

A formal message requesting something that is submitted to an authority

flock

A group of sheep or poultry

index (The graph also shows the general trend in the consumer price index during this time.)

A group of similar stocks and bonds

solution (Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.)

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

nuclear fission (Just as the discovery of nuclear fission raised moral dilemmas for physicists, and genetic modification is now doing for biologists, so the ability to predict human behaviour is presenting new quandaries for social scientists.)

A nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy

cardholder (Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.)

A person or entity that is issued a credit or debit account that is accessed through the use of a card

creditor ('Not only is it bad for creditors, but it also seriously harms a filer's credit rating, affecting the availability and cost of future loans.)

A person to whom money is owed

gourmet (Vitamin water drinks, spiked with nutrients such as taurine, vitamin C, calcium and potassium, can be found on shelves of gourmet shops and supermarkets.)

A person who likes fine food and is a good judge of its quality

monastery (Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.)

A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world

lever (He also demonstrated how to lift great weights by means of levers and pulleys, and ways of cleaning harbours by using a pump to suck up water from great depths.)

A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point

pulley (He also demonstrated how to lift great weights by means of levers and pulleys, and ways of cleaning harbours by using a pump to suck up water from great depths.)

A simple machine that consists of a rope that fits into a groove in a wheel

civilisation (Today, Good and other researchers are applying high-tech methods of chemical analysis to ancient textiles and fibres to glean unique clues about past civilisations.)

A society with a high standard of art, science and government

bonanza (Have foragers recently discovered a bonanza of tasty seeds?)

A source of great wealth; something that brings great riches

Minimum Balance (Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.)

A specific amount of money that a bank or credit union requires in order to open or maintain a particular account.

antifreeze

A substance which slows the process of freezing

tree resin (The embalming substances turned out to include fairly exotic materials, such as oils, beeswax, sugar gum and tree resins and were as complex as those used for human mummification.)

A thick, slowly flowing liquid produced by plants that can harden into a solid

burial (Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.)

Act of placing dead body to rest in the ground

impulsive

Acting or done without forethought

invertebrate (jellyfish is an aquatic invertebrate)

An animal without a backbone

arachnid (an venomous arachnid)

An arthropod with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.

maize (That's right - take the research on the maize crop they mentioned.)

An early form of corn grown by Native Americans

reptile (The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.)

An ectothermic vertebrate that lays eggs and has lungs and scaly skin.

legacy (The source of all this information and the reason we know so much about Leonardo followed his grandfather's habit of keeping a journal.)

An inheritance; something handed down from an ancestor or from the past

courtyard (If you are lucky, you maybe granted permission to enter the primary temple in the centre of the courtyard.)

An open space surrounded by buildings or walls

mammal (The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.)

Animals that have hair and produce milk for their young

insatiable appetite (Why is our appetite for 'stuff' so insatiable?)

Appears never to get enough food

essential items

As a student, I had barely any money, just enough for a few (things I really needed).

infrared photography (That x-rays, ultraviolet and infrared photography, and chemical analysis - tools used to probe works centuries old - are now being employed on more recent art confirms that modernism has entered history.)

Can be used to monitor the growth and vigor of vegetation, and detect disease plant material from healthy

Undertone (A constant undertone in this theme is that rural living is more satisfying than life in the town)

Characteristic that isn't obvious

accept the consequences of

Children should be taught to * * * * their actions.

traffic congestion (noun) (Traffic congestion creates enormous problems for people travelling around the city at peak times)

Congested roads and towns have too much traffic and movement is made difficult.

Interpersonal

Conscious of the feelings of other people

metalloids (Examples include mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons, metals and metalloids in mining and pesticides on or in the food we consume.)

Elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

on-the-job training

Employee training at the place of work while he or she is doing the actual job.

Petroleum Hydrocarbons (PHC)

Examples include mixtures of * *, metals and metalloids in mining and pesticides on or in the food we consume.

protracted (The two galaxies underwent a protracted crash lasting two billionyears.)

Extended in time; prolonged

for hours and hours at a time

For her, the past is a country she likes to visit * * * * * * * through her memories.

ethical (While advertising generated modern anxieties about its social and ethical implications, it nevertheless acquired a new centrality in the 1920s.)

Having to do with morals, values, right and wrong

a matter of taste

Humour can be quite personal and subjective - it really is a * * *

have diverse tastes

I * quite * * in music - I enjoy opera and rap.

last an eternity

I think when you're really young, your spare time seems to * * * - it just drags on and on.

weather the storm (if the government introduces necessary byt unpopular measures, they should be prepared to weather the storm rather than please the public with a softer approach.)

If someone or something *s * *, they successfully deal with a very difficult problem

be a victim of

If you * * * * a violent crime, ti can take years to get over it.

in the cold light of day (We need to ignore all of the media hype and examine this problem in the cold light of day)

If you think about something * * * * * *, you think about it clearly and calmly, without the emotions you had at the time it happened, and you often feel sorry or ashamed about it

come at the cost of

It seems that housing our growing population *s * * * * providing much needed food.

articles of clothing

It's amazing how many (things) are left on buses; we often fins hats and scarves and even coats.

potassium carbonate (When the researchers tested the baths on fibres from milkweed plants and rabbit hair, only one combination - sumac, bedstraw, and potassium carbonate - produced a deep red that was colourfast.)

K2CO3

Outer suburbs

Land use zone on outskirts of city (housing, shops and industry)

landfill site (When it comes to clothing, the rate of purchase and disposal has dramatically increased, so the path that a T-shirt travels from the sales floor to the landfill site has become shorter.)

Large area in which rubbish is left.

share the same taste

My sister and I wanted to decorate our bedroom but we don't * * * *s so we could never agree on a colour.

rolling news (Then there's the rolling news we have on the TV day and night.)

News reports that are broadcast 24 hours a day

broadsheet (Baxter's study involved a detailed analysis of national broadsheets and one tabloid from each candidate's local area.)

Newspaper double the size of a tabloid.

fidgeter (For example, a kinaesthetic learner is a typical * and needs active participation.)

Người hay cựa quậy

gear towards (With the prevalence of social media, Janda said it is now more important than ever for companies to implement systems that are geared towards managing unhappy customers.)

Organise or arrange something for a particular purpose, audience, etc.

mobilise (During World War II, consumption rose with increased employment as the United States mobilised for the war.)

Prepare military forces for war

Intrapersonal

Relating to self-awareness

make the most of every moment

She's always telling me that time passes in the blink of an eye and I should * * * * * * of it.

knowledge 1 have a limited knowledge of 2 common knowledge 3 requires a detail/in-depth/specialist knowledge of 4 broaden my knowledge of 5 prior knowledge is required

Skills, experience, and expertise 1 Thanks to a few classes at university, I have * Russian 2 Since the news report, details of the business deal are now *. 3 Being a political reporter requires * national and international affairs. 4 Visiting the country did so much to * the language and the people 5 The Spanish course is for absolute beginners so no *.

carbon footprint

Someone's * * is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce (unit 16: energy, natural resources)

to be mired in sth (However, within a relatively short space of time, we were mired in problems caused by things like online scams and viruses - traps aimed at crashing our computers and even stealing our identity.)

Stuck, entangled (in something, like a swamp or muddy area), soiled

irrigation (In response to a drying of cropland, people are likely to seek either new sources of irrigation water or new, wetter areas to farm.)

Supplying land with water through a network of canals

kinaesthetic

The body and movement

recreational facilities

The city has far more * * than rural areas, so young people don't get bored so easily.o

handmade products

The craft market sold many beautiful (things which weren't manufactured.)

price sensitivity (Most of the companies in these industries started out with product and pricing strategies designed to provide value to a variety of customer segments, each with its own needs and price sensitivitives.)

The degree to which the price of a product affects consumers' purchasing behavior.

centrality (While advertising generated modern anxieties about its social and ethical implications, it nevertheless acquired a new centrality in the 1920s.)

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system

horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.

hands-off approach (A hands-off approach is dictated, where change is essential to the artist's meaning.)

The idea that day-to-day operations of the juvenile justice system should be left up to the professionals working in the system without court review or intervention

be in bad taste

The jokes he made about the earthquake were * * * and quite offensive.

prosecutor (Prosecutors have launched a criminal investigation into the firm's accounting practices.)

The state or federal government attorney in a criminal case.

inflate (First, you inflate the balloon and then you put sticky tape on it, but don't tell the students you've done this.)

To fill with air or other gas

malfunction (Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction)

To function imperfectly or badly.

drag on and on (I think when you're really young, your spare time seems to last an eternity - it just drags on and on.)

To last longer than expected

haul (More ants maybe needed to haul the bounty home.)

To pull or carry with effort

implement (With the prevalence of social media, Janda said it is now more important than ever for companies to implement systems that are geared towards managing unhappy customers.)

To put into action; execute

Wean off Wean on (In conclusion, there is little dout that we will soon need to wean ourselves off fossil, fuels and on to an alternative fuel source.)

To withdraw from any type of habit To have, use, see something from a very Young age

community college (Community colleges are also now attracting more and more students who already have a degree but want to learn new skill or a trade that will help them earn better wages.)

Type of college with up to 2-year programs leading to certificates, diplomas, or associate degrees.

unwittingly (However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.)

Unknowingly; without awareness

instrumental in doing sth (The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.)

Very important in helping or causing sth to happen or be done

municipal solid waste (According to the EPA Office of Solid Waste, Americans throw awy more than 68 pounds of clothing and textiles per person per year, adn this represents about 4% of the municipal solid waste.)

Waste produced by households and businesses

feel in control of take control of have control over lose control of be in control of be out of control

We * what private business pay their staff. I think the mayor has * the council. Politicians should always * their emotions. Public spending is totally *.

gale-force wind (Gale force winds hindered the progress of the rescue teams.)

Winds with speeds of over 62 kilometres per hour

loot (And after you get all the loot home, then what?)

[noncount] something that is stolen or taken by force informal :money

contagious (adj)

a * disease spreads by people touching each other

strand (Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.)

a beach or shore; a string of wire, hair, etc.

vocation (noun)

a belief that a particular type of work or way of life is especially suitable for you

high-rise building (noun) (At one point, the electricity in the atmosphere made it seem inevitable that high-rise buildings would be struck by lightning.)

a building that is very tall and has a lot of floors

firm (However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.)

a business organization

credit rating

a calculation of someone's ability to pay back money that they have borrowed

hybrid car (Demand for eco-friendly hybrid cars is soaring)

a car with a gasoline engine and an electric motor, each of which can propel it

swivel chair (The next experiment is called the arm engine, and for this one you need a chair that can swivel or rotate and some small hand weights.)

a chair that can turn around, commonly used in offices

pesticide (noun)

a chemical used for killing pests, especially insects

dementia (Such onformation might be useful in education or in treating disability or dementia.)

a chronic or persistent disorder of the mental processes caused by brain disease or injury and marked by memory disorders, personality changes, and impaired reasoning.

archive (noun)

a collection of historical documents or records of a government, a family, a place or an organization; the place where these records are stored (unit 12: Fashion and trends, consumerism)

hoard

a collection of money, food, valuable objects, etc., especially one that somebody keeps in a secret place so that other people will not find or steal it

vicious circle (This means we are caught in a vicious circle as more fossil fuels are consumed.)

a continuing unpleasant situation, created when one problem causes another problem that then makes the first problem worse

non-custodial penalty (One member of each pair had been sent to prison while the other had been given some type of non-custodial penalty.)

a criminal sentence that does not involve imprisonment

client

a customer or someone who receives services

quilt (Before then, and especially during World War I, most clothing was repaired, mended or tailored to fit other family members, or recycled within the home as rags or quilts.)

a decorative cover for a bed, made of two layers with soft material between them

petal (noun)

a delicate coloured part of a flower. The head of a flower is usually made up of several *s around a central part.

predicament (noun I doubt that recycling alone can get us out of our current predicament)

a difficult or an unpleasant situation, especially one where it is difficult to know what to do

setback (noun We experienced a minor setback when we lost several plants, but the rest are thriving)

a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents something, or makes a situation worse

llama

a domestic pack animal

household name

a famous person that most people know of

in vogue

a fashion for something

polyunsaturated fatty acid (The California Walnut Commision, for example, wanted permission to put this claim on packages of walnut, which are high in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.)

a fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds không hình thành cholesterola (trong máu)

disdain (n) (These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.)

a feeling of strong dislike or disapproval of someone or something you think does not deserve respect

pasture

a field of growing grass where animals can eat; a meadow

herring (What enables a school of herring to coordinate its movements so pricisely it can change direction in a flash, like a single organism?)

a fish that lives in the northern Atlantic Ocean and is often eaten as food - see also red herring

influx (The huge influx of people and a lack of cheap housing led to an increase in slums in the area.)

a flowing or pouring in; arrival in massive numbers

biofuel

a fuel that is made from living things or their waste

greenhouse gas (Current research models indicate that climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse gases is likely to lead to the soils in the interiors of the major continents drying out.)

a gas that causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide

trend (noun)

a general direction in which a situation is changing or developing

votive offering (The Egyptians preserved millions of mammals, birds and reptiles as votive offerings.)

a gift of gratitude to a deity usually made in fulfillment of a vow

boon (Such a big moon is a big boon for life on Earth.)

a gift or blessing

substitute (In establishing guidelines for the conversation of modern art, Ms Mancusi-Ungaro said that there is no substitute for the artist's voice.)

a good that can be used in place of another good

locust (Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaging crops in the area.)

a grasshopper that often migrates in large numbers

species (noun)

a group into which animals, plants, etc. that are able to breed with each other and produce healthy young are divided, smaller than a genus and identified by a Latin name

herd (noun A herd of cattle walk slowly towards the farmhouse.)

a group of animals of the same type that live and feed together

pack (noun)

a group of animals that hunt together or are kept for hunting *s of savage dogs wolves hunting in *s a * of hounds

colony (noun) (A ant colony can solve problems unthinkable to individual ants, such as finding the shortest path to the best food source, allocating workers to different tasks, or defending territory from neighbours.)

a group of plants or animals living or growing in one place

wind farm

a group of wind turbines (= tall structures with blades that are blown by the wind) that are used for producing electricity

burrow (noun)

a hole or tunnel in the ground made by animals such as rabbits for them to live in (UNIT 9: NATURAL HISTORY ANIMALS, CONSERVATION( BẢO TỒN))

a quarry (At first, this mining was limited to the quarrying and shaping of local sandstones, which they used for the first buildings at Sydney Cove.)

a large artificial hole in the ground where stone is dug for use as building material

billboard (noun)

a large board on the outside of a building or at the side of the road, used for putting advertisements on (UNIT 6: POWER OF PERSUASION ADVERTISING, MARKETING)

metropolitan area (A megacity is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people)

a large city and its suburbs

swarm (noun) (Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.)

a large group of insects, especially bees, moving together in the same direction

horde (The policy succeeds in keeping the backoacking hordes away; only 7000 tourists fly into Bhutan's one airport - which is serviced by just two planes - every year.)

a large group or crowd, especially one on the move

a multitude of (scholars had assumed that ancient people used relatively simple and inexpensive methods to prepare this multitude of animals for burial.)

a large number of

swarm (Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.)

a large number of insects or other small creatures, especially when in motion

pillar (noun)

a large round stone, metal or wooden post that is used to support a bridge, the roof of a building, etc., especially when it is also decorative

stockpile (noun) (The report calls this stockpilign an increase in the 'national wardrobe', which is considered to represent a potentionally large quantity of latent waste that will eventually enter the solid waste stream.)

a large supply of something that is kept to be used in the future if necessary

ibis (His team analysed sample from cat, hawk and ibis mummies.)

a large wading bird related to herons cò quăm

Exodus (Curiously, this massive exodus from the land to the city was not accompanied by negative attitudes to rural living.)

a large-scale departure or flight

lawsuit (At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.)

a legal action in which a person or group sues to collect damages for some harm that is done

standard (noun)

a level of quality, especially one that people think is acceptable

plank (noun)

a long narrow flat piece of wood that is used for making floors, etc.

strut (Among those inventions that he is credited with are the strut bridge, the machine for testing the tensile strength of wire and even our modern day scissors.)

a long, thin piece of wood or metal used for support in a building, vehicle, etc.

a storm in a teacup (Climate sceptics believe that scientists are exaggerating the current situation and this is simply storm in a teacup.)

a lot of unnecessary anger and worry about a matter that is not important

chauffeur

a man paid to drive a privately owned car

fibre (noun)

a material such as cloth or rope that is made from a mass of natural or artificial threads

antibiotic (Hospitals around the world are having problems with bacteria which cannot be treated with antibiotics.)

a medicine used to save lives because it destroys harmful bacteria and cures infections

precious metal

a metal that is valuable and usually rare

telemarketing (noun)

a method of selling things and taking orders for sales by telephone

propensity (Conservators had to face the fact that their mission to preserve for future generations the culture of the moent would have to yield to accommodate meterials chosen precisely because of their propensity to decay.)

a natural inclination or tendency

reservoir (noun)

a natural or artificial lake where water is stored before it is taken by pipes to houses, etc.

remnants (noun) (In some areas, we've fpund remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sediment.)

a part of something that is left after the other parts have been used, removed, destroyed, etc. synonym remains

segment (noun) (First and flaunted by influential rock stars like the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s, tattooing had, by the late 1980s, become accepted by ever-broader segments of mainstream society.)

a part of something that is separate from the other parts or can be considered separately

juncture (The center has opened at a critical juncture in the afterlife of modernism.)

a particular point in events or time

trait (noun)

a particular quality in your personality

technique (noun)

a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills

military service (noun) (The existence of pensions can be traced back as far as the Roman Empire, when soldiers were provided with a pension on retiring from military service.)

a period during which young people train in the armed forces

apprenticeship (noun) (But these courses teach real-life skills and often lead directly to an apprenticeship and then full-time employment.)

a period of time working as an apprentice; a job as an apprentice

Mass Circulation Magazines (The rise of mass circulation magazines, radio broadcasting and to a lesser extent, motion pictures provided new media for advertisements to reach consumers.)

a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, typically covering a particular subject or area of interest.

sceptic (Climate sceptics believe that scientists are exaggerating the current situation and this is simply storm in a teacup.)

a person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions

manufacturer (noun) (In order to increase their sales, these manufacturers bombard young children with colourful and entertaining TV ads.)

a person or company that produces goods in large quantities

distributor (noun)

a person or company that supplies goods to shops/stores, etc.

viewer

a person watching television

theorist (noun)

a person who develops ideas and principles about a particular subject in order to explain why things happen or exist

eccentric (adj)

a person who is considered by other people to be strange or unusual

pioneer (noun)

a person who is the first to study and develop a particular area of knowledge, culture, etc. that other people then continue to develop

peer (noun)

a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you

technician (noun)

a person who is very skilled at the technical aspects of an art, a sport, etc.

executive (However, in our conversations with dozens of executives in various industries we found that many firms have unwittingly fallen into this trap.)

a person who manages or directs other people in a company or organization

vendor (noun)

a person who sells things, for example food or newspapers, usually outside on the street

broadcaster

a person whose job is presenting or talking on television or radio programmes

paparazzi

a photographer who follows famous people around in order to get interesting photographs of them to sell to a newspaper

engraving (During the Copper Age, prehistoric people carved engravings in rock.)

a picture made by cutting a design on a piece of metal and then printing the design on paper

garment (In her 2005 book the Travels of a T-Shirt in the Global Economy, Pietra Rivoli, a professor at Georgetown University, writes that each year Americans purchase approximately one billion garments made in China, equivalent of four pieces of clothing for every US citizen.)

a piece of clothing

prop (noun)

a piece of wood, metal, etc. used to support something or keep it in position

pothole (Over the past year, Bramhurst Road has developed big poholes all over the place.)

a pit or hole produced by wear or weathering (especially in a road surface)

budget

a plan to show how much money a person or organization will earn and how much they will need or be able to spend (Unit 17)

cloning (noun)

a plant or an animal that is produced naturally or artificially from the cells of another plant or animal and is therefore exactly the same as it

drama

a play for the theatre, television or radio

incentive (In abid to stop this, the New South Wales Government decided to offer incentives for Australians to find gold in their own country.)

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

implication ("Sociologists have been hunting for laws about human interactions and social networks for decades,' says Duncan Watts of Yahoo Research in New York, 'but the far-reaching implications of their theories have been effectively impossible to test.)

a possible future effect or result - usually plural

an opal (But it is opals rather than gold or diamond that Australia became famous for.)

a precious stone gem

jail

a prison

hurdle (noun The enormous cost of this programme is a major hurdle that we need to overcome)

a problem or difficulty that must be solved or dealt with before you can achieve something synonym obstacle

quandary (Just as the discovery of nuclear fission raised moral dilemmas for physicists, and genetic modification is now doing for biologists, so the ability to predict human behaviour is presenting new quandaries for social scientists.)

a puzzling situation; a dilemma

the calm before the storm (Although the unemployment figures dropped today, experts believe this may eb the calm before the storm, with hundreds of job losses predicted for the coming approach.)

a quiet or peaceful period before a period during which there is great activity, argument, or difficulty

chief claim to fame

a reason why someone or something is famous

cutback

a reduction in something, made in order to save money

old-age pension (noun) (The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare).

a regular income paid by the state to people above a particular age

tide (noun)

a regular rise and fall in the level of the sea, caused by the pull of the moon and sun; the flow of water that happens as the sea rises and falls

Take charge of be in charge of (The government needs to take charge of the current problems.)

a responsibility; someone or something entrusted to the care of another

consequences (noun)

a result of something that has happened

calculated risk

a risk that you consider worth taking because the result, if it is successful, will be so good:

draft (noun)

a rough written version of something that is not yet in its final form

sanctuary (Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense.)

a sacred place; any place of refuge

food chain (noun)

a series of living creatures in which each type of creature feeds on the one below it in the series

instrumentation ('Today, we're finally combining archaeological background with training in scientific instrumentation to put it all together,' says Lambert.)

a set of instruments

thorn

a sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf

bout (This is not a satisfactory explanation for depression, however, as people are most likely to experience their first bout in adolescence)

a short period of time during which something is done or happening

jingle (noun)

a short song or tune that is easy to remember and is used in advertising on radio or television

bankruptcy (But new research from Vanderbilt Law School found that people who won between $50,000 and $150,000 only postpone bankruptcy.)

a situation in which a business or a person becomes bankrupt

norm (noun) (Those who fail to observe these norms are inevitably excluded from that group.)

a situation or a pattern of behaviour that is usual or expected

dilemma (noun)

a situation which makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very difficult choice between things of equal importance synonym predicament

puddle (noun)

a small amount of water or other liquid, especially rain, that has collected in one place on the ground

parasite (noun) (mosquito is a parasitic insect.)

a small animal or plant that lives on or inside another animal or plant and gets its food from it

capsule (noun)

a small container which has a measured amount of a medicine inside and which dissolves when you swallow it (UNIT 4: SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY CHEMISTRY, MEDICINE)

tremor (noun)

a small earthquake in which the ground shakes slightly

aftershock (noun)

a small earthquake that happens after a bigger one (unit 15: natural phenomena, agriculture)

thyroid (The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.)

a small gland in the neck that affects growth

mound (Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.)

a small hill

flyer (noun)

a small sheet of paper that advertises a product or an event and is given to a large number of people to hand out flyers for a new club

agrarian society (However, the percentage of the population that lived in urban setting remained small in agrarian society)

a society in which people make a living from farming

foam (noun)

a soft light rubber material, full of small holes, that is used for seats, mattresses, etc

scout (Scout bees soon appeared at all five boxes.)

a soldier, airplane, etc., that is sent to get information about the size, location, equipment, etc., of an enemy

paradox (Depression is an ongoing and pervasive problem in our society, and it poses something of an evolutionary paradox: the brain plays a crucial role in our survival, so evolution should have left our brains resistant to such high rates of malfunction)

a statement that seems contradictory but is actually true

bias (In my view, the inevitable home-town bias of local newspapers could give a distorted view in terms of the number and length of articles they contain)

a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often not based on fair judgement (unit 19: fame and the media, media bias)

polyester (noun)

a strong material made of fibres (called polyesters) which are produced by chemical processes, often mixed with other materials and used especially for making clothes

backlash (The backlash against American consumerism dates nearly to its conception.)

a strong public reaction against something

hive (noun) (How do hundreds of honeybees make a critical decision about their hive if many of them disagree?)

a structure made for bees to live in

furnace

a stucture in which heat is generated

nucleus accumbens (The researchers found that players who had a larger nucleus accumbers (an area of the brain) did better than their counterparts in the early stages of the training period.)

a subcortical structure that participates in reward and addiction

compound (noun)

a substance formed by a chemical reaction of two or more elements in fixed amounts relative to each other

phytochemical (Now, our modern-day world of medical science is beginning to realise just how effective these phytochemical, chemical compounds that occur naturally in plants, can be.)

a substance found in plant foods that is not an essential nutrient but may have health-promoting properties

incense (Stepping over the high threshold and into the inner sanctuary, you can barely see, because the room is dark and the air is thick with a mixture of smoke from the gas lamps and incense.)

a substance that is used often in religious ceremonies to produce a strong and pleasant smell when it is burned verb

insulation (A proportion of clothing purchases are recycled, mainly in three ways: clothing may be resold by the primary consumer to other consumers at a lower price, it may be exported in bulk for sale in developing countries, or it may be chemically or mechanically recycled into raw material that can be used to produce insulation.)

a substance that reduces the transfer of electricity, heat, or sound

protein (noun)

a substance, found within all living things, that forms the structure of muscles, organs,

catastrophe (noun)

a sudden event that causes many people to suffer synonym disaster (unit 14: problems, solutions)

raid (How else could ants organise highways, build elaborate nests, stage epic raids and do all of the other things ants do?)

a sudden short attack

social services (noun) (Alternatively, a welfare state can refer to the creation of a safety net to provide social services such as free childcare.)

a system that is organized by the local government to help people who have financial or family problems; the department or the people who provide this help

poplar tree (Oh, yes, the GM poplar trees they're working on should really do a lot to persuade people just how good this type of biotechnology can be.)

a tall, fast-growing tree of north temperate regions cây dương gỗ dương

log (noun)

a thick piece of wood that is cut from or has fallen from a tree

thread (noun)

a thin string of cotton, wool, silk, etc. used for sewing or making cloth

finds (noun)

a thing or person that has been found, especially one that is interesting, valuable or useful an important archaeological find

crisis (noun)

a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made

opportunities (noun)

a time when a particular situation makes it possible to do or achieve something synonym chance

petty crime (Vandals are generally seen as petty criminals.)

a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes

marble (noun)

a type of hard stone that is usually white and often has coloured lines in it. It can be polished and is used in building and for making statues, etc.

fiction

a type of literature that describes imaginary people and events, not real ones

tabloid press

a type of popular newspaper with small pages that has many pictures and short, simple reports

characteristic (noun)

a typical feature or quality that something/somebody has (Unit 1 HUMAN NATURE CHARACTER, PSCHOLOGY)

concrete jungle (noun)

a way of describing a city or an area that is unpleasant because it has many large modern buildings and no trees or parks (Unit 13: Rural life, city life)

carpenter (Some of these occupations are familiar, for example, a carpenter, creating things for the home.)

a woodworker who makes or repairs wooden objects

slogan (noun)

a word or phrase that is easy to remember, used for example by a political party or in advertising to attract people's attention or to suggest an idea quickly

adolescent (noun)

a young person who is developing from a child into an adult

abandon

abandon something to stop doing something, especially before it is finished; to stop having something

salesmanship (Usually, too, authors distinguish advertising fromsalesmanship by defining it as mediated persuasion aimed at an audience rather than one-to-one communication with a potential customer.)

ability to sell goods in a fair, sincere, and distinctive manner

persuasive

able to persuade somebody to do or believe something

be on the verge of (It's vital that we conserve these sites because several of them are on the verge of destruction.)

about to do/happen = be on the brink of

be successful in (It doesn't have to be a big thing, it might just be rewarding myself with a night out if I'm successful in a test.)

accomplishing an aim or purpose.

transatlantic (In 1927, Charles Linbergh's transatlantic flight captured America's imagination.)

across the Atlantic Ocean

nocturnal (bat is a nocturnal, hibernating mammal)

active at night

sheer (Much of our ferocious consumption arises simply from the sheer number of goods available.)

adjective always used before a noun - used to emphasize the large amount, size, or degree of something

genome (Biology was next, with genome sequencing throwing up so much data that genetics has turned partly into information science.)

all of an organism's genetic material

fauna

all the animal life in a particular region

community (noun)

all the people who live in a particular area, country, etc. when talked about as a group

invariably (What I find most annoying is when I'm getting dinner ready, the phone invariably rings and it's someone trying to sell me something.)

always; without changing

emu

an Australian bird that does not fly but is a very fast runner

dose (noun)

an amount of a medicine or a drug that is taken once, or regularly over a period of time

overdraft (Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.)

an amount of money that is spent by someone using a bank account that is more than the amount available in the account :an amount that is overdrawn from an account

rebate (noun) (For a car dealership, Janda said this could mean promotions that don't focus on a hard-sell approach but rather on providing relevant information such as the availability of rebates for the customer.)

an amount of money that is taken away from the cost of something, before you pay for it synonym discount

prey (noun)

an animal, a bird, etc. that is hunted, killed and eaten by another

housing estate (noun)

an area in which a large number of houses or flats/apartments are planned and built together at the same time

Harbor (noun)

an area of water on the coast, protected from the open sea by strong walls, where ships can shelter

safety net (noun) (Alternatively, a welfare state can refer to the creation of a safety net to provide social services such as free childcare.)

an arrangement that helps to prevent disaster if something goes wrong

scam (However, within a relatively short space of time, we were mired in problems caused by things like online scams and viruses - traps aimed at crashing our computers and even stealing our identity.)

an attempt to trick someone, usually with the intention of stealing money or private information

in a bid (In abid to stop this, the New South Wales Government decided to offer incentives for Australians to find gold in their own country.)

an attempt to win, get, or do something

sales representative (noun)

an employee of a company who travels around a particular area selling the company's goods to shops/stores, etc.

surfeit (The destruction of food crops can result from both a lack or a surfeit of water.)

an excessive amount of thing synonyms: excess, surplus, abundance, oversupply, superabundance, superfluity, glut, avalanche, deluge; overdose; informalbellyful, gutful, buttload ";a surfeit of apples"; Origin Middle English: from Old French *, based on Latin super- 'above, in excess' + facere 'do.'

side effects (noun)

an extra and usually bad effect that a drug has on you, as well as curing illness or pain

fashion accessory

an extra piece of equipment that is useful but not essential or that can be added to something else as a decoration

hypothesis (noun)

an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct

notion (noun) (It is based on the notion of equa opportunities for all, equiatable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to meet their own needs.)

an idea, a belief or an understanding of something

offence (But the study suggests that community service may be just as suitable a form of punishment for minor offences.)

an illegal act synonym crime

blemish (In the Oscar Wilde novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, a man remains forever young while his painted portrait acquires the blemishes of his increasingly sinful life.)

an imperfection, flaw

wasp

an insect with a slender* body and powerful sting

obstacle (noun)

an object that is in your way and that makes it difficult for you to move forward

opportunity

an occasion or situation that makes it possible to do something that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something

eclipse (noun)

an occasion when the moon passes between the earth and the sun so that you cannot see all or part of the sun for a time; an occasion when the earth passes between the moon and the sun so that you cannot see all or part of the moon for a time

criminal record (If young people become involved in juvenile crime, they are more likely to have a criminal record when they are older.)

an official record of crimes that a person has committed

patent (noun)

an official right to be the only person to make, use or sell a product or an invention; a document that proves this

fungus (noun)

an organism (= a living thing) that is similar to a plant without leaves, flowers or green colouring, and that usually grows on plants or on decaying matter. Mushrooms and mildew are both fungi.

establishment (noun)

an organization, a large institution or a hotel 2. the people in a society or a profession who have influence and power and who usually do not support change

disaster (noun)

an unexpected event, such as a very bad accident, a flood or a fire, that kills a lot of people or causes a lot of damage synonym catastrophe

gimmick (noun)

an unusual trick or unnecessary device that is intended to attract attention or to persuade people to buy something

tarantula

an venomous arachnid

declare (From government ministers to rice farmers, every Bhutanese you speak with will declare that his country is in constant, imminent peril.)

announce publicly or officially

irritating

annoying, especially because of something somebody continuously does or something that continuously happens

herbivore (noun)

any animal that eats only plants

petrochemicals (noun)

any chemical substance obtained from petroleum oil or natural gas

pest (Of course, not everything is depleted , and these harsh conditions encourage the growth of weeds and also allow pests to proliferate.)

any organism that damages valuable crops

entity (Along with the manufacturers. other entities also turned to advertising.)

anything having existence, either physical or mystical

assault sb with sth (Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts. The researchers found 96 pairs of convicted burglers, and 406 pairs who had been charged with assault.)

attack

hence (Hence a goal of the center is to create an archive of videotaped interviews with artists.)

away from here

superbugs (Medical staff in hospitals are combating these superbugs on a daily basis, and some people are turning to natural remedies such as tea tree oil to deal with the problem.)

bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics

sparsely (Our budget room was very sparsely furnished but adequate nevertheless.)

barely, thinly

hypothetical

based on situations or ideas which are possible and imagined rather than real and true

Virtues (Lyrics, novels and paintings began to emphasize the beauty of nature and the virtues of rural life)

behavior showing high moral standards

cynical (adj)

believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons

suburban (adj) (The single fastest-growing demographic group seeking tattoo services is, to the surprise of many, middle-class suburban women.)

boring and ordinary

bind (Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts.)

bound

fall into disrepair (It's been vacant for about a year now and it's falling into disrepair.)

buildings, roads etc that are in * are in bad condition because they have not been cared for

tensile (Among those inventions that he is credited with are the strut bridge, the machine for testing the tensile strength of wire and even our modern day scissors.)

capable of being stretched

tactful (adj)

careful not to say or do anything that will annoy or upset other people synonym diplomatic

bring about (Changes in our climate bring about higher temperatures, which in turn inevitably result in reduced yields of desirable crops.)

cause to happen

bacterial (adj)

caused by or connected with bacteria

desirable (adj)

causing other people to feel sexual desire

corrupting (While making education a priority, he restricted corrupting influences like television (which was introduced only in 1999) and required citizens to wear the nation's traditional kimono-like garb.)

changed from good to bad

CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) (cfcs: an abbreviation for the gases which have now been removed from aerosols to protect the ozone layer.)

chemical compounds used in aerosol cans that destroy atmospheric ozone

trunk

chest, abdomen, and pelvis

dummy (As individuals, ants might be tiny dummies, but as colonies they respond quickly and effectively to their environment.)

chiefly US informal :a stupid person

Urbanite (So I really had no choice but to become an urbanite)

city dweller

sophisticated

clever and complicated in the way that it works or is presented

surveillance (We are slowly witnessing a gradual movement in favour of surveillance.)

close watch over a person, group, or area; supervision

garb (While making education a priority, he restricted corrupting influences like television (which was introduced only in 1999) and required citizens to wear the nation's traditional kimono-like garb.)

clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion

essential (adj)

completely necessary; extremely important in a particular situation or for a particular activity

bewildered (Other fear there will be so many claims they will just become more noise to already bewildered consumers.) bewilderingly (And yet, since the mid-1970s, when the disposable income of 80% of the US population virtually stopped growing, our spending patterns have bewildering ly continued expanding.)

completely puzzled or confused; perplexed

giant (Major food giants are actively unveiling products overseas, including yogurt with probiotic bacteria, to aid digestion.)

cong ty khong lo

promotional

connected with advertising

astronomical

connected with astronomy

monetary (Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.)

connected with money, especially all the money in a country

magnetic

connected with or produced by magnetism

blue-collar

connected with people who do physical work in industry

topical (adj)

connected with something that is happening or of interest at the present time

climatic

connected with the climate of a particular area

prehistoric (adj)

connected with the time in history before information was written down

transient (The aurora borealis is a spectacular though transient light display caused by millions of explosions.)

continuing for only a short time synonym fleeting, temporary

cattle (noun)

cows and bulls that are kept as farm animals for their milk or meat

juvenile crime (If young people become involved in juvenile crime, they are more likely to have a criminal record when they are older.)

crime commited by young person

organised crime

criminal organizations that plan and commit crime, or the crimes that are committed by such organizations

hardened criminal (He was a hardened criminal with a long list of previous convictions.)

criminal who does not want to change it's behavior

sumac

cây sơn; cây sơn; cây muối

tradesman's entrance (I soon realised my status when I was asked to use the tradesman's entrance.)

cửa ngách; cổng bên

harm (noun) (We use harm for things or people. 1. The spider's bite is painful, but it is harmless to humans. 2. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife.)

damage or injury that is caused by a person or an event

imminent peril (From government ministers to rice farmers, every Bhutanese you speak with will declare that his country is in constant, imminent peril.)

danger that likely to happen.

demographics (noun)

data relating to the population and different groups within it

subtle

delicate, elusive, not obvious

defection (At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.)

desertion

Alienated (We are led to believe that, in the country, we can find the safe, simple serenity that is so desperately needed by the alienated city dweller)

distanced, estranged Made not to feel a sense of belonging

self-deprecating (adj)

done in a way that makes your own achievements or abilities seem unimportant

slick (These days, our ambivalence and need to purge come in slick, packaged form: a magazine called Real Simple that specialises in de-cluttering.)

done or made in a way that is clever and efficient but often does not seem to be sincere or lacks important ideas

call into question (Evershed's findings call that assumption into question.)

doubt sth or make others doubt sth

prune (Lutein, linked to vision health, is now added to prune juice.)

dried plum

condensation (noun)

drops of water that form on a cold surface when warm water vapour becomes cool (UNIT 10: ROCKET SCIENCE SPACE EXPLORATION)

malleable (It's relatively simple to extract and it's extremely malleable, so it's easy to shape or flatten into sheets.)

easily changed into a new shape

conspicuous

easy to see or notice; likely to attract attention

human endeavour (Building the pyramids was an amazing feat of human endeavour.)

effort by people in general to do something new or difficult

goiter (The introduction of iodine to Morton Salt in 1924 was instrumental in eradicating a dangerous thyroid condition called goiter from the U.S. population.)

enlargement of the thyroid gland

bureaucrat (noun)

ensures correct rules and regulation are put in place

hype (We need to ignore all of the media hype and examine this problem in the cold light of day)

exaggerated claims, especially in advertising; anything intended to mislead

overexploitation (Threats such as habitat loss, overexploitation, pollution, invasive non-native species, disease and climate change are on the side.)

excessive use of species that have economic value

self-conscious

excessively aware of your appearance or behavior

dramatic (With the mountains all around it's a very dramatic landscape and the view from my room was breathtaking.)

exciting and impressive

natural (adj)

existing in nature; not made or caused by humans

reckon (They reckon coastal waters could provide up to ten times Scotland's annual electricity usage.)

expect, believe, or suppose

luxury goods

expensive things, such as jewellery and make-up, that are pleasant to have but are not necessary. The shop specialises in (things that only the very rich can afford.)

assertive (adj)

expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence, so that people take notice

explicitly (Of course, only the most flagrant companies would explicitly persuade customers into making bad choices.)

expressly, definitely, specifically

magnificent

extremely attractive and impressive; deserving praise

stunning

extremely attractive or impressive synonym beautiful

abysmal (adj) (The play was supposed to be a tragedy, but the acting was so bad it made me want to laugh not cry!)

extremely bad or of a very low standard synonym terrible

crucial (adj)

extremely important, because it will affect other things

fascinating

extremely interesting and attractive

colossal (The surface of the planet is covered in colossal volcanoes, much larger than any on Earth.)

extremely large

vast (Space programmes require vast sums of money.)

extremely large in area, size, amount, etc. synonym huge

immense (adj)

extremely large or great synonym enormous

futuristic

extremely modern and unusual in appearance, as if belonging to a future time

minuscule

extremely small

infinitesimal (adj)

extremely small synonym tiny

gruelling (There are somany facts and figures to learn and the exams are really gruelling so you've got to study hard all the time.)

extremely tiring and demanding

abominable (adj)

extremely unpleasant and causing disgust synonym appalling, disgusting

equitable (It is based on the notion of equa opportunities for all, equiatable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to meet their own needs.)

fair, just, embodying principles of justice

afar (Scholars held that any silk dating from 2400 to 700 B.C. was carried afar on trade routes from China.)

far away

remote (It's a really amazing place because it's in a very remote, muntainous area.)

far away from places where other people live

yarn (Chemical analysis and powerful microdcopy can reveal remarkable characteristics of textiles: what plants and animals the fibres came from, how the yarns were made, what weaving techniques were employed and what dyes or pigments were used to colour them.)

fibers that have been spun together

thread (Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.)

filament

lest (The US government's conservation campaign used slogans such as 'Make economy fashionable lest it become obligatory' and resulted in an approximate 10% reduction in the productionof trash.)

for fear that - used to say that you do not want something to happen used when you are saying something in order to prevent something from happening

multicultural (adj) (But then, gradually, over time, as our society becomes more and more multicultural, there is a blending of these customs and we gradually come to redifine the norm.)

for or including people of several different races, religions, languages and traditions

brittle (All material objects age; paper and silk discolor and turn brittle.)

fragile

harmonious (adj) (One of the main factors in ensuring a harmonious society is that there are clear, established patterns in the way we conduct ourselves.)

friendly, peaceful and without any disagreement

brimming with sth. (Their shopping bags are brimming with new purchases as they talk excitedly about what's in style this summer.)

full (of), filled (with)

emissions (This results in an increase in carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions.)

gases released into the air, especially by cars and factories

reared livestock (I think it's common knowledge that intensively reared livestock suffer horribly because of their cramped living conditions.)

gia súc được chăn nuôi

yield (Other areas have yielded only small flecks of charcoal from prehistoric fires.)

give or supply produce

flagrant (Of course, only the most flagrant companies would explicitly persuade customers into making bad choices.)

glaringly bad; outrageous

devastation (noun) (1. Heavy rains and devastation winds caused several trees to fall. 2. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife. 3. Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaged crops in the area.)

great destruction or damage, especially over a wide area

Customer Segments (Most of the companies in these industries started out with product and pricing strategies designed to provide value to a variety of customer segments, each with its own needs and price sensitivitives.)

groups of people who share similar needs and thus are likely to desire the same features in a product

aquatic

growing or living in, on or near water

primitive (In fact prehistoric humans enjoyed a primitive version of cinema, according to researchers.)

happening early in the history of humans and the world, or simple and not complicated

periodic (adj)

happening fairly often and regularly

rapid (adj)

happening in a short period of timedone or happening very quickly

bygone (adj) (The exhebition contains faded photographs reminding us of a bygone era.)

happening or existing a long time ago a * age/era

go hand in hand with (These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.)

happens at the same time or as a result of

anti-social (adj) (The cultural status of tattooing has steadily evolved from that of an anti-social activity in the 1960s to that of a socially acceptable fashion statement today.)

harmful or annoying to other people, or to society in general

Well-informed

has accurate information

well-brought up (adj)

have a good manner

self-assured (adj)

having a lot of confidence in yourself and your abilities, synonym is confident

influential (adj) (Celebrities are extremely influential in setting fashion trends.)

having a lot of influence on somebody/something

Well-rounded

having a personality that is fully developed in all aspects

idealised (adj)

having a strong belief in perfect standards and trying to achieve them, even when this is not realistic

mountainous (It's a really amazing place because it's in a very remote, muntainous area.)

having many mountains

well-bred (adj)

having or showing good manners; typical of a high social class

light year (noun)

he distance that light travels in one year, 9.4607 × 1012 kilometres

interpretation (noun)

he particular way in which something is understood or explained

behaviour (noun)

he way that somebody behaves, especially towards other people (Unit 3: NO MAN IS AN ISLAND INDIVIDUALITY VS COMMUNITY)

latent (The report calls this stockpilign an increase in the 'national wardrobe', which is considered to represent a potentionally large quantity of latent waste that will eventually enter the solid waste stream.)

hidden, present but not realized

cache (Prehistoric people probably used plants like sumac and bedstraw as dyes, Jakes says, because caches of those seeds have been recovered from archaeological sites although the plants have known dietary use.)

hiding place

impede (According to Baxter, it could therefore be argued that, by treating women unfairly, media reports not only impede the progress of female candidates but also inevitably deter women from taking part in the political process.)

hinder; obstruct

atrocious

horrifyingly wicked

lava (noun)

hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano

colourfast (When the researchers tested the baths on fibres from milkweed plants and rabbit hair, only one combination - sumac, bedstraw, and potassium carbonate - produced a deep red that was colourfast.)

how well a fabric keeps dyes applied to it, even through regular washing

designer label

hugo boss etc.

chrome (Now we might refer to these new jobs as 'chrome-collar' for those working as a technician in various fields or 'green-collar' jobs to do with clean energy or the enviroment.)

hợp kim crom

collide

if two people, vehicles, etc. *, they crash into each other; if a person, vehicle, etc. *s with another, or with something that is not moving, they crash into it

attract

if you are attracted by something, it interests you and makes you want it; if you are attracted by somebody, you like or admire them

unavoidable

impossible to avoid or prevent

cynically (Some company consciously and cynically exploit their customers' confusion in this way.)

in a way that shows mistrust in the motives of others

Self-reliant

independent

consciously (Some company consciously and cynically exploit their customers' confusion in this way.)

intentionally

deliberately (A person deliberately telling someone something incorrect might misinform them.)

intentionally

risky (The introduction of foxes to this area put many native species at risk of extinction.)

involving the possibility of something bad happening

multi-institutional (It is possible to predict your performance on a video game simply by measuring the volume of specific structures in your brain, a multi-institutional team of researchers announced this week.)

involving, relating to, or occurring within more than one institution

margarine (Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.)

is a butter-like product made from refined vegetable oils.

civil servant (noun)

is an adminisrtator who worls for the government

leader of the opposition (noun)

is in charge of the biggest political party not in power.

mayor (noun)

is the leader of the group which governs a town or city.

tech-savvy (For example, the internet helped tech-savvy music lovers to force changes in the way the music industry did business, while text messaging over cellphones made written communication more immediate.)

knowing a lot about technology Good at learning and using technology

flooding (noun)

large amounts of water covering an area that is usually dry; the fact of this happening

rhinoceros

large animal with one or two horns on its snout # hippopotamus which spends most of its time in water

fleeting (adj) (I think that , when you get near the end of it, your life must seem brief and fleeting)

lasting only a short time synonym brief

understory (The shrew's Achilles' heel is its dependence on a habitat most affected by global climate change and interference from humans - in order to thrive, they require cool, dark coniferous bogs with dense understory, standing water and an abundance of decaying mossy logs.)

layer in a rain forest formed by shorter trees and vines

overlook (Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.)

leave undone or leave out; watch over

be subject to (Because textiles are organic, they're subject to biological deterioration from air, water, minerals, insects and fungi.)

likely to be affected by something

fickle (That taught me how fickle the world of fashion can be.)

likely to change on a whim or without apparent reason

perishable (Much of the insight is coming from minuscule samples of textiles, which archaeologists categorise as 'fibre perishables'.)

likely to spoil or decay

embodiment (These are not only technical but conceptual, since the use of the new materials - many of them never meant to last - often went hand in hand with a disdain for the traditional notion of the artwork as a precious artifact and embodiment of eternal values.)

living example of

Re-evaluation (Evidence has led to a re-evaluation of where certain materials orginated.)

looking at the experiment again to see if you have the right answer and if you did everything correctly

coniferous bogs (The shrew's Achilles' heel is its dependence on a habitat most affected by global climate change and interference from humans - in order to thrive, they require cool, dark coniferous bogs with dense understory, standing water and an abundance of decaying mossy logs.)

low swampy lands of trees that produce seed-bearing cones and have thin leaves shaped like needles

golden

made of gold

principally (The general term may cover a variety of forms of assistance but principally involves the payment of some form of pension.)

mainly

making headlines

making story on the first page that is interesting

infuriating

making you extremely angry

disturbing

making you feel anxious and upset or shocked

comfortable (Train travel cost only 1.3 cents per passenger mile and was still more comfortable.)

making you feel physically relaxed; pleasant to wear, sit on, etc.

fabric (noun)

material made by weaving wool, cotton, silk, etc., used for making clothes, curtains, etc. and for covering furniture

media attention

media are interested about you

benefit (noun) (The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare).

money provided by the government to people who need financial help because they are unemployed, ill/sick, etc.

revenue (To combat this problem, governments should, first of all, heavily tax junk food and use the revenue generated to subsidise healthy fruit and vegetables.)

money that is collected for public use by a government through taxes

disposable income (And yet, since the mid-1970s, when the disposable income of 80% of the US population virtually stopped growing, our spending patterns have bewildering ly continued expanding.)

money they are free to spend after paying taxes

primate (gorrilla is a critically endangered primate.)

monkeys, apes, and humans

wobble (The unseen hand of the moon's gravity gently reduces that wobble, preventing rotational instabilities which would otherwise have caused dramatic changes in Earth's climatic zones over time.)

move unsteadily from side to side

clumsy (adj)

moving or doing things in a very awkward way

domestic (Domestic resale has boomed in the era of the internet.)

native to a country, not foreign; relating to the life or affairs of a household; a household servant

in the vicinity of (Pesticides can be extremely harmful to any creature living in the vicinity of where they are used.)

near

profound (adj)

needing a lot of study or thought

delinquent (The children might only start with petty crimes but, if they fall in with the wrong crowd and become a delinquent, then this can escalate to more serious crimes like robbery or ar thief.)

neglecting a duty or law; late in payment

unprecedented (The data stored on the site makes it possible to analyse the growth in popularity of individual applications in unprecedented detail.)

never done or known before

unheard-of (In the 1880s, several industries adopted new production techniques that created standardised products in unheard-of quantities, and sought to find and persuade buyers.)

never having happened before

press

newspapers and magazines

noise pollution (noun)

noise, such as that from traffic, that upsets people where they live or work and is considered to be unhealthy for them

aurora borealis (The aurora borealis is a spectacular though transient light display caused by millions of explosions.)

northern lights

crude (Social scientists have long had to rely on crude questionnaires or interviews to gather data to test their theories, methods marred by reporting bias and small survey sizes.)

not carefully or expertly made

unconventional (adj) (Of course, there will always be those who seek to break away from tradition, adn to rebel. These people see themselves as unconventional in every sense of the world.)

not following what is done or considered normal or acceptable by most people; different and interesting

inconsiderate (adj)

not giving enough thought to other people's feelings or needs

mundane

not interesting or exciting synonym dull, ordinary

precarious (So a lot of buildings seem really precarious, they're sort of built into the mountainside and seem to just perch there.)

not safe or certain; dangerous

winding (Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.)

not straight, curvy

impartial (I'm pretty impartial when it comes to animals.)

not supporting one person or group more than another

irresponsible

not thinking enough about the effects of what they do; not showing a feeling of responsibility

there aren't enough hours in the day (it just goes so fast and there aren't enough hours in the day to get everything done.)

not to much time, too busy

patroller (Before they leave the nest each day, foragers normally wait for early morning patrollers to return.)

noun someone on patrol duty; an individual or a member of a group that patrols an area

exclude (verb) (Those who fail to observe these norms are inevitably excluded from that group.)

o deliberately not include something in what you are doing or considering

mistrust (Someone who has experience of corruptionmight mistrust your intentions.)

o have no confidence in somebody/something because you think they may be harmful; to not trust somebody/something

to bounce a cheque (Penalties for problems such as bouncing a cheque, for example, were orginally designed to discourage banking customers from spending more money than they had and to recoup administrative costs.)

of a check :to be returned by a bank because there is not enough money in the bank account to pay the amount that is on the check

indecisive (adj)

of a person unable to make decisions

episode

one part of a story that is broadcast on television or radio in several parts

self-absorbed (adj)

only concerned about or interested in yourself (selfish)

conservative (adj) (There are those who observe these social mores religiously, and those people are often labelled conservative.)

opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and values

antagonistic (Other snakker companies are experimenting with less antagonistic ways to retain customers, such as reward points for customers, such as reward points for customers who worl out regularly.)

opposed; hostile; aggressive

means tested

paid to somebody according to the results of a means test

varnish (Putting varnish on wood is one way of preserving it.)

paint that provides a hard glossy transparent coating

issuer (Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.)

party that issues the bond (the borrower)

convict (Coal wasn't found until 1791, when some convicts managed to escape and got as far as Newcastle.)

person serving a prison sentence

chronicler (Over a century ago, Harper's Weekly commented that advertisements were 'a true mirror of life, a sort of fossil history which the future chronicler, if all other historical monements were to be lost, might fully and graphically rewrite the history of our time'.)

person who records historical information

online retailer (noun)

person who sells by internet

damage (We use damage only for things. 1. The oil spill caused a great deal of damage to seabirds. 2. Heavy rains and devasting/damaging winds caused several trees to fall. 3. Farms were attacked by a swarm of locusts that devasted/damaging crops in the area. 4. Pesticides may help control pests but they are also harmful/damaging/devastating to local wildlife.)

physical harm caused to something which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable

social welfare

practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it

hypocritical (I'm not a vegetarian so I think it would be hypocritical of me to insist on rights for animals.)

pretending to have moral standards or opinions that you do not actually have

preceding (adj)

previous

organic (adj)

produced or practised without using artificial chemicals

venomous (an venomous arachnid)

producing venom a highly * snake

proposition (One of the most influential propositions in marketing is that customer satisfaction means loyalty and loyalty eans profits.)

proposal; A suggested plan

controversy (noun The use of drugs by athletes has caused considerable controversy in the world sport)

public discussion and argument about something that many people strongly disagree about, disapprove of, or are shocked by

distorted (In my view, the inevitable home-town bias of local newspapers could give a distorted view in terms of the number and length of articles they contain.)

pulled or twisted out of shape

capital punishment

punishment by death

snappy (The agency approved wording that is not quite as snappy for package design.)

quick and energetic

a process of trials and errors (Finding the cure was a process of trial and error. We tried out many theories and failed many times before finally succeding.)

quá trình nhiều thất bại và khó khăn

acid rain (noun Clearly, a long-term viable solution that does not produce acid rain and is not damaging to the environment is needed.)

rain that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that damages trees, crops and buildings

new-found fame

recently discovered or achieved

defy (Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.)

refuse to obey

conceptual

related to or based on ideas

member of parliament (noun)

represents a local community in the government

bounty (More ants maybe needed to haul the bounty home.)

reward or payment

ore (Lead is extracted by a process known as smelting, where the rock, or ore is heated to extremely high temperatures.)

rock from which metal can be obtained

debris (noun) (The impact radically changed our planet, expelling a huge amount of debris that eventually congealed into our oversied moon.)

rubbish/garbage or pieces of material that are left somewhere and are not wanted

edible (So they're hoping to make an edible vaccine using tomatoes, that'll be easier to ship, store and even administer to patients.)

safe or fit to be eaten

every cloud has a silver lining (Melting ice in Antarcia is leaving behind large number of tiny marine animals proving that every cloud really does have a silver lining.)

said to emphasize that every difficult or unpleasant situation has some advantage

repetitive

saying or doing the same thing many times, so that it becomes boring

ubiquitous (While backpacking in a quiet, traditional region, I cam across the seemingly ubiquitous fast food ads typical of my hometown.)

seeming to be everywhere or in several places at the same time; very common

intensively (I think it's common knowledge that intensively reared livestock suffer horribly because of their cramped living conditions.)

severely of farming :designed to increase production without using more land

appalling

shocking; extremely bad

diligently (He used his journals to diligently record his observations and fortunately for us, diagrams of his inventions, such as those of a flying machine.)

showing care and effort in your work or duties

indicative

showing or suggesting something

self-congratulatory (adj)

showing that you think you have done something very well and are pleased with yourself

analogous (Onnela and Reed-Tsochas realised that analogous changes take place on sites where people share their profiles with online friends.)

similar

akin to (Users also have access to a list of popular applications, akin to a bestsellers list.)

similar to

vocational training

skills and education that prepare you for a job

scrap (Among the fabric samples Jakes has anaysed are carbonised scraps from Hopewell burial sites, which were typically earth mounds.)

small bit or fragment; discarded waste material; fight;

twig

small branch or division of a branch

compact

smaller than other things of the same kind

Pygmy shrew (To stay alive, the pygmy shrew has to eat three times its body weight daily, which means capturing a prey every 15 to 30 minutes, day and night.)

smallest mammal

in next to no time (Then, in next to no time, you're an adult and time seems to speed up.)

so soon or so quickly that it is surprising

social mores (There are those who observe these social mores religiously, and those people are often labelled conservative.)

social customs

censored

something one is forbidden to see, hear, or read

acquire a taste for (I've tried them often but I've never managed to acquire a taste for oysters.)

something that you dislike at first, but that you start to like after you have tried it a few times

assets

something valuable belonging to a person or organization that can be used for the payment of debts (unit 17: management, personal finance)

memorable (The most memorable place I've ever visited was Bhutan.)

special, good or unusual and therefore worth remembering or easy to remember synonym unforgettable

expertise (Studying cloth can teach us about the expertise of early peoples.)

specialized skill or technical knowledge; know-how; expertness

fleck (Other areas have yielded only small flecks of charcoal from prehistoric fires.)

spot

invasive

spreading very quickly and difficult to stop

obsolence (In her book Waste and Want: A social History of Trash, Susan Strasser, a professor of history at the University of Delaware, traces the 'progressive obsolence' of clothing and other consumer goods to the 1920s.)

state of being no longer useful or in fashion

spur (But, according to Professor James Twitchell, mass branding also spurred us to shop.)

stimulate

break away from (My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group.)

stop being part of sth

uncanny Thomas Seeley, a biologist at Cornell University, has been looking into the uncanny ability of honeybees to make good decisions.)

strange, mysterious, weird, beyond explanation

notable (Although this approach may work for a while (many notable practitioners are highly profitable), businesses that that prey on customers are always vulnerable to possible hostility.)

striking, remarkable

vigorous (Even vigorous housework or heavy gardening can help avert heart disease.)

strong, healthy, and full of energy

fumes

strong, unpleasant, and sometimes dangerous gas or smoke

monuments (Over a century ago, Harper's Weekly commented that advertisements were 'a true mirror of life, a sort of fossil history which the future chronicler, if all other historical monements were to be lost, might fully and graphically rewrite the history of our time'.)

structures built to honor a person, a group, or an event

typefaces (Newspapers almost never printed ads wider than a single column and generally eschewed illustrations and even special typefaces.)

styles of lettering; also called fonts

garbage collection (noun) (An efficient sewage system and frequent garbage collection are both essential to maintaining sanitation in densely populated areas)

taking waste from houshold

distracting

taking your attention away from what you are trying to do

tantalizing (The experience can be tantalising and frustrating, since advertisements don't readily proclaim their intent or display the social and cultural context of their creation.)

tempting; tormenting or teasing by keeping something in sight but out of reach

conventional (adj) (Conventional people help keep our traditions alive.)

tending to follow what is done or considered acceptable by society in general; normal and ordinary, and perhaps not very interesting

self-centred (adj)

tending to think only about yourself and not thinking about the needs or feelings of other people (selfish)

moderate (adj)

that is neither very good, large, hot, etc. nor very bad, small, cold, etc.

compelling

that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting

imagination

the ability to create pictures in your mind; the part of your mind that does this

interaction (noun)

the act of communicating with somebody, especially while you work, play or spend time with them

formulation (noun)

the act of creating or preparing something carefully, giving particular attention to the details; something that is created or prepared in this way

deforestation (noun)

the act of cutting down or burning the trees in an area

rental (These strategies are common across industries from hotels to video stores and car rentals.)

the act of paying for the use of something (as an apartment or house or car)

conviction (He was a hardened criminal with a long list of previous convictions.)

the act of proving that a person is guilty of a crime in a court of law

infection (noun)

the act or process of causing or getting a disease

propulsion

the action of driving or pushing forward.

branding (noun)

the activity of giving a particular name and image to goods and services so that people will be attracted to them and want to buy them

marketing (noun)

the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company's products or services in the best possible way

earnings

the amount of money that someone is paid for working

consumption

the amount used or eaten

inner-city slum/shanty town (noun Many people who move to the city from rural areas end up living in inner-city slums/shanty towns because of a shortage of housing)

the central part of a city where people live and where there are often problems because people are poor and there are few jobs and bad houses

prevalence (With the prevalence of social media, Janda said it is now more important than ever for companies to implement systems that are geared towards managing unhappy customers.)

the condition of being widespread, commoness

mugging

the crime of attacking somebody violently, or threatening to do so, in order to steal their money, especially in a public place

vandalism

the crime of destroying or damaging something, especially public property, deliberately and for no good reason

robbery

the crime of stealing from somewhere or someone

culture

the customs and beliefs, art, way of life and social organization of a particular country or group

interval (After waiting half an hour, they simulated the ants' return by dropping glass beads into the nest entrance at regular intervals - some coated with patroller scent stimulated foragers to leave the nest.)

the distance between any two pitches

demise (noun) (It was the demise of the dinosaurs that let mammals flourish, and humans emerge.)

the end or failure or death of an institution, an idea, a company, etc.

unemployment (noun) (The modern welfare system in the UK developed during the late 19th and 20th century and includes the provision of both cash welfare benefits (such as an old-age pension or unemployment benefit) and welfare services not involving money (such as healthcare).

the fact of a number of people not having a job; the number of people without a job

echo

the fact of an idea, event, etc. being like another and reminding you of it; something that reminds you of something else

insignificance (noun)

the fact of not being big or valuable enough to be considered important

bottom line

the final line in the accounts of a company or organization, stating the total profit or loss that has been made

pressure (noun)

the force or weight with which something presses against something else

gravity (noun)

the force that attracts objects in space towards each other, and that on the earth pulls them towards the centre of the planet, so that things fall to the ground when they are dropped

induction (Each new group member is expected to undergo a special unduction programme.)

the formal act or process of placing someone into a new job, position, government office, etc.

state (noun) (One is a model in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of itss citizens and in which all aspects of welfare are considered to be the right of every citizen.)

the government of a country

evolution (noun)

the gradual development of plants, animals, etc. over many years as they adapt to changes in their environment

corrosion

the gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction

heritage (noun)

the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character

cyberspace (noun)

the imaginary place where electronic messages, etc. exist while they are being sent between computers (Unit 11: Technology design)

mining

the industry or activity of removing substances such as coal or metal from the ground by digging

pharmaceuticals

the kind of industry which produces medicines

with the benefit of hindsight (In retrospect, and with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that it was a bad decision.)

the knowledge and understanding that you have about an event only after it has happened

energy crisis

the lack of oil

shore (noun)

the land along the edge of the sea or ocean, a lake or another large area of water

coast (noun)

the land beside or near to the sea or ocean

status (noun) (I soon realised my status when I was asked to use the tradesman's entrance.)

the legal position of a person, group or country

lifespan (noun)

the length of time that something is likely to live, continue or function

credit limit (Think of the cell or mobile phone service, and banking and credit card industries, each of which now profits from customers who fail to understand or follow the rules about minute use, minium balances, overdrafts, credit limits, or payment deadline.)

the maximum amount that you may charge on your credit account

expense (noun)

the money that you spend on something

cutting-edge

the newest, most advanced stage in the development of something

habitat (noun)

the place where a particular type of animal or plant is normally found

erosion (noun This in turn contributes to climate change, which warms up the planet.)

the process by which the surface of something is gradually destroyed through the action of wind, rain, etc.

evaporation (noun)

the process of a liquid changing or being changed into a gas

deterioration (Because textiles are organic, they're subject to biological deterioration from air, water, minerals, insects and fungi.)

the process of becoming worse

animation

the process of making films/movies, videos and computer games in which drawings or models of people and animals seem to move (unit 20: the art, personal taste)

desalination (noun)

the process of removing salt from sea water

degradation (noun) (There is a high risk of dramatic biodiveristy loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services if the Earth's system is pushed beyond a certain threshold)

the process of something being damaged or made worse environmental degradation

transition (noun)

the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another

accounting (noun)

the process or work of keeping financial accounts (UNIT 5: STRIVING TO ACHIEVE ( STRIVE= TRY/ATTEMPT) STUDY, WORK)

inspiration

the process that takes place when somebody sees or hears something that causes them to have exciting new ideas or makes them want to create something, especially in art, music or literature

emmisions (noun)

the production or sending out of light, heat, gas, etc.

life sentence

the punishment by which somebody spends the rest of their life in prison

consistency (noun)

the quality of always behaving in the same way or of having the same opinions, standard, etc.; the quality of being consistent

acquisitiveness (noun) (Now, says Twithell, to curb our acquisitiveness we would have to de-brand: It's a scarf, It's not a Hermes scarf.)

the quality of wanting very much to buy or get new possessions

rigour (Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.)

the quality or state of being very exact, careful, or strict

productivity (noun)

the rate at which a worker, a company or a country produces goods, and the amount produced, compared with how much time, work and money is needed to produce them

agriculture (noun)

the science or practice of farming

healthcare (noun) (The state have a responsibility to provide healthcare.)

the service of providing medical care

intersection of sth and sth (Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.)

the set of points the figures have in common

status quo (noun) (There will always be people who resist change and want to maintain the status quo.)

the situation as it is now, or as it was before a recent change

scales

the small, thin, flat plates that help protect the bodies of fish and reptiles

minority(noun)

the smaller part of a group; less than half of the people or things in a large group

urban sprawl (noun It is difficult to determine where the city ends because of the urban sprawl)

the spread of a city into the area surrounding it, often without planning:

exposure (noun)

the state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant

take responsibility for have responsibility for have a responsibility to be the responsibility of (The state have a responsibility to provide healthcare.)

the state or fact of having a duty to deal with something or of having control over someone.

peer pressure

the strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everyone else does (unit 18: crime, punishment)

sewage system (noun) (An efficient sewage system and frequent garbage collection are both essential to maintaining sanitation in densely populated areas)

the system of carrying away waste water and human waste from houses and other buildings through large underground pipes or passages

inconsistency (noun)

the tendency to change too often and not stay the same

conceptualism (noun)

the theory that general ideas such as 'beauty' and 'red' exist only as ideas in the mind

supplies (noun)

the things such as food, medicines, fuel, etc. that are needed by a group of people, for example an army or expedition

headline

the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page

equity

the value of a company, divided into many equal parts owned by the shareholders, or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is divided finance [noncount] :the value of a piece of property (such as a house) after any debts that remain to be paid for it (such as the amount of a mortgage) have been subtracted

burgler (The researchers found 96 pairs of convicted burglers, and 406 pairs who had been charged with assault)

thief

natural resources

things such as minerals, forests, coal, etc. that exist in a place and can be used by people

cast-offs (Says Rivoli, 'There are nowhere near enough people in America to absorb the mountains of cast-offs, even if they were given away.)

things, usually clothes, that you no longer want

in retrospect (noun) (In retrospect, and with the benefit of hindsight, it is clear that it was a bad decision.)

thinking about a past event or situation, often with a different opinion of it from the one you had at the time

egotistical (adj)

thinking that you are better or more important than anyone else

self-important (adj)

thinking that you are more important than other people synonym arrogant

Fixative (In one set of experiments, for example, the researchers made dye baths from sumac berries and bedstraw roots combined with different mineral fixatives.)

thuốc hãm (màu...); thuốc giữ mùi hương

time goes so fast (It just goes so fast and there aren't enough hours in the day to get everything done.)

time disapeard

chair a meeting

to act as the chairman or chairwoman of a meeting, discussion, etc

spike with (Vitamin water drinks, spiked with nutrients such as taurine, vitamin C, calcium and potassium, can be found on shelves of gourmet shops and supermarkets.)

to add something that gives flavor or interest to (something) - usually + with

urge

to advise or try hard to persuade somebody to do something

solicit (Political advertising solicits a vote (or a contribution), not a purchase.)

to ask for; to seek

affix (The presence of colour reflects a significant level of technology, including knowledge of colourants in nature and of methods required to affix them to organic materials,' says Jakes.)

to attach

tempt

to attract somebody or make somebody want to do or have something, even if they know it is wrong

shun mainstream values (They create a counter-culture and they shun mainstream values.)

to avoid considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people

eschew (Newspapers almost never printed ads wider than a single column and generally eschewed illustrations and even special typefaces.)

to avoid, shun, keep away from

offset (Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.)

to balance, counteract or compensate for

rival (noun) (But with an estimated 130 species disappearing each day, the world is on the brink of another mass extinction that could rival the one that saw the dinosaurs disappear.)

to be as good or almost as good as (someone or something) = match

do more harm than good

to be damaging and not helpful

be intent on (After all, depression is nature's way of telling you that you've got complex social problems that the mind is intent on solving.)

to be determined

get rid of

to be free of somebody/something that has been annoying you or that you do not want

to be granted (If you are lucky, you may be granted permission to enter the primary temple in the centre of the courtyard.)

to be given something officially or formally

outweigh

to be greater or more important than something (UNIT 8: STATE CONTROL GOVERNMENT, SOCIETY)

prevail (Yet this is not a satisfactory explanation either as depression exists in every culture, including small-scale societies where people are thought to live in environments similar to those that prevailed in our evolutionary past.)

to be usual, common, or popular

all the rage (When I was about 11, boots with really high heels were all the rage.)

to be very popular and fashionable

improve

to become better than before; to make something/somebody better than before

make a name for yourself

to become famous or respected by a lot of people

coarsen

to become rough or cause something to become rough

solidify

to become solid; to make something solid

thrive

to become, and continue to be, successful, strong, healthy, etc. synonym flourish

conform (verb) (When people conform, it helps make society more peaceful.)

to behave and think in the same way as most other people in a group or society

burst

to break open or apart, especially because of pressure from inside; to make something break in this way

incur (Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.)

to bring about

ferry (To find out, Seeley's team applied paint dots and tiny plastic tags to all 4000 bees in each of several swarms that they ferried to Appledore Island.)

to carry or move (someone or something) on a vehicle (such as a boat or a car) usually for a short distance between two places

condemn sb to sth (We used to think that not having a degree would condemn you to a job or in a service sector.)

to cause (someone) to suffer or live in difficult or unpleasant conditions - + to

skew (verb) (These figures are skewed because not all of our customers have paid their bill yet.)

to change or influence something with the result that it is not accurate, fair, normal, etc to skew the statistics

overhaul (In some cases, technological advances served to overhaul industries in a lightning-fast pace.)

to change sth completely in order to improve it to renovate

dye

to change the colour of something, especially by using a special liquid or substance

op out (of) (My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group. When people feel isolated and rejected, they sometimes abandon sciety altogether.)

to choose not to do or be involved in something

glean (Today, Good and other researchers are applying high-tech methods of chemical analysis to ancient textiles and fibres to glean unique clues about past civilisations.)

to collect bit by bit; to gather with patient labor

to contend (Critics of 'green energy' contend that current technologies are either too costly or impractical to realistically replace our current energy needs.)

to compete against somebody in order to gain something

to persist in, to insist on (How or why they persist in ringing at that time, I just don't know.)

to continue despite difficulty

keep track of

to continue to be informed or know about someone or something

curb (The government should act to * tax evasion. Now, says Twithell, to * our acquisitiveness we would have to de-brand: It's a scarf, It's not a Hermes scarf.)

to control or limit something that is not wanted:

harness (There is a great deal of interest in harnessing wind and waves as new sources of power. Turbines are used to harness the energy from the wind.)

to control something, usually in order to use its power:

rectify

to correct something or make something right: I am determined to take whatever action is necessary to * the situation.

plaster (There's a street I walk down everyday and the walls are plastered with flyers for new bands and events.)

to cover (a surface) with plaste

censure

to criticize; to blame

weep, wept, wept (Baseball games stopped, and radio announcers wept when his safe arrival in Paris was announced.)

to cry

mismanage (A government might mismanage the economy.)

to deal with or manage something badly

convicted criminal

to decide officially in a law court that someone is guilty of a crime

eradicate

to destroy or get rid of something completely, especially something bad

cultivate (In a recent study, Swinda Janda and collaborator Hong-Youl Ha of South Korea's Kangwon National University explored how businesses can cultivate and keep loyal customers and how relationships between businesses and customers mirror human relationships.)

to develop an attitude, a way of talking or behaving, etc.

excavate (verb)

to dig in the ground to look for old buildings or objects that have been buried for a long time; to find something by digging in this way

cut off (While I enjoyed the restfulness, I felt too cut off.)

to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone

violate (The non-profit Center for Science in the Public Interest has filed suit against the FDA, arguing that the new program violates the 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, which mandated a higher level of scientific agreement for marketing the health benefits of ingredients.)

to disregard or go against

Get sidetracked (I know my young son often gets sidetracked when these images suddenly appear and entice him to 'click' here to win $1 million'!)

to distract from the main subject

follow accepted behaviour (And we expect people to behave according to our accepted standards of behaviour.)

to do what is considerate as normal

obey (verb)

to do what you are told or expected to do to obey a command/an order/rules/the law

have the time of your life (They just want to go out and have the time of their life!)

to enjoy yourself very much

miscalculate (Someone adding up figures might miscalculate.)

to estimate an amount, a figure, a measurement, etc. wrongly

scrutinize (The painting there, begun by Piet Mondrian (1872 - 1944) in Europe and completed in New York, were scrutinized using the latest scientific techniques.)

to examine closely to observe carefully

anticipate (In the tabloids, Baxter found fewer articles than anticipated about local politicians.)

to expect beforehand

misunderstand (Someone trying to work out what something means might misunderstand or misinterpret.)

to fail to understand somebody/something correctly

infer (Such information, combined with other evidence, enables researchers to infer the technological skills of ancient civilisations and the cultural importance of their textiles, notes Kathryn Jakes of Ohio State University in Columbus.)

to find out by reasoning; to arrive at a conclusion on the basis of thought; to hint, suggest, imply

trickle into (Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.)

to flow or fall by drops or in a small stream

to soar from ... to ... (Air traffic figures soared from 205 million in 1975 before deregulation...)

to fly high

impose (Many credit card issuers, for example, choose not deny a transaction that would put the cardholder over his or her credit limit, it's more profitable to let the customer overspend and then impose penalties.)

to force someone to accept or put up with; to take unfair advantage of; impressive

condone (I can't condone ... )

to forgive or overlook an offense

misjudge (Someone who forms the wrong opinion of people will misjudge them.)

to form a wrong opinion about a person or situation, especially in a way that makes you deal with them or it unfairly

to speculate

to form an opinion about something without knowing all the details or facts

gain insight into (This type of thinking allows people to gain insight into their problems.)

to get a deeper understanding of something

know which way the wind is blowing

to get an idea of what is likely to happen before doing something

dispose of (To prevent littering, the company has put a warning on the label asking us to dispose of the wrapping carefully.)

to get rid of

dump

to get rid of something you do not want, especially in a place which is not suitable

misdiagnose (A doctor might misdiagnose a disorder.)

to give an explanation of the nature of an illness or a problem that is not correct

subsidise

to give money to somebody or an organization to help pay for something; to give a subsidy synonym fund

mislead (The policy was perceived to be a deliberate attempt to mislead the public.)

to give somebody the wrong idea or impression and make them believe something that is not true. Someone trying to make you believe something that is untrue will * you.

misinform (A person deliberately telling someone something incorrect might misinform them.)

to give somebody wrong information about something

revolve

to go in a circle around a central point

penetrate

to go into or through something

burgeon (Scientific interest in ancient textiles and other fibre objects is burgeoning.)

to grow and flourish

flourish (It was the demise of the dinosaurs that let mammals flourish, and humans emerge.)

to grow well; to be healthy and happy synonym thrive

arise

to happen; to start to exist synonym occur

have time on your hands (I remember the summer holidays went on for ages and I had so much time on my hands.)

to have nothing to do or not be busy

feel entitled to be entitled to (In some countries, you are intitled to free medical care.)

to have rights and privileges

be snowed under

to have so much work that you have problems dealing with it all

strike

to hit somebody/something hard or with force

restrain (Magazine ad styles were also restrained, with most publications relegating advertisements to the back pages.)

to hold back; to keep under control; to limit; to draw tight by force

poach

to illegally hunt birds, animals or fish on somebody else's property or without permission

connote (Functional foods, or 'phoods' as they're sometimes called to connote the intersection of food and pharmaceuticals, have been trickling into supermarkets over the past several years - think of calcium-enhanced orange juice and cholesterol-lowering margarine, for example.)

to imply something beyond a literal meaning

soaring (Demand for eco-friendly hybrid cars is soaring)

to increase very quickly in amount or price

innovate

to introduce new things, ideas or ways of doing something

preserve

to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that something is kept

conserve

to keep and protect something from damage, change, or waste

breed

to keep animals for the purpose of producing young animals in a controlled way

release (Verb)

to let somebody/something come out of a place where they have been kept or trapped

dictate (A hands-off approach is dictated, where change is essential to the artist's meaning.)

to make (something) necessary to say or state (sth) with authority or power

compound

to make (something, such as an error or problem) worse :to add to (something bad)

dilute

to make a liquid weaker by adding water or another liquid to it

pierce

to make a small hole in something, or to go through something, with a sharp object

contaminate (verb)

to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease

contaminated (adj)

to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease

aggravate (The manufacture of polyester and other synthetic fabrics is an energy-intensive process requiring large amounts of crude oil and releasing emissions which can cause or aggravate respiratory disease.)

to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse

accommodate (Conservators had to face the fact that their mission to preserve for future generations the culture of the moent would have to yield to accommodate meterials chosen precisely because of their propensity to decay.)

to make fit, adjust to

hinder

to make it difficult for somebody to do something or for something to happen synonym hamper

exhaust

to make somebody feel very tired

punish

to make somebody suffer because they have broken the law or done something wrong

maintain

to make something continue at the same level, standard, etc.

falsify (Joseph Beuys, for instance, used organic materials like fat or honey precisely because of their tendency to change over time; to halt that process would be to falsify the work in critical ways.)

to make something false; to change something in order to make people believe something that is not true

mitigate

to make something less harmful, unpleasant, or bad

alleviate

to make something less severe

activate

to make something such as a device or chemical process start working

exacerbate

to make something worse, especially a disease or problem synonym aggravate

taint (Furthermore, when it comes to elections, the coverage in the majority of newspapers is generally tainted with political bias.)

to make sth dangerous or dirty especially by adding sth harmful or undesirable to it.

assure

to make yourself certain about something

dissolve (Salt dissolves in water.)

to mix with a liquid and become part of it

shuttle

to move back and forth often between two places

flow

to move in one direction, especially continuously and easily:

rotate (The next experiment is called the arm engine, and for this one you need a chair that can swivel or rotate and some small hand weights.)

to move or turn around a central fixed point; to make something do this

Converge together (A mega city can be a single metropolitan area or two or more areas that converge or join together)

to move toward one point, approach nearer together

not have the foggiest idea (To be honest, I don't think the present government have the foggiest idea what to do about either drug problems or obesity.)

to not know or understand something at all

smelt (Lead is extracted by a process known as smelting, where the rock, or ore is heated to extremely high temperatures.)

to obtain metal from an ore by exposing it to very high temperature

ignore

to pay no attention to something synonym disregard

induce

to persuade or influence somebody to do something

pressurise (Customers can often feel pressurised into buying a product they don't need.)

to persuade somebody to do something, especially by making them feel that they have to or should do it

entice (Department stores often use smells and sounds to entice shoppers into their stores. I know my young son often gets sidetracked when these images suddenly appear and entice him to 'click' here to win $1 million'!)

to persuade somebody/something to go somewhere or to do something, usually by offering them something

deter (Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.)

to prevent

demolish

to pull or knock down a building

immerse in (Good immerses the threads in a solution to tease apart the strands of protein.)

to put (something) in a liquid so that all parts are completely covered

tuck in (We can observe this principle in the real world in the sport of ice skating, where the skaters manage to spin incredibly fast by tucking their hands in close to their body.)

to put (something) in a particular place usually to hide it, hold it, or make it safe

sow

to put seeds in or on the ground so that plants will grow

lay

to put somebody/something in a particular position, especially when it is done gently or carefully

amalgamate

to put two or more things together so that they form one synonym merge

drop out of (My friends started going out late to nightclubs so I decided to dissociate myself from the group. When people feel isolated and rejected, they sometimes abandon sciety altogether.)

to quit

to culminate in sth (Physics was the first science to be transformed by accurate information, initially with telescopes that revealed the heavens and culminating in massive modern-day experiments like the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland.)

to reach the highest point

deregulate (Airlines were deregulated so airlines could set their routes nnd fares themselves.)

to reduce regulations

remorse (Just as American as the need to buy, social observers say, is buyer's remorse.)

to regret

proliferate (Of course, not everything is depleted , and these harsh conditions encourage the growth of weeds and also allow pests to proliferate.)

to reproduce, increase, or spread rapidly

reassure

to say or do something that makes somebody less frightened or worried

feel to blame for take the blame for be to blame for (We need to find out who is to blame for the crisis. The party leader took the blame for their election defeat.)

to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened

accuse someone of

to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind

forage (Instead, their brief life is spent foraging.)

to search for food

emit

to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas

broadcast

to send out programmes on television or radio

flaunt (verb) (First and flaunted by influential rock stars like the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s, tattooing had, by the late 1980s, become accepted by ever-broader segments of mainstream society.)

to show something you are proud of to other people, in order to impress them

to indicate

to show that something is true or exists

reflect

to show the image of somebody/something on the surface of something such as a mirror, water or glass

perch on (Go to Bhutan, and you may well find yourself driving for hours along terrifying, winding mountain passes and then climbing to a monastery perched on a cliff that seems to defy all laws of physics.)

to sit on the edge of something

resolve (If this isn't done, we will never completely resolve this issue.)

to solve or end a problem or difficulty

hibernate (bat is a nocturnal, hibernating mammal)

to spend the winter in a state like deep sleep

mar (Social scientists have long had to rely on crude questionnaires or interviews to gather data to test their theories, methods marred by reporting bias and small survey sizes.)

to spoil, damage, injure

dawn (When the Information Age dawned, the World Wide Web seemed like a paradise.)

to start or begin

assert

to state clearly and firmly that something is true

halt (Joseph Beuys, for instance, used organic materials like fat or honey precisely because of their tendency to change over time; to halt that process would be to falsify the work in critical ways.)

to stop

take stock

to stop and think carefully about the way in which a particular situation is developing in order to decide what to do next

repel

to successfully fight somebody who is attacking you, your country, etc. and drive them away

furnish

to supply with furniture; to supply with what is needed

tend (As the tasks of providing food, clothing and shelter were divided between men and women in tribal societies, she says, women became the primary weavers because they could perform that activity while tendind children.)

to take care of

absorb

to take in a liquid, gas or other substance from the surface or space around

retaliate with (At any time, customers may retaliate with anger, lawsuit and defection.)

to take revenge

capture

to take someone as a prisoner, or to take something into your possession, especially by force

to gossip

to talk about other people's private lives, often in an unkind way

conceive (Such charges may have been conceived as a way to deter undesirable customer behaviour and offset the cost that business incur as a result of that behaviour.)

to think of

dwell on (Depressed people dwell on personal problems, breaking them down into smaller components.)

to think or talk a lot about something, especially something it would be better to forget

discard

to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it

grapple with (The recently established Center for the Technical Study of Modern Art at Harvard has been set up to grapple with the distinctive challenges posed by the art of the last century.)

to try to solve a problem :to deal with a problem

Leaf through (On a Saturday afternoon, a group of teenage girls leaf through glossy fashion magazines at an American shopping mall.)

to turn the pages of a book quickly, without reading it properly

misinterpret (Someone trying to work out what something means might misunderstand or misinterpret.)

to understand something/somebody wrongly

perceive (Janda was surprised to find that in order to create a relationship, consumers have to perceive it will pay off, monetarily or otherwise.)

to understand, know, become aware of

consume

to use something, especially fuel, energy or time

Mediate (Usually, too, authors distinguish advertising fromsalesmanship by defining it as mediated persuasion aimed at an audience rather than one-to-one communication with a potential customer.)

to work with opposing sides in an argument or dispute in order to get an agreement

immeasurable

too large, great, etc. to be measured

gullible (adj)

too willing to believe or accept what other people tell you and therefore easily tricked, being naive

mend (Before then, and especially during World War I, most clothing was repaired, mended or tailored to fit other family members, or recycled within the home as rags or quilts.)

tp fix, to repair

Embalming (The embalming substances turned out to include fairly exotic materials, such as oils, beeswax, sugar gum and tree resins and were as complex as those used for human mummification.)

treating with preservatives to prevent decay

timber (noun)

trees that are grown to be used in building or for making things

feel responsible for be responsible for (The culture department is responsible for the running of museums.)

trustworthy; reliable

sediment (In some areas, we've fpund remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sediment.)

trầm tích

rustic ((It's a really historic place and very rustic.)

typical of the country or of country people; simple

make a concerted effort (We are making a concerted effort to solve this problem.)

tạo ra 1 nỗ lực kiên định ( cứng chắc, vững chãi)

set yourself a goal (I find the only way to do it is to set myself a goal, you know, give myself something to aim for.)

tự đưa ra mục tiêu

bankrupt (And those these mid -level lottery winners were less likely than small winners (those who won less than $10,000) to become bankrupt immediately after winning, they were 50 per cent more likely to do so in three to five years after winning their prize.)

unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts

inept ('If you watch an ant trying to accomplish something, you'll be impressed by how inept it is,' says Deborah M Gordon, a biologist at Standford University.)

unskilled; clumsy

hard-sell approach (For a car dealership, Janda said this could mean promotions that don't focus on a hard-sell approach but rather on providing relevant information such as the availability of rebates for the customer.)

used persuasive techniques and introduced the "reason why" philosophy to copy preparation

mere (However, during the Early Middle Ages, its population declines to a mere 20 thousand.)

used to emphasize how small or insignificant someone or something is only

a must-have item

used to tell people that something is so good or interesting that they should see, read, get it, etc.

analytical

using a logical method of thinking about something in order to understand it, especially by looking at all the parts separately

relegate SO/sth to sth (Magazine ad styles were also restrained, with most publications relegating advertisements to the back pages.)

v demote; downgrade; give somebody a lower or less important position, rank, etc. than before

personal possessions

valuable belongings that are not real estate. At the hospital, they made a list of my (things) and put them in a bag.

dismal (adj) (The play was supposed to be a tragedy, but the acting was so bad it made me want to laugh not cry!)

very bad or poor

nasty (Apparently, it's designed to be resistant to weeds, so farmers don't need to spray any nasty chemicals to remove them.)

very bad or unpleasant

breathtaking (With the mountains all around it's a very dramatic landscape and the view from my room was breathtaking.)

very exciting or impressive (usually in a pleasant way) (UNIT 7: WAYS AND MEANS TRAVEL, TOURISM)

chic

very fashionable and elegant synonym stylish

Aerosols (cfcs: an abbreviation for the gases which have now been removed from aerosols to protect the ozone layer.)

very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere

ferocious (Much of our ferocious consumption arises simply from the sheer number of goods available.)

very great or extreme

tremendous (adj)

very great synonym huge

spectacular (As for the views, they were just spectacular.)

very impressive synonym breathtaking

charming (Of course, that means the accommodation is pretty basic, but the place is altogether so charming that I didn't mind at all.)

very pleasant or attractive

in the blink of an eye (She's always telling me that time passes in the blink of an eye and I should make the most of every moment of it.)

very quickly; in a short time

outrageous (In an era when conventional medicine seldom provided cures, these manufacturers vied for consumer attention with large, often outrageous, promises and colourful, dramatic advertisements.)

very shocking and unacceptable synonym scandalous

imperceptible

very small and therefore unable to be seen or felt; opposite perceptible

violence

violent behaviour that is intended to hurt or kill somebody

mural (But slowly, brilliant murals reveal themselves, along with an elaborate altar, behind which a group of finely detailed gold and bronze Buddhas seems almost to glow.)

wall painting

well-dressed (adj)

wearing fashionable or expensive clothes

textile (Until recently, it was assumed that all (ancient) silk was from China,' says Good, a specialist in fibre analysis and ancient-textile production and trade at Harvard University's Peabody Museum.)

weaven cloth A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

in the public eye

well known to many people through newspapers and television

sales pitch (Health club companies also have a long history of luring customers with attractive short-term offers, assaulting them with aggressive sales pitches, and then binding them with long-term contracts.)

what a salesperson says about a product to persuade people to buy it

reaction (noun)

what you do, say or think as a result of something that has happened

drab

without interest or colour; dull and boring

ploy (noun) (Many competitions are simply a marketing ploy to help boost sales.)

words or actions that are carefully planned to get an advantage over somebody else

community service

work helping people in the local community that somebody does without being paid, either because they want to, or because they have been ordered to by a court as a punishment

employment (noun)

work, especially when it is done to earn money; the state of being employed

frayed (Until recently, these remains were usually overlooked because they were frayed. discoloured or too fragile to withstand the rigours of analysis.)

worn away or tattered along the edges

apprehensive (adj)

worried or frightened that something unpleasant may happen

Pastoral/Idyll (In the years following the Industrial Revolution, a new artistic theme emerged: the theme of pastoral idyll)

writing that extolls the virtue of the countryside/nature

fraud (The school banned social networking sites when internet fraud became a problem)

wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain

pressed for time (You feel constantly pressed for time, and spare time becomes this luxury you can't afford anymore!)

you don't have enough time

give yoursef something to aim for (I find the only way to do it is to set myself a goal, you know, give myself something to aim for.)

đưa ra mục tiêu cho riêng mình

to some, (what, such an, certain...) extent (The rise of mass circulation magazines, radio broadcasting and to a lesser extent, motion pictures provided new media for advertisements to reach consumers.)

ở một mức độ nào đó

commission (The California Walnut Commision, for example, wanted permission to put this claim on packages of walnut, which are high in Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.)

ủy ban