Vocational (Lifestyle and Career Development)

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with

alternatives and the probability of outcomes.

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that

an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.

The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to

an occupational group.

At its zenith the DOT listed

approximately 30,000 job titles. The Occupational Information Network O*NET (http://www.online.onecenter.org) is a new automated replacement for the DOT. The new O*NET lists far fewer occupations than the old DOT. Many highly specialized jobs that only a small number of individuals worked in were dropped.

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

are indicative of neurotic symptoms.

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described

as a displaced homemaker.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus mades the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice

based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or

be widowed and seeking employment or be divorced and seeking employment. dislocated worker refers to an individual who loses his or her job because a company downsizes or relocates.

The leading method adults use to find career information in the U.S. is

by securing information via the newspaper. Some research indicates that only 5.5% of the population has found a job from the Internet. Some exams are calling the process of finding a job on the Internet than those who are more mature or making high salaries. This is the type of the question that could change rapidly. Do research before the exam!

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on

circumscription and compromise theory.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.

conventional. Likes values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role.

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests

counselor bias based on gender bias.

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families

dual-career families have less leisure time.

Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the U.S. would be

enterprising.

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

fields and levels.

Super's theory emphasizes _____ life stages.

five. Developmental theories like Donald Super's emphasize longitudinal career-related behavior.

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of

gender bias.

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. Roe review: career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence.

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

have lower career aspirations than a man.

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _____ into account.

individual change throughout the life span.

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _____ type.

investigative Memory tool: RIASEC to recall the 6 vocational personalities/work environments.

Most experts would agree that a resume

is like an art project and must look good.

Midlife career change

is not that unusual.

A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's

job or position.

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice

lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that

most jobs are not advertised.

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that

most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic, Social, Investigative (RSI).

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

most women hold low paying jobs with low status.

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _____ digit code.

nine.

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware

of his or her own ethnocentric biases.

Statistics reveal that

on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except

outdoor.

Most experts in the field of career counseling would be classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _____ theorists.

personality. Remember: the term structural theory in place of the term personality theory

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology.

realistic

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience

satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests. Keep in mind the SII measures interests, not abilities.

The OOH contains approximately 800 job descriptions. Job trends suggest that

service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth. A word to the wise: although this is the type of question you could encounter, don't count on this answer since labor patterns are hardly static. Consult the current edition of the OOH before sitting for your exam.

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume

should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern

Holland categorized _____ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

six.

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely

social.

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as

spillover. The "compensatory effect" suggests that a worker compensates or makes up for things he or she can't do on the job. Thus, a librarian who must be quiet from 8-5 may go out after work and get wild, crazy, and most importantly loud. "Spillover" on the other hand is like a glass of water spilling over a table. The individual's work spills over, into his or her time off the job.

Studies indicate that

students want more vocational guidance than they receive.

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic-doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized ______ as an ego-defense mechanism.

sublimation Review the counseling theories and helping relationship section if you do not know the definitions of the four alternatives (subliminal, repression, rationalization.)

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _____ according to Brill's theory of career choice.

sublimation Sublimation occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner.

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely

suggest a site visit to a work setting.

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that

testing is an important part of the counseling process and a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

the Father of vocational guidance.

The Strong is considered an Interest inventory. So is

the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder.

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to

the Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Some support for Roe's theory comes form

the Rorschach and the TAT.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?

the approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. Developmental approaches delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the life span.

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,

the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle sedentary work." This technically implies

the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. Sedentary: maximum lifting 10 lbs, Light work: up to 20 lbs, Medium work: up to 50 lbs, Heavy work: up to 100 lbs, and very heavy work: exceeds 100 lbs.

An SDS score will reveal

the individual's 3 highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

Super's theory includes

the life-career rainbow. So far as Super is concerned career can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations, and even family roles.

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes

the self -concept.

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except

the tests all take at least 3 hours to administer

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean

the time the client has away form work which is not being utilized for obligations. Career: the total work one does in a life-time plus leisure Avocation: leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects

the work of John Holland.

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of

underempoyment.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except

unskilled.

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

According to the concept of wage discrimination

women make less than men for doing the same job.

Lifestyle includes

work, leisure, style of living.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position?

"Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corporate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in

14 interest areas.

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?

A 33-year-old female drill press operator. Artistic would shun conformity and structure and the emphasis would be on self-expression. "realistic" type likes physical labor and enjoys working with tools.

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become

APGA. American Personnel and Guidance Association is now called the ACA (American Counseling Association).

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

Albert Bandura.

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

Albert Bandura. Two popular behavioral techniques (though they are not necessarily just related to the work of Krumboltz) include the RJP or realistic job preview and guided imagery. To conduct a RJP the student, usually in college, would contact a worker in the field and then interview the worker. Guided imagery, effective for adults and adolescents, can be implemented by having the client imagine a day in the future working in the job or even receiving an award for outstanding performance in the position.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

Bordin.

SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are

Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG). Your exam could use Computer-based Career Information Systems (CBCISs) in place of CACG.

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by

David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. All decision-making theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from the various career options.

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?

Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.

The U.S. Employment Service created the

GATB. The GATB or General Aptitude Test Batter is the test utilized by state employment security offices, Veterans Administration hospitals, and related government agencies.

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _____ is also considered a personality approach.

Henry Murray

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

John Crites

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note

John Holland

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scale

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the

OOH The OOH as its name implies focuses on "outlook" and useful trends or predictions (hence the word Outlook in the title) in the labor market.

A counselor wants to suggest an easy-to-read source for a client in search of career information. The counselor should recommend

OOH. A few questions on the classic DOT might still show up on the exam despite the fact that it has been replaced with O*NET.

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with

Parsons and Williamson

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

Robert Hoppock

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be

The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

The term reentry woman would best describe

a 29 year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant. My prediction: In the coming years expect to see more and more questions on the career area of comprehensive and licensing exams related to women, older adults, minority groups, and disabled persons.

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a vary high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area--who were the first to forsake the matching models--were

Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma

SIGI Plus is

a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options.

Holland believed that

a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities.

The model Krumboltz suggested in

a behavioristic model of career development. Krumboltz believed that decision making--in terms of career options as well as noncareer options--is a skill which can be learned. Krumboltz acknowledged the role of genetics and the environment but focused on what can be changed via learning.

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is

based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types, self-administered, self-scored and self-interpreted. Holland warned that the test is NOT suitable for grossly disturbed, uneducated, or illiterate persons, although an easy form (known as Form "E") is shorter than the regular SDS and uses no words beyond the 4th grade level. The SDS is specifically not recommended for those who have a great deal of difficulty making decisions.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development

fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman

is typically secure in her career before she has children.

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

is very behavioristic. Choice "b" is roughly the opposite of the so-called selective placement philosophy.

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems

predictive, value, and decision. In the Gelatt Model the predictive system is concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities. The person's value system is concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes, while the decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as

the compensatory effect. The "recency effect" . occurs when a rater's judgement of an employee reflects primarily his or her most recent performance. This is a problem as the employee's performance over the entire rating period should be duly noted. The "leniency/strictness bias" occurs when a rater tends to give employees very high/lenient or very low/strict ratings while avoiding the middle or so-called average range. Raters wo do the opposite (i.e., rate almost everybody in the average range) are said to display a "central tendency bias."

In terms of the labor market

the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up and the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases.

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that

the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood, career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span, career choice is reversible.

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the

trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling. Must know-fact: An aptitude test doesn't imply that you are adept at the skill (say math, music, or principles taught in law school) at the present moment. That, my dear reader, is the province of an achievement test. The aptitude test merely speculates about whether or not you could capture these skills with proper training and experience. Aptitude tests attempt to measure potential.