Ways we encode

-Maintenance Rehearsal (rep)

useful in maintaining information in short term memory or working memory. However, it is not an effective way of having information processed and transferred into long term memory.

-Encoding rehearsal (rep)

useful in maintaining information in the long term memory.

Repetition

-rehearsal -Hermann Ebbinghaus found that "the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning" -over learning increases retention Two types: -Maintenance rehearsal: -Encoding rehearsal

Visualization

Encoding pictures/visual scenses into long-term memory in a non verbal form can be recalled later into the visuospatial sketchpad of working memory Example: asked what your dorm room looks like- you will conjur of an image to refer from and then find the words to describe it your memories from when you were 3/4 are probably this type of memory we are better able to remember verbal things if we can relate them to an image

Organization

Hierarchical: related items are clustered together to form categories, and related categories are clustered together to create larger (higher order) categories Chunking: group adjacent items that are first perceived as separate, thus making them a single item (you are reducing the # of separate items you have to recall and attaching more meaning to those items-to transfer them into working and long term memory and not just short term)

Elaborative Rehearsal

taking info and tying it into something that already exists in your long-term memory -the goal is to understand/find meaning in what you are trying to remember, not to memorize