We the Manipulators ch.12 congress

unorthodox lawmaking

" a set of legislative procedures that reflects a greater level of control deviates from regular order ; from party leaders and less deliberation from members

descriptive representation

a type of representation in which representatives have the same racial , gender , ethnic , religious , or educational backgrounds as their constituents ; it is based on the principle that if two individ uals are similar in background , character , interests , and per spectives , then one can correctly represent the other's views

roll - call vote

a vote in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded as the clerk calls the names of the members alphabetically

veto

the president's constitu tional power to turn down acts of Congress a presidential veto may be overridden by a two thirds vote of each house of Congress

Oversight

The effort by Congress through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of the executive agencies

Impeachment

The formal charge by the house, representatives that a government official has committed "treason, bribery, or other high, crimes misdemeanors, "

substantive representation

a type of representation in which representative is held account able to a constituency if they fail to represent that constituency properly ; this is incentive for the representative to provide good representation when their personal background , views and interests differ from those of their constituency

Omnibus appropriations bill

A bill that deals with a number of unrelated topics

Executive agreement

An agreement made between the president another country that has the force of a treaty, but does not require the sentence, advice and consent

Multiple referral

The practice of referring a bill to motr than one committee for consideration

cloture

a rule or process in a legislative body aimed at ending debate on a given bill ; in the U.S. Senate , 60 senators ( three - fifths ) must agree in order to impose a time limit and end debate

Bill

a draft of a proposed that has been sponsored by a member of congress and submitted to the clerk of the house or the senate.

bicameral legislature

a legislative assembly composed of two chambers, or houses

pocket veto

a presidential veto that is automatically triggered if the president does not act on a given piece of legislation passed during the final 10 days of a legislative session

closed rule

a provision by the House Rules Committee limiting or prohibiting the introduction of amendments during debate

Delegate (member of congress role)

a representative who votes according to the preferences of their constituency

A trustee

a representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency

Casework

is representation Both senators and House members assign numerous staffers to their district offices to deal with constituent concerns . " examples: influencing decisions by regulatory commissions, helping consistent, apply for federal benefits

open rule

provision by the House Rules Committee that addition of new amendments permits floor debate and the to a bill

ping - ponging

sending amend ments back and forth between the relevant House and Senate committees to reconcile differ ences between bills or major measures without convening a conference committee at all

filibuster

tactic used by mem bers of the Senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down ; once given the floor , senators have unlimited time to speak , and it requires vote of three - fifths of the Senate to end a filibuster

appropriations

the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes ( bills ) that each unit or agency of government can spend

constiuency

the residents in the area from which an official is elected