Week 4 US History B

What limits does the Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution place on the President?

A President can serve no more than two terms.

What effect did the New Deal coalition have on voting trends?

African Americans began to vote Democratic.

Why did John Maynard Keynes support the idea of pump priming, despite increased federal budget deficits?

He believed deficit spending would stimulate the economy and create jobs.

From big cities to small towns, the Great Depression spread misery across America. As the crisis deepened, Herbert Hoover struggled to respond to the nation's problems. Why did Herbert Hoover initially do little to respond to the nation's economic crisis?

He believed that government should not interfere in business cycles.

Even before the Great Depression, most industrial workers labored long hours for little pay. Few belonged to labor unions. However, during the depression, there was an upsurge in union activity. Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt think the Wagner Act and giving unions the right to collective bargaining would help the economy?

He believed unions would raise living standards for industrial workers.

Why did Franklin D. Roosevelt seem a strange choice for President during the Depression?

He had never known economic hardship.

How did General Douglas MacArthur respond to Herbert Hoover's order to clear Bonus Army veterans from their makeshift camps?

He used force to remove the protesters.

What were the makeshift shantytowns on public land called?

Hoovervilles

What program hoped to increase Indian control over their own affairs?

Indian New Deal

What did the federal government do in response to the Great Depression that it had never done before?

It acted as employer to the unemployed.

What did the Works Progress Administration (WPA) do?

It created jobs.

The Great Depression deeply affected Americans. Some lost everything they had, while others struggled simply to survive. By 1933, almost 25 percent of workers were without jobs. How did the unemployment rate change between 1929 and 1933?

It grew by more than 20 percent.

What positive effect did the construction of the Hoover Dam have on the economy of the Southwest in the 1930s?

It increased employment.

What benefits did the Social Security Act provide to ensure people's economic well-being?

It provided pensions for the elderly and aid for poor mothers.

How did the New Deal help farmers?

It provided them with electric power and increased their income by subsidizing prices.

Why did the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) attract so much criticism?

It was a power company run by the federal government.

How did the court-packing plan affect Franklin D. Roosevelt's plans for the New Deal?

It weakened public support for new legislation.

Why did Mary McLeod Bethune believe Franklin D. Roosevelt's Black Cabinet represented a step forward for African Americans?

Its members went on to fill important positions within government.

In general, how did the Right view the New Deal?

Many on the Right felt it was "too much."

What group faced competition from whites moving to western states such as California?

Mexican Americans

How did Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal coalition affect African American voting patterns?

More African Americans voted Democratic.

How did farmers contribute to the problems that led to the Dust Bowl?

by using intensive farming practices that removed protective grasses

During the Great Depression, which economic system did many Americans think was part of the problem?

capitalism

Which economic system did many New Deal measures strengthened?

capitalism

What major issue did the Indian New Deal help resolve in favor of Native Americans' rights?

loss of tribal lands

Which group of farmers remained on their land but worked for bigger landowners?

tenant farmers

What principle did the New Deal establish?

that the federal government was responsible for the welfare of all Americans

What was Senator Huey Long's solution to the depression?

the "Share Our Wealth" program

In contrast to workers in the American Federation of Labor (AFL), which workers did the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) help organize?

lower paid, ethnically diverse workers

What did the Bonus Army want?

money

What opportunities did the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) offer young men affected by the depression?

outdoor labor employment

Which of Roosevelt's programs tried to counter the depression's devastating impact on young men?

the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC

In the New Deal's welfare state, who became responsible for the care of society's most vulnerable citizens?

the federal government

By 1933, the Great Depression had reached its depth. In what part of President Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address did he say what has terrified and crippled the nation?

the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.

Where did most families who had to abandon their farms migrate in order to rebuild their lives?

to cities

What group of people marched on Washington, D.C., after World War I?

World War I veterans

What was Hoover's initial policy for dealing with the depression?

At first he felt that government should not get involved, so he did nothing.

Why did Herbert Hoover's theory of trickle-down economics fail to work as he had hoped?

Banks often refused to lend government money to businesses.

How was the appearance of bread lines related to rising unemployment?

Bread lines offered free food to struggling families.

How did Herbert Hoover think volunteerism would help turn the economy around?

Businesses and individuals would work together to end the crisis.

Why did the policy of localism fail to provide sufficient economic relief?

City and state governments had few resources to relieve the crisis.

How did the depression affect farm life?

Crop prices fell, and the debts of farmers increased.

Which political group became a sizable majority in Congress due to the support of the New Deal coalition?

Democrats

What effect did the Great Depression have on minority groups such as Mexican and African Americans?

Discriminatory practices worsened during the Great Depression.

Who did FDR depend on heavily to serve as his "eyes and ears"?

Eleanor Roosevelt

What controversial work rule was established by the Fair Labor Standards Act?

Employers must give workers a minimum wage.

By the time of his death in 1945, Roosevelt had united a diverse group of Americans into a strong political force: the New Deal coalition. FDR and the New Deal also helped to unify the nation, breaking down regional and ethnic prejudices. Why were programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) credited with helping to unite Americans?

Federal programs allowed people of different backgrounds to work together.

How did the cultivation of winter wheat help create the Dust Bowl in the Great Plains?

Replacing natural grasses to plant winter wheat led to topsoil erosion.

The New Deal brought fundamental changes to the nation. Some of the groups affected were women, African Americans, and American Indians. How did Eleanor Roosevelt change the role of the First Lady during Franklin D. Roosevelt's time in office?

She took an active role in public policy issues.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing plan was designed to help lessen the power of which group?

Supreme Court

Why did some Americans in the Southwest call for the repatriation of Mexican immigrants?

White Americans wanted access to jobs that immigrants held.

Why did FDR not have to convince Congress to enact his court-packing plan?

The Supreme Court began ruling in favor of New Deal programs.

How did the Dust Bowl motivate the government to help Great Plains farmers?

The government dammed western rivers.

What was the result of Hoover's order to remove the Bonus Army out of Washington, D.C.?

The order ended any chance he had to be reelected.

How did the New Deal change voting patterns among African Americans?

There was a trend from voting Republican to voting Democratic.

What challenge did Father Charles Coughlin and Senator Huey Long pose to Franklin D. Roosevelt's recovery programs?

They attracted large audiences by claiming the New Deal failed the poor.

Although Roosevelt easily gained support from Congress for his proposals, a minority of Americans expressed their opposition to the New Deal. Some thought the New Deal was too radical, while others thought it was not radical enough. Why did the members of the American Liberty League oppose the New Deal?

They believed it made government too powerful.

How did jobless workers use their skills in Hoovervilles?

They built makeshift dwellings from scrap materials.

What impact did the falling prices of commodities have on farmers?

They could not pay their debts.

What did most people do who lived in the Dust Bowl?

They migrated out

How did tenant farmers cope with falling prices for farm products?

They went to work for larger landowners.

What happened to Hoover's ideas that volunteerism and localism would fix the financial crisis?

They were ineffective.

How did the sit-down strike by the United Automobile Workers Union (UAW) produce change at General Motors (GM)?

UAW members refused to leave a GM plant until the company agreed to recognize the union.

Progress had been made with the First New Deal, but there was still plenty of work to be done. In 1935, Roosevelt launched an aggressive campaign, known as the Second New Deal, to solve the ongoing problems caused by the depression. What is one way the Works Progress Administration (WPA) delivered on the promises of the Second New Deal?

WPA workers constructed over 650,000 miles of highways.

During his first hundred days in office, Roosevelt proposed, and Congress passed, 15 bills. These measures, known as the First New Deal, had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform. What crisis did Franklin D. Roosevelt help calm with the creation of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), explained in the first of his fireside chats?

a banking panic

In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt became the Democrats' presidential candidate, pledging "a new deal for the American people." Roosevelt believed that the depression required strong action and leadership by the federal government. What caused Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) to run for President during the Great Depression?

a dedication to public service

From the Oval Office, Hoover worked hard to end the depression. But to many out-of-work Americans, Hoover's policies had failed completely. Many believed the American system was due for an overhaul. What aspect of socialism did some Americans believe offered a way out of the depression?

a state-run economy

What did Roosevelt say he would do if Congress did not support his measures to pull the nation out of the Great Depression?

broad Executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.

Roosevelt faced challenges from the Supreme Court, which struck down a number of key laws of the New Deal. However, after Roosevelt's plan to "pack the court" in 1937, the Supreme Court became more willing to accept New Deal legislation. How did Franklin D. Roosevelt's court-packing plan seek to change the makeup of the Supreme Court?

by expanding the nine-member Court with up to six more Justices

To battle the depression, Herbert Hoover decided to reverse course and use federal resources. At Hoover's urging, Congress created the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). How was the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) supposed to battle the depression?

by giving government loans to businesses and banks

New Deal programs greatly increased the size and scope of the federal government. Though the New Deal did not end the Great Depression, it did help restore the American economy. How did New Deal policies help Franklin D. Roosevelt increase the power of the presidency over the federal government?

by giving greater authority to federal administrators

How did Franklin D. Roosevelt use the New Deal to advance service roles for women in government?

by giving women leadership opportunities

What did critics call Roosevelt's plan to increase the number of Supreme Court justices?

court packing

Which factors contributed to the Dust Bowl?

drought, dust storms, and intensive farming

What did the Bonus Army demand from President Herbert Hoover?

early delivery of promised payments for military service

Which government branch increased its power as New Deal programs and federal agencies were created?

executive

What idea was the centerpiece of FDR's New Deal with which he hoped to reverse the depression?

experimentation with federal programs

Who were tenant farmers?

farmers who lost their farms, but remained on the land working for bigger landowners

Besides forging a powerful political coalition, what was another accomplishment of Franklin Roosevelt and the New Deal?

helped to unify the nation

What unwritten rule regarding the office of President did Roosevelt break?

holding office for a maximum of two terms

The Public Works Administration (PWA) helped make improvements to what part of the nation's economy?

infrastructure and jobs

A severe drought and over-farming on the Great Plains turned the soil to dust, making farming impossible and creating huge dust storms. High plains regions in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado became known as the Dust Bowl. What ecological factor made agriculture difficult on the Great Plains in the 1930s?

insufficient rainfall

Even before the Great Depression, farmers had suffered. Falling commodity prices and increasing debt made it a struggle for farmers to keep their heads above water. Many failed to stay afloat and sank so deep that they lost their farms. Why did farmers dump 1,000 gallons of milk near Sioux City, Iowa?

to protest low prices for milk

What were the goals of the New Deal?

to provide relief, achieve recovery, and institute reform

What was the main purpose of the National Recovery Administration (NRA)?

to set minimum wages and prices

What theory prompted Hoover's plan to loan money to banks and other large businesses?

trickle-down economics