Week 6 Knowledge

Which of the following claims is FALSE? Reliance on prototypes is likely to emerge gradually as a participant's experience with a category grows. People are likely to rely strongly on exemplars early in their exposure to a particular category. Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership. With exposure to many instances of a particular category, it becomes more difficult to remember each particular instance, and this contributes to the emergence of a prototype.

Once people begin to rely on prototypes, they no longer use exemplars for judging category membership.

Which of the following facts is explained equally well by prototype and exemplar-based theories? People are able to use information about a category's variability to help judge whether a novel object belongs to that category. Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others. When people change their perspective of a category (e.g., from American birds to Chinese birds), their idea of category membership changes. People seem to show typicality effects for an unlimited number of categories, as demonstrated by the typical effects for completely ad hoc categories.

Some items appear to be more typical of a category than others. Feedback: A typical item can be a particular exemplar (a specific example) or a prototype (an item corresponding to the ideal).

Binocular rivalryoccurs when two visual stimuli are presented—one to each eye.

The visual system cannot combine inputs.-People are aware of one image at a time.

A picture of a carrot is an example of a(n) ____________ representation; the word carrot is a(n) ____________ representation. symbolic; analogical analogical; symbolic analogical; analogical symbolic; symbolic

analogical; symbolic

Research shows that children are willing to make suggestions about how to turn a toaster into a coffee pot but deny the possibility of turning a skunk into a raccoon. This is evidence that category membership and typicality ratings can diverge. category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category. our use of categories is dictated by typicality. children and adults have radically different understandings of categorization.

category membership depends on decisions about which features are essential to the category. Feedback: Essential features are those that cannot be changed and hence items with these features cannot be changed.

Yang believes that a whale is a fish because a whale swims. Yang's misconception suggests that he is using a(n) ____________ model for the fish category. prototype categorization defining attribute Exemplar

defining attribute

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of the prototype theory? fuzzy boundaries graded membership defining features inequality of category members

defining features

A grocery store manager decides to combat shoplifting by requiring customers to pay somewhat more than the estimated cost of their groceries when they enter the store and receive their change—or pay more, if necessary—when they leave. Customers are confused and unhappy about this change in the process of shopping because it violates our social: reasoning script Prototype

script

One evidence for interactions between iconic and propositional representations is that when remembering pictures, people tend to draw the images afterwards as if they were further zoomed out than they actually were. This is known as _________________ . Schemas Boundary extension Fuzzy boundaries Forgetting

Boundary extension

Consolidation depends on the... (part of brain)

Consolidationseems to depend on the medial temporal lobes(MTL)-Hippocampus and surrounding cortex (entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal areas) •Evidence:-Lesions of MTL produce anterograde amnesia, the inability to consolidate declarative memories.-Hippocampus activity during learning predicts subsequent ability to remember.

Which of the following examples illustrates how category typicality and judgments of category membership usually go together? A painted, sugar-infused lemon that has been run over by a truck is still considered a lemon. A perfect counterfeit bill that shares all the features of real money is rejected as payment. A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such. Children accept the notion that a toaster can be changed into a coffeepot, but not that a skunk can be changed into a raccoon.

A German shepherd is recognized to have all of the features typical of a dog and is quickly recognized as such.

In a standard sentence verification task, which of the following sentences would produce the SLOWEST response time? A peach is a fruit. An apple is a fruit. A robin is a bird. A bat is a bird.

A bat is a bird. Feedback: This would be the slowest because it would require the reader to trace a path from one basic category to a different superordinate category.

Which of the following is true? People only use prototypes when there are no clear definitions to fall back on. People use prototypes even when other information is available to them. People use exemplars rather than prototypes whenever possible. None of the above.

People use prototypes even when other information is available to them.

Many people think of a drum as the prototypical percussion instrument. Given this, which of the following results is MOST likely? The statement, "Chimes are percussion instruments," will be verified more quickly than the statement, "Drums are percussion instruments." When asked to create sentences about percussion instruments, participants frequently say things like, "I heard a percussion instrument chiming." When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option. When two types of instruments are within the category of percussion instruments, they will be treated equally.

When people are asked which of two instruments is "more 'percussiony,'" they will choose the drum if it is an option. Feedback: The prototype is more often chosen as an item for a particular category.

Political commentators often stress the importance of a candidate's appearing presidential, a quality that characterizes past presidents but is not equated with any one of them. Which theory of categorization could best explain this concept of being presidential? defining attributes exemplar Prototype Schema

exemplar

The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to previously stored instances is known as geometric theory. prototype theory. feature theory. exemplar theory.

exemplar theory Feedback: Exemplars are particular instances in which we have encountered an item.

Which approach best explains the knowledge of variability and distinctions within a category? exemplars prototypes definitions theories

exemplars

Research suggests that you usually rely on _______ to aid in categorization of an unfamiliar concept. In contrast, for a highly familiar concept, you are more likely to rely on _______ to aid in categorization. exemplars; prototypes prototypes; exemplars exemplars; both prototypes and exemplars both prototypes and exemplars; exemplars alone

exemplars; both prototypes and exemplars Feedback: When you first learn about a category, you use exemplars. However, as you acquire more experience you can use exemplars and prototypes.

Which of the following provide(s) us with knowledge about essential properties and an understanding of cause and effect? defining attribute theory prototype theory exemplar theory explanatory theories as concepts

explanatory theories as concepts Feedback: Explanatory theories are more complex and hence allow us to think about cause and effect.

The fact that speakers of languages with more color words perform better on color-recall tasks may be evidence for linguistic relativism. Alternatively, learning words for colors changes the way one thinks. having a label allows a color to be stored propositionally as well as visually. cultures with better color recall likely invent more color words. colors are alwayes stored as visual representations.

having a label allows a color to be stored propositionally as well as visually.

Participants answering questions about geography might erroneously claim that San Diego, California, is farther west than Reno, Nevada, when in fact Reno is farther west. This example suggests that spatial information is sometimes stored in long-term memory as propositions. short-term memory as propositions. long-term memory using a perceptual code. short-term memory using a perceptual code.

long-term memory as propositions. Feedback: Rather than having an image, people store a "California is west of Nevada" type of memory. Hence, the map of each city is reconstructed with the verbal description rather than with an actual map.

Frontal cortex in knowledge...

organizingrole in declarative memories and representing information:-Selecting information to be encoded into long-term memory-Retrieving information back into working memory (MTL ACTIVITY)

The expectation that a minister will give a sermon in church, whereas a professor will give a lecture in class, comes from the property of schemas that: categories contain exemplars concepts contain prototypes situations have unpredictable attributes people have specific roles in situations

people have specific roles in situations