Week 8 Smartbook: Immune System & Body Defense

MHC class I molecules are ______. glycoproteins polysaccharides phospholipids

glycoproteins

The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______. immunoglobulin complement antibody hapten

hapten

Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response. haptens IgM complement antibody

haptens

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. C-reactive protein chemotactic factor Alpha-1 antitrypsin histamine

histamine

Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. C-reactive protein histamine chemotactic factor Alpha-1 antitrypsin

histamine

Antibody-mediated immunity is also called _______ immunity.

humoral

Pyrogens target the ______. hypothalamus cerebellum thalamus corpus callosum

hypothalamus

Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have __________ ___________

immune privilege

An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed ____________

immunogenicity

Identify the function of pyrogens. produce mucous induce fever correct excite the cough reflex cause inflammation

induce fever

Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ___________

inflammation

During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries. leave enter

leave

Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order. helper T cell binds APC APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule helper T cell secretes IL-2 helper T cell proliferates

1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds to APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates

Place the events of B cell activation in order ______. activated helper T cell releases IL-4 B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell B cell binds free antigen B cell proliferates

1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates

A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F.Choose the minimum level it is considered significant. 98.6 106 102 100

100

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes. 100 10,000 1,000 100,000 10

100,000

Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______. 100 degrees Fahrenheit 109 degrees Fahrenheit 103 degrees Fahrenheit 106 degrees Fahrenheit

109 degrees Fahrenheit

Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen? lymphocyte rejuvenation antigen recirculation lymphocyte recirculation antigen rejuvenation

lymphocyte recirculation

Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries. chemotaxis diapedesis margination

margination

Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______. CD4 cells CD8 cells CD6 cells CD2 cells

CD4 cells

Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______. memory B-lymphocytes CD4 cells CD8 cells MHC class I cells

memory B-lymphocytes

What process (pathway) involves engulfing proteins from outside the cell?

Exogenous pathway

What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete? It further lyses the peptide fragments. It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane. It secretes antibodies.

It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.

Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte. BAR TAR BCR TCR

TCR

Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule. BCR BAR TAR TCR

TCR

Helper T-cells contain ______. a CD8 protein a CD4 protein both CD4 and CD8 proteins

a CD4 protein

Pyrexia is the presence of ______. chills pus inflammation a fever

a fever

Antigens are usually ______. a lipid a nucleic acid or protein a protein or large polysaccharide a small polysaccharide or lipid

a protein or large polysaccharide

Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______. a secondary lymphatic structure the bone marrow the red pulp of the spleen the thymus

a secondary lymphatic structure

Identify the benefits of fever. accelerated tissue repair promotion of interferon activity inhibition bacteria reproduction denaturation of body proteins

accelerated tissue repair promotion of interferon activity inhibition bacteria reproduction

A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______. an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC an MHC class I molecule presented by an APC an MHC class II molecule presented by an infected cell an MHC class I molecule presented by an infected cell

an MHC class II presented by an APC

B-cells are primarily involved in ______-mediated immunity. antibody cell

antibody

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______. enzymes antigens antibodies cell membranes

antigens

A B cell is first stimulated by Blank______. antigens presented on an MHC class I molecule of an infected cell antigens presented on an MHC class II molecule of an APC antigens outside of cells antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an APC

antigens outside of cells

Disorders that result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells are called ________ disorders.

autoimmune

When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _________ disorders occur.

autoimmune

Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens. autoimmune disorders hyposensitivity disorders allergic disorders

autoimmune disorders

Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells. chemotaxis diapedesis margination

chemotaxis

Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following? cytotoxic T cells NK cells B cells antigen presenting cells

cytotoxic T cells B cells

CD8 cells are also called ______. complement deactivaters helper T-cells antibodies cytotoxic T-cells

cytotoxic T-cells

High fevers can cause ______. denaturation of proteins edema death seizures irreversible brain damage

denaturation of proteins death seizures irreversible brain damage

Identify the antigen-presenting cells. dendritic cells B-lymphocytes macrophages hepatic cells

dendritic cells B-lymphocytes macrophages

Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection. margination chemotaxis diapedesis

diapedesis

What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed? mixes the microbe with water and sugars adds a protein coat to the microbe digests the microbe into peptide fragments

digests the microbe into peptide fragments

From which structure are leukotrienes made? eicosanoids basophils eosinophils platelets

eicosanoids

During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______. complement kinins exudate interleukins

exudate

An abnormal elevation of core body temperature is called _______

fever / pyrexia

T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes. immunocompetent antigen presenting naive

naive

Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______. positive selection negative selection

negative selection

Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an __________

opsonin

The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells. inside outside

outside

Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into ___________ cells that produce antibodies.

plasma

Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______. ribosomes plasma membrane nucleolus nucleus

plasma membrane

T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______. negative selection positive selection

positive selection

A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______. complement protein plasma membrane protein channel

protein channel

Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte __________

recirculation

T-lymphocytes originate in the _____ bone marrow.

red

Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation. cold skin redness pain swelling

redness pain swelling

Identify the first event of inflammation. vasodilation release of chemicals delivery of plasma proteins recruitment of immune cells

release of chemicals

Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules. smooth endoplasmic mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______. autoimmune self-tolerance

self tolerance

Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity. methionine content size complexity polarity

size complexity

Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken? spleen lymph node tonsils

spleen

Identify the last event of a fever. onset defervescence stadium

stadium

T-lymphocytes mature in the _________

thymus

Which occurs during inflammation? vasoconstriction vasodilation

vasodilation