Week 8 Smartbook: Immune System & Body Defense
MHC class I molecules are ______. glycoproteins polysaccharides phospholipids
glycoproteins
The lipid toxin in poison ivy is an example of a ______. immunoglobulin complement antibody hapten
hapten
Identify the substance that is too small to function as an antigen alone but can attach to a carrier molecule, triggering an immune response. haptens IgM complement antibody
haptens
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. C-reactive protein chemotactic factor Alpha-1 antitrypsin histamine
histamine
Identify the chemical of inflammation that causes vasodilation. C-reactive protein histamine chemotactic factor Alpha-1 antitrypsin
histamine
Antibody-mediated immunity is also called _______ immunity.
humoral
Pyrogens target the ______. hypothalamus cerebellum thalamus corpus callosum
hypothalamus
Certain areas of the body actively prevent access to immune cells. These areas are said to have __________ ___________
immune privilege
An antigen that induces an immune response is called an immunogen. Its ability to cause an immune response is termed ____________
immunogenicity
Identify the function of pyrogens. produce mucous induce fever correct excite the cough reflex cause inflammation
induce fever
Redness, heat, and swelling are cardinal signs of ___________
inflammation
During inflammation, more fluid immune cells, and proteins ______ the capillaries. leave enter
leave
Place the events of activation of a T helper cell in order. helper T cell binds APC APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule helper T cell secretes IL-2 helper T cell proliferates
1. APC engulfs antigen and presents it on an MHC class II molecule 2. helper T cell binds to APC 3. helper T cell secretes IL-2 4. helper T cell proliferates
Place the events of B cell activation in order ______. activated helper T cell releases IL-4 B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell B cell binds free antigen B cell proliferates
1. B cell binds free antigen 2. B cell engulfs antigen and presents it to a T helper cell 3. activated helper T cell releases IL-4 4. B cell proliferates
A fever is considered significant when it is above ______ degrees F.Choose the minimum level it is considered significant. 98.6 106 102 100
100
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes have unique receptor complexes. Each cell typically has ______ receptor complexes. 100 10,000 1,000 100,000 10
100,000
Death is likely to occur when core body temperature reaches ______. 100 degrees Fahrenheit 109 degrees Fahrenheit 103 degrees Fahrenheit 106 degrees Fahrenheit
109 degrees Fahrenheit
Which of the following increases the odds that a specific lymphocyte will encounter its specific antigen? lymphocyte rejuvenation antigen recirculation lymphocyte recirculation antigen rejuvenation
lymphocyte recirculation
Identify the process in which leukocytes tightly adhere to capillaries. chemotaxis diapedesis margination
margination
Helper T-lymphocytes are also referred to as ______. CD4 cells CD8 cells CD6 cells CD2 cells
CD4 cells
Activated B-lymphocytes that do not become plasma cells, become ______. memory B-lymphocytes CD4 cells CD8 cells MHC class I cells
memory B-lymphocytes
What process (pathway) involves engulfing proteins from outside the cell?
Exogenous pathway
What does an antigen-presenting cell do to the resulting peptide fragments of a microbe once digestion is complete? It further lyses the peptide fragments. It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane. It secretes antibodies.
It incorporates the fragments into its cell membrane.
Identify the antigen receptor for a T-lymphocyte. BAR TAR BCR TCR
TCR
Positive selection tests to see if the ______ of a T-lymphocyte can recognize and bind to an MHC molecule. BCR BAR TAR TCR
TCR
Helper T-cells contain ______. a CD8 protein a CD4 protein both CD4 and CD8 proteins
a CD4 protein
Pyrexia is the presence of ______. chills pus inflammation a fever
a fever
Antigens are usually ______. a lipid a nucleic acid or protein a protein or large polysaccharide a small polysaccharide or lipid
a protein or large polysaccharide
Lymphocytes usually first encounter their foreign antigen in ______. a secondary lymphatic structure the bone marrow the red pulp of the spleen the thymus
a secondary lymphatic structure
Identify the benefits of fever. accelerated tissue repair promotion of interferon activity inhibition bacteria reproduction denaturation of body proteins
accelerated tissue repair promotion of interferon activity inhibition bacteria reproduction
A helper T cell is first stimulated by binding to antigen presented on ______. an MHC class II molecule presented by an APC an MHC class I molecule presented by an APC an MHC class II molecule presented by an infected cell an MHC class I molecule presented by an infected cell
an MHC class II presented by an APC
B-cells are primarily involved in ______-mediated immunity. antibody cell
antibody
B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes identify pathogenic organisms by recognizing their ______. enzymes antigens antibodies cell membranes
antigens
A B cell is first stimulated by Blank______. antigens presented on an MHC class I molecule of an infected cell antigens presented on an MHC class II molecule of an APC antigens outside of cells antigen presented on an MHC class I molecule of an APC
antigens outside of cells
Disorders that result when the immune system does not have tolerance for a specific self-antigen and attacks the cells are called ________ disorders.
autoimmune
When the body fails to distinguish between foreign antigens and self-antigens _________ disorders occur.
autoimmune
Identify the type of disorder that occurs when the immune system fails to recognize the difference between self-antigens and nonself-antigens. autoimmune disorders hyposensitivity disorders allergic disorders
autoimmune disorders
Identify the process in which cells migrate along a chemical gradient, attracting immune system cells. chemotaxis diapedesis margination
chemotaxis
Activated helper T cells are required to activate which of the following? cytotoxic T cells NK cells B cells antigen presenting cells
cytotoxic T cells B cells
CD8 cells are also called ______. complement deactivaters helper T-cells antibodies cytotoxic T-cells
cytotoxic T-cells
High fevers can cause ______. denaturation of proteins edema death seizures irreversible brain damage
denaturation of proteins death seizures irreversible brain damage
Identify the antigen-presenting cells. dendritic cells B-lymphocytes macrophages hepatic cells
dendritic cells B-lymphocytes macrophages
Identify the process by which cells squeeze out of the bloodstream and migrate to sites of infection. margination chemotaxis diapedesis
diapedesis
What does the antigen-presenting cell do to a microbe once it is engulfed? mixes the microbe with water and sugars adds a protein coat to the microbe digests the microbe into peptide fragments
digests the microbe into peptide fragments
From which structure are leukotrienes made? eicosanoids basophils eosinophils platelets
eicosanoids
During inflammation, increased fluid, protein, and immune cells leave the capillaries and enter the interstitial space. This material is called ______. complement kinins exudate interleukins
exudate
An abnormal elevation of core body temperature is called _______
fever / pyrexia
T-lymphocytes that have not yet been exposed to their specific foreign antigen are called ______ T-lymphocytes. immunocompetent antigen presenting naive
naive
Lymphocytes are tested to see that they do not bind to any self-antigens. This test is called ______. positive selection negative selection
negative selection
Opsonization is the binding of a protein to a portion of bacteria. The binding protein, such as an antibody, is called an __________
opsonin
The exogenous pathway involves engulfing pathogens from ______ the cells. inside outside
outside
Activated B-lymphocytes differentiate into ___________ cells that produce antibodies.
plasma
Antigen presentation is the display of an antigen on a cell's ______. ribosomes plasma membrane nucleolus nucleus
plasma membrane
T-lymphocytes that can bind with thymic epithelial cells that have MHC molecules have passed a test called ______. negative selection positive selection
positive selection
A membrane attack complex is the name for a ______. complement protein plasma membrane protein channel
protein channel
Lymphocytes do not stay in secondary lymph structures permanently but move out after several days. This process is referred to as lymphocyte __________
recirculation
T-lymphocytes originate in the _____ bone marrow.
red
Identify the signs/symptoms of inflammation. cold skin redness pain swelling
redness pain swelling
Identify the first event of inflammation. vasodilation release of chemicals delivery of plasma proteins recruitment of immune cells
release of chemicals
Identify the structure that synthesizes MHC class I molecules. smooth endoplasmic mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
T-lymphocytes learn to ignore self-antigens, a state referred to as ______. autoimmune self-tolerance
self tolerance
Identify factors that affect an antigen's immunogenicity. methionine content size complexity polarity
size complexity
Where are foreign antigens found in the blood usually taken? spleen lymph node tonsils
spleen
Identify the last event of a fever. onset defervescence stadium
stadium
T-lymphocytes mature in the _________
thymus
Which occurs during inflammation? vasoconstriction vasodilation
vasodilation