Weimar Germany

Gustav Stressemann

(died of stroke in Oct. 1929) he made significant progress in reducing German reparations in Dawes Plan and Young Plan in 1929. Key player at the Locarno Conference in 1925 brining Germany back into normal diplomatic relations with B,F,I.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 - 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the leader of the Nazi Party (NSDAP). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer (leader) of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945

The Ruhr Crisis 1923

After Germany made its first call shipments in 1922 to France and Belgium they removed their soldiers from the Ruhr region. Big mistake: Germany failed to make 34 of its first 36 Cole shipments. France and Belgium reoccupied the area to enforce the treaty and get cool directly from the German minors. Proud German minors and where were at rail way workers refused to mine and deliver culprit to France and Belgium. This is very popular in Germany even Britain criticized France for invading Germany. German government printed more money to pay miners not to work this lead to disaster.

Reparations (allied reparations commission/schedule of payments) 1921

Allied Reparations Commussion: 1921, decided a) germany must give lumber and coal to France and Belgium every month for many years. b) publicly stated that Germanay would have to pay 132 billion gold marks, privately told it would only have to pay 40% of that amount.

Weimar constitution articles 48 and 25 in 1919

Article 48: granted president the power to issue laws in orders as decrees under emergency circumstances which were not well defined. the Reichstag could overturn such a decree by simple majority vote Article 25: president has the power to dissolve Reichstag, but new elections must be held within 60s days of doing so

Great Depression late 1929/ collapse of grand coalition

But the Young Plan, the most recent agreement about the payment of reparations (1930), made deficit spending and inflationary policies to fight the depression nearly impossible. Employers and the bourgeois parties wanted to cut state support for the jobless; the SPD and the trade unions opposed this at a time when more and more workers were becoming dependent upon state support. This dispute ended with the breakup of the grand coalition in March 1930. The Center Party, along with the other non-socialist coalition members and Hindenburg's advisors, pushed the SPD out of government.

Heinrich Brüning

Catholic Center Party member. He was appointed by Hindenburg in 1930 marchish as Chancellor and granted Article 48 powers for his plan. His Austerity measures.

Hyperinflation crisis state of emergency 1923

Caused by circulation too much money, some Weimar leaders throughout inflation equal good ways to pay reparations more quickly and defy Allied powers by paying them and less valuable marks. Therefore they circulated more money inflation grew from 1919 to 1922. Government printed so much money to pay salaries of striking miners who were heroes to the German people for Dibot define occupation this lead to hyperinflation which wiped out many peoples life savings and became a major crises.

Franz Von Papen

Franz von Papen zu Köningen (29 October 1879 - 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, General Staff officer and politician. He served as Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice-Chancellor under Adolf Hitler in 1933-1934. He belonged to the group of close advisers to president Paul von Hindenburg in the late Weimar Republic. It was largely Papen, believing that Hitler could be controlled once he was in the government, who persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor in a cabinet not under Nazi Party domination.

Hitler's appointment as chancellor (Jan. 30, 1933)

Fraz von Papen wanted to get back at the person who replaced his position as chancellor by making and convincing Hindenburg to give adult Hitler the position as chancellor and have his famous "don't worry we hired him." Von Papen and believe that he could control Hitler and got him the position.

Friedrich Ebert

Head of the SPD was the first President of the Republic from 1919 to 1925.

Paul Von Hindenburg

Hindenburg was the second president of Germany with Ebert preceding him. Although he opposed Hitler, he played an important role in the Nazi Party's rise to power, due to the increasing political instability in the Weimar Republic. He dissolved the parliament twice in 1932 and finally appointed Hitler Chancellor in January 1933.

Spartacist Revolt 1919

January 1919: the Spartacist revolt began with worker up rising encouraged Liebknecht (not Luxembourg) in December 1918 that turned into halfhearted revolution in Berlin in January this was defeated by Freikorps with the support of SPD leader Frederick Ebert sparsest leaders were executed as a result

"German Revolution" nov. 1918

Late Oct./early Nov. There are army and nay mutinies (Kiel Mutiny being the largest Oct. 28). N9-General strike, Wilhelm II abdicated, Prince Max resigned, Ebert has a job N9- germany declared a republic N10-Council of People's Commissioners for Trans Gov N10-Ebert-Groener Pact N11-Erzberger armistice signed.

The Kapp Putsch 1920

March 1920: right wing coop actually led by Glenn Lüttwitz; began in response to orders to reduce military forces to 100,000 men by dissolving various Freikorps. Berlin seized by Freikorps, elected Weimar officials relocated to Stuttgart, and called for general strike by workers to oppose putsch. It worked and the Weimar Survived.

Freikorps

Mostly right wing soldiers that returned in defeat from World War I and organized into paramilitaries. Used by left wing SPD government to crush Communist rebellions in Berlin (jan.) and Munich (May). Many German veterans felt disconnected from civilian life, and joined a Freikorps in search of stability within a military structure. Others, angry at their sudden, apparently inexplicable defeat, joined up in an effort to put down communist uprisings or exact some form of revenge.

Beer hall putsch (Munich Putch) 1923

November 1923: admits hyperinflation crises at off Hitler and Ludendorff attempted multiple stage coop in Bavaria they hoped to result in overthrowing the Weimar government in Berlin. Instead almost everything that could go wrong did Hitler was arrested and sentenced to just five years for high treason but released only after nine months

Matthias Erzberger

On Hindenburg's orders signs armistice for Germany ending WW1. Killed by The O.C.

Organization Consul (O.C.)

Organisation Consul (O.C.) was an ultra-nationalist force operating in Germany in 1921 and 1922. It was a Freikorps unit which disbanded after the Kapp Putsch failed to overthrow the German Weimar Republic. It was responsible for the assassinations of the Republic's Minister of Finance, Matthias Erzberger, in August 1921 and Foreign Minister Walter Rathenau in June 1922. Erzberger was murdered because he was the German representative in signing the 1918 armistice.

Reichstag

The Reichstag the a legislative body of Weimar Germany from 1919, when it succeeded the Weimar National Assembly, until the Nazi takeover in 1933.

"Grand Coalition" 1928

The Socialist party Catholic center party and German People's party and German Democratic Party formed what people called the grand coalition. It marked the return of the socialist into a really cool wish and after for your absence

Weimar Republic

The Weimar had a troubled birth directly after WW1 and october reforms, german revolution, and political crisis of a fracturing left (socialists: split into three groups). The National Constituent Assembly convened in Weimar hence the name on Feb 8, 1919.

NSDAP

The party emerged from the German nationalist, racist and populist Freikorps paramilitary culture, which fought against the communist uprisings in post-World War I Germany. Advocacy of a form of socialism by right-wing figures and movements in Germany became common during and after World War I, influencing Nazism. The party's leader since 1921, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg in 1933.

Brüning's "austerity" measures 1930

These measures include reducing welfare spending, ordering wage cuts, increased personal income taxes, and increased terrified imports. These changes occurring in a context of rising prices and unemployment were very unpopular. The Reichstag voted to reverse these degrees in the summer of 1930.

"Stab in the back"

This is a myth believed by far right. 1) Germany was not defeated in WW1. 2) They 'lost' because left wingers (socialists, liberals, and Jews) revolted against Wilhelm II to take power in Oct./Nov. 1918--> "november criminals". 3) the 'criminals' made the armistice with Allies. This is the stab in the back. According to the myth, Germany otherwise would have won the first world war.

Ebert-Groener Pact (Nov. 10, 1918)

This secret pact included the quartermaster general of the German army sure and Ebert and army royal to Ebert and current government in return Ebert promised to crush leftists uprising creating a national assembly and maintain "state within a state" independence for the army

The Dawes plan 1924

USA now stepped in to propose a solution to both crises pf the Ruhr and hyperinflation. Some details: amount of reparations cut by more than half, no German payments for two years and reduce payments afterwards, new German currency to replace old, French and Belgian Schultz soldiers have to leave the area. And USA gave money to Germany and large loans to pump up its economy. In return a USA official Woodridge were all Germany's reparation payments in Gold and international representatives would oversee Germany's monetary policy during the plan. The result of Germany's economy improved boats for extremist parties dropped

Treaty of Versailles/ "Diktat" 1919

Dick Tat means designated piece of bursae treaty was hated by all Germans of political persuasions. Germany lost all its colonies, the Polish Corridor, Alsace-Lorane plus additional territories. Jeremy was limited to 100,000 man army with no air force, and reduced fleet. They were forbidden to join the league of Nations or unite with Austria and they were given the blame for World War I article 123 the war guilt

SPD

Socialist Party of Germany. After World War II, under the leadership of Kurt Schumacher, the SPD re-established itself as a socialist party, representing the interests of the working class and the trade unions.