western civ

Edward the Confessor

(1042-1066) sexton king of England. The son of Aethelred the Unready and Emma of Normandy, he is usually regarded as the last king of the House of Wessex. His death launched a fight over the English monarchy between Harald and William the Bastard of Normandy.

First Crusade

(1096 - 1099) Crusade called by Pope Urban II which captured Jerusalem. (only militarily successful Crusade)/was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095. Urban called for a military expedition to aid the Byzantine Empire, which had recently lost most of Anatolia to the Seljuq Turks

Renaissance

-"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome -a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic "rebirth" following the Middle Ages. Generally described as taking place from the 14th century to the 17th century, the Renaissance promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.

Petrarch

-(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization. -best known for the Iyric poetry of his Canzoniere and is considered one of the greatest love poets of world literature. A scholar of classical antiquity, he was the founder of humanism. Petrarchhas been called the first modern man.

Boccaccio

-(1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society. -was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of notable works, including The Decameron and On Famous Women.

Joan of Arc

-(c. 1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king -French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king -is considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

Latin Kingdom of Constantinople

-1204-1261 -Was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. -It was established after the capture of Constantinople. -Latin Kings tried to reconcile Orthodox Christians with Catholics.

Constitutions of Clarendon

-A 12th-century declaration that assumes the king's authority to make Church appointments and handle matters of the Church inside the kingdom of England. -were a set of legislative procedures passed by Henry II of England in 1164. The Constitutions were composed of 16 articles and represent an attempt to restrict ecclesiastical privileges and curb the power of the Church courts and the extent of papal authority in England

Humanism

-A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements -A system of thought that focuses on humans and their values, capacities, and worth. b. Humanism A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human potential to attain excellence and promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical Greece and Rome.

Unam Sanctam (1302)

-A bill issued by Boniface VIII that stated that temporal authority (the power of a nation) was subject to the spiritual power of the church. -a formal decree called by Pope Boniface VIII stating that all rulers are subject to the pope and it was necessary for salvation that every human be subject to the pope.

Little Ice Age

-A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. -best known for its effects in Europe and the North Atlantic region. ... Frequent cold winters and cool, wet summers led to crop failures and famines over much of northern and central Europe.

Jacquerie

-A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation -(1358) French peasant revolt; an effect of the Black Death's economy & 100 yrs war; rebels massacred to end revolt

Guilds

-Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests -a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power. -they provided a way for trade skills to be learned and passed down from generation to generation. Members of a guild had the opportunity to rise in society through hard work. The guild protected members in many ways.

City Charters

-Legal document establishing a town as a local governing body -A city charter or town charter is a legal document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system.

Clericis Laicos

-Papal bill declaring that the Church's lands cannot be taxed by the French King without permission from the pope. -Written by Pope Boniface VIII to King Philip the Fair in 1296 saying that kings did not have the right to tax the laity without getting special permission from the Pope

Boniface VIII

-Pope who began the Great Schism, said spiritual authority was superior over secular authority -pope who was angered by Philip IV's demand that the clergy pay taxes to the national treasury.. he wrote a decree called the "Unam Sanctum" which declared his own supremacy over temporal rulers.. he was called to trial by Philip IV and held prisoner, dying soon after his quick release

Innocent III

-Pope who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216) -one of the most powerful and influential of the medieval popes. He exerted a wide influence over the Christian states of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of Europe's kings.

Black Death

-The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. -The Black Death was an epidemic of bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis that circulates among wild rodents where they live in great numbers and density -Trade suffered for a short time, and wars were temporarily abandoned. Many laborers died, which was hard on the landowners who relied on them as tenant farmers.

The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages

-The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters -A continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular ruler during the late Middle Ages was a multi-ethnic complex of territories in Western and Central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

Hundred Years War

-War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453) -Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. -fought between France and England during the late Middle Ages. ... The war started because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without an immediate male heir (i.e., a son or younger brother). Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France through his mother.

Philip IV

-created the first French parliament -called Philip the Fair, ruled France from 1285 to 1314. His reign was one of the most momentous in medieval history because Philipsuccessfully challenged the traditional power of the papacy in France, thereby strengthening the monarchy.

Philip II Augustus

-first king of France who expanded its territory and effectively organized his kingdom with Paris as its capital -he increased the royal domain by marriage, by exploiting his feudal rights, and by war. His main rival was Henry II of England.

Great Western Schism

-in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, the period from 1378 to 1417, when there were two, and later three, rival popes, each with his own following, his own Sacred College of Cardinals, and his own administrative offices. -resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377, ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of western Christendom. -resolved by the Council of Constance

Jan Hus

-taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the Pope. -The leader of the Czech religious reforms, and the spiritual founder of the Protestant reformation in the 1500's. He was convicted by the Council of Constance for heresy. -Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415)

Council of Constance

-the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church -a 15th-century ecumenical councilrecognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany. The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining papal claimants and by electing Pope Martin V.

Avignon Papacy

-the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome -caused primarily because of the current political conditions.

John Wycliffe

-translated the Bible into English -English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life -(c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.

Henry IV

-was not direct heir to the throne but became king after having deposed Richard II. Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is ---excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

Magna Carta

-which means 'The Great Charter', is one of the most importantdocuments in history as it established the principle that everyone is subject to the law, even the king, and guarantees the rights of individuals, the right to justice and the right to a fair trial - Magna Carta was an agreement between King John and a group of English barons in response to years of the king's misrule and excessive taxation. -(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Gregory VII

11th-century pope who attempted to free the Catholic church from interference of feudal lords; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over the practice of lay investiture of bishops. oversaw major changes in the Church. -one of the most powerful men in Medieval Europe

Domesday Book

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth a great land survey from 1086, commissioned by William the Conqueror to assess the extent of the land and resources being owned in England at the time, and the extent of the taxes he could raise.

Bayeux Tapestry

A tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England. depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings.

Dictatus Papae

Decree given by Pope St. Gregory VII asserting that the pope possesses specific powers given by God that rested on him alone.

William of Normandy

Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England and became the first Norman to be King of England; he defeated Harold II at the battle of Hastings in 1066 and introduced many Norman customs into England "the conqueror"

Leo IX

German pope was appontied by a german emperor, and he bagan the famous reform movement/ -was Pope of the Catholic Church from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054. -He was a German aristocrat and a powerful ruler of central Italy while holding the papacy. He is regarded as a saint by the Catholic Church./he was instrumental in the precipitation of the Great Schism of 1054

Hugh Capet

He was the king of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) . He succeeded the Carolingians; his descendants, known as the Capetian kings, used their power and resources to systematically consolidate and expand their power

Danelaw

Historical name given to the part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons.

Lord

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals./Lords of the Middle Ages were those who leased land or other property to an individual or many individuals. Usually lords had more than one tenant on their property. In the Middle Ages one had to be of nobility before he could even be considered a lord

Manor

In feudal system, collective farms under the authority of lords./a unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord's demesne and lands rented to tenants.

John I

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

Rollo

Norse chieftain who became the first duke of Normandy (860-931) founded the line of the dukes of Normandy. He established Viking control of the lands at the mouth of the Seine River and thus began what became the most powerful French dukedom. The offspring of Rollo and his followers became known as the Normans.

Peace and Truce of God

a medieval European movement of the Catholic Church that applied spiritual sanctions in order to limit the violence of private war in feudal society. The movement constituted the first organized attempt to control civil society in medieval Europe through non-violent means. It began with very limited provisions in 989 and survived in some form to the thirteenth century.

Vassel

a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or fief.

Serf

a person who is forced to work on a plot of land, especially during the medieval period when Europe practiced feudalism, when a few lords owned all the land and everyone else had to toil on it

Demense

all the land which was retained by a lord of the manor for his own use and occupation or support, under his own management, as distinguished from land sub-enfeoffed by him to others as sub-tenants.

Henry II

first Plantagenet King of England; instituted judicial and financial reforms; quarreled with archbishop Becket concerning the authority of the Crown over the church (1133-1189)

Great Schism

in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.

Peasant's Crusade

it lasted roughly six months from April to October 1096 and was a prelude to the First Crusade

Filioque

meaning (Latin: "and from the Son") phrase added to the text of the Christian creed by the Western church in the Middle Ages and considered one of the major causes of the schism between the Eastern and Western churches.

Otto I the Great

most effective ruler of medieval Germany. Crowned king in 936, he followed the policies of his hero, Charlemagne. Formed a close alliance with the Church. The clergy and abbots helped him to limit the power of his nobles and enhance his own authority. Invaded Italy on the pope's behalf, for which the pope crowned him emperor. His empire would later be called the Holy Roman Empire.

Michael Cerularius

patriarch of Constantinople when the Great Schism occured between East and West in 1054; fiercely anti-Latin patriarch who opposed numerous practices of the Western Church -He is most notable for his role in the events that led to the Great Schism in 1054.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

powerful French duchess; divorced the king of France to marry Henry II of England and ruled all of England and about half of France with him one of the most powerful and influential figures of the Middle Ages. Inheriting a vast estate at the age of 15 made her the most sought-after bride of her generation. She would eventually become the queen of France, the queen of England and lead a crusade to the Holy Land.

Dowery

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage./a transfer of parental property, gifts, or money at the marriage of a daughter (bride).

Pilgrimage

the Church encouraged people to make pilgrimages to special holy places called shrines. It was believed that if you prayed at these shrines you might be forgiven for your sins and have more chance of going to heaven. Others went to shrines hoping to be cured from an illness they were suffering from.

Thomas Becket

the archbishop of Canterbury, close friend of Henry who later opposed his attempt to bring Church/clergy into royal court system. Murdered by Henry's knights, then declare a saint by the Church

Battle of Hastings

the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest

Feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Investiture Controversy

the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Pope Gregory VII concerning who would control appointments of church officials

Urban II

was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. Urban II was a native of France. he called for the First Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims.

Crusader States

were created after the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) in order to keep hold of the territorial gains made by Christian armies in the Middle East. The four small states were the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the County of Edessa, the County of Tripoli, and the Principality of Antioch. The Westerners managed to maintain a political presence in the region until 1291 CE but were constantly hampered by dynastic rivalries, a lack of fighting men, underwhelming support from Western Europe, and the military prowess of such Muslim leaders as Zangi, Nur al-Din, and Saladin.