western civ chapter 17

Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?

The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.

The War of the Austrian Succession could best be described as

an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about

their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Work in guilds became more accessible to women, by both legally and illegal means.

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War because

they diverted men and money from Europe to the American theater.

Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?

Convicted prisoners

Which of the following correctly characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?

In England, the mercantalist system achieved remarkable success as British trade with its colonies grew substantially.

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in

More wars and likely fewer people

The Englishman Jethro Tull

Sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research

Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?

The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Among the laboring classes, guild masters

Were a small minority of the population who jealously regarded their membership

The primary cause for the substantial population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century was

a decline in mortality.

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except

a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield.

The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods.

According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system

remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with

the British colonial empire.

With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the eighteenth century

the colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.

The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except

the workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses.

Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?

The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.

Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?

The shore method permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also

gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that

landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to

the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.

Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas

took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.

Within the family, the operation of the loom

was considered a man's job, reserved for the male head of household.

What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?

Jews faced numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.

How did the problem of food shortages change in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

The considerable road and canal building of the eighteenth century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.

At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations was the belief that

the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of the citizens.