Western Civ Exam 1

René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle claimed everything from the Appalachians to the Rockies for the king of France. True False

True

Rousseau's Confessions made use of the psychological techniques of the novel. True False

True

Modern capitalism can at least in part trace it roots to agricultural expansion. True False

True

Pennsylvania was home to Germans thanks to William Penn's policy of religious liberty. True False

True

How did the construction of Versailles change the nature of French court life? A. Because the aristocracy came to play a prominent role in court life, the king had more opportunities to ensure its obedience. B. Because the aristocracy now lived far away from the court, it became far less loyal to the monarchy. C. The aristocracy was no longer involved in commanding the military because it now spent so much time at court. D. Traditional etiquette became much less important, as the aristocracy was rarely invited to Versailles. E. The king became more accessible to his subjects due to Versailles's close proximity to the city.

Because the aristocracy came to play a prominent role in court life, the king had more opportunities to ensure its obedience.

The rise of sugar and coffee as consumer products: A. Relied on the willing cooperation and expertise of the workforce B. Required small numbers of highly skilled workers using new technologies C. Demanded back-breaking, labor-intensive harvesting and processing by masses of people. D. Affected European states, but had little effect on patterns of colonization. E. Relied exclusively on African slaves, and boomed after most indentured servants had returned to Europe.

Demanded back-breaking, labor-intensive harvesting and processing by masses of people.

Despite their relatively small numbers, French colonists managed to: A. Support the Jesuits in successfully eradicating Native American customs in the region. B. Dominate Atlantic trade by allowing free exchange with Europe C. Forge strategic alliances with the natives D. Cultivate food crops that required more slave labor than that seen in the Caribbean E. Overtake English settlements, reclaiming them as their own.

Forge strategic alliances with the natives

Which of the following describes the Republic of Letters? A. It defended principles of open inquiry even in the face of authority. B. It was free from corruption. C. It was dominated by kings. D. It was restricted to Great Britain. E. It did not allow contributions from women.

It defended principles of open inquiry even in the face of authority.

Why was Cervantes's Don Quixote significant? A. It helped establish the importance of literature in the vernacular. B. It was a classical novel made popular again in the seventeenth century. C. It was quickly condemned by the Catholic Church. D. It popularized a way of speaking previously only used by elites. E. It was a stage drama commissioned by the state.

It helped establish the importance of literature in the vernacular.

Which of the following was true of John Locke's Second Treatise of Government? A. It rejected the idea of the importance of property. B. It denounced the concept of revolution. C. It repeated Hobbes's arguments. D. It justified the people's right to oppose tyrants. E. It made clear his Catholic upbringing.

It justified the people's right to oppose tyrants.

Why is the line of thought that Rousseau helped develop called republicanism? A. Like the classical republics, it saw women as a crucial part of public life. B. It was inspired, in part, by the ideas enacted by the ancient republics. C. It emphasized resistance to making patriotic sacrifices as the only way to achieve a common good. D. It was first inspired by the American revolutionaries who declared themselves a republic. E. Its supporters at the time strongly advocated replacing the monarchies under which they lived with republics.

It was inspired, in part, by the ideas enacted by the ancient republics.

Why was the English civil war distinct? A. Religion was the sole cause of the conflict, which signaled a new type of civil war that would spread across the continent. B. The new system of government claimed its legitimacy based on the royal family rather than Parliament. C. It was the only civil war at the time that caused the government to change fundamentally, with the monarchy temporarily replaced by a republic. D. Fighting in the British Isles led to the largest death toll the country had ever seen, foreshadowing a new approach to warfare in Europe. E. The king negotiated the final settlement, and the original form of government could be maintained.

It was the only civil war at the time that caused the government to change fundamentally, with the monarchy temporarily replaced by a republic.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the break with precedent following the Thirty years' War A. Many monarchs began to take on absolute sovereignty. B. The rising middle class took control of the government in most eastern countries. C. Monarchs were more reluctant to anger aristocrats than ever before in European history. D. Monarchs became far more reliant on the influence of estates and parliaments.

Many monarchs began to take on absolute sovereignty.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the breaks with precedent following the Thirty Years' War? A. Many monarchs began to take on absolute sovereignty. B. The rising middle class took control of the government in most eastern countries. C. Breaks with precedent were equally prevalent across eastern and western Europe. D. Monarchs were more reluctant to anger aristocrats than ever before in European history. E. Monarchs became far more reliant on the influence of estates and parliaments.

Many monarchs began to take on absolute sovereignty.

Why was it significant that novels had female readers in the eighteenth century? A. Novels opened new psychological horizons beyond women's sheltered lives. B. Novels enabled women's literacy rates to surpass those of men. C. Without women, the novel would not have persisted as a genre because men at the time did not read novels. D. An occupying activity in itself, reading novels kept women from becoming writers. E. Novels filled women's heads with dangerous fantasies.

Novels opened new psychological horizons beyond women's sheltered lives.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Seven years' war? A. Italy was unified B. Austria continued as the dominant power in Germany C. Great Britain emerged with little debts D. France only lost a minimal part of its empire E. Poland would eventually be partitioned between Prussia, Austria, and Russia

Poland would eventually be partitioned between Prussia, Austria, and Russia

What took place during the Defenestration of Prague, which in turn helped lead to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War? A. Ferdinand began persecuting Catholics and expelled them from his lands. B. The Spanish Hagsburgs attacked Bohemia and forced Ferdinand to step down as king. C. Protestant deputies from the Estates of Bohemia attacked Catholics in Ferdinand's "regency council". D. The Spanish Empire increased the number of Inquisition courts in Bohemia.

Protestant deputies from the Estates of Bohemia attacked Catholics in Ferdinand's "regency council".

Which of the following statements describes unforeseen consequences of the War of Austrian Succession? A. It marked the beginning of the Franco-Austrian alliance and largely took place in France. B. Prussia emerged as a major power, and Britain and France expanded the fight for territory to North America. C. occurring primarily in Austria, it signaled a shift during the period from wars on a more global scale to wars limited to central Europe. D. It severely threatened Europe's growing prosperity at the time, leaving a number of countries with the threat of bankruptcy. E. It was primarily driven by religious fervor and came to change the religious map of Europe.

Prussia emerged as a major power, and Britain and France expanded the fight for territory to North America.

The primary consequence of the Great Northern War was A. Russia's rise and the eclipse of Sweden. B. the failure of Peter the Great's efforts to reform the Russian state. C. the Russian winter undermining the nation's war effort. D. Gustavus Adolphus's challenging Peter the Great to single combat. E. Danish berserkers raiding Poland.

Russia's rise and the eclipse of Sweden.

Privateers were: A. people who resisted government regulations. B. actors who participated in a popular theater troupe. C. lawyers who helped companies remain in private hands. D. ships chartered to engage in piracy against a country's enemies. E. people who worked as entrepreneurs.

Ships chartered to engage in piracy against a country's enemies.

How was the civil strife in France different from that in England? A. The French did not resort to violence that resulted in a loss of life. B. The French achieved a measure of social reform. C. The French always remained steadfast in their loyalty to the monarchy. D. The French established a uniform Protestant Church. E. The French maintained a coherent challenge to the social and political order.

The French always remained steadfast in their loyalty to the monarchy.

Why was Saint-Domingue the wealthiest colony in the world by 1780? A. The amount of sugar it produced B. Its practice of radical republicanism C. Its use of coal as a form of energy D. Its ability to avoid the imposition of slavery E> The prominence of its fur trade

The amount of sugar it produced

In northwest Europe, which of the following contributed to the development of modern capitalism in its infancy? A. A movement away from the production of goods in the countryside to the production of goods in cities. B. A decrease in agricultural productivity leading to an improved education system. C. A decrease in the production of finished textiles resulting in increased prices. D. The end of both laissez-fiare economics and the "invisible hand" of the free market. E. The increased flow of money and credit into non-agricultural investments

The increased flow of money and credit into non-agricultural investments

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Glorious Revolution? A. The outcome of the Glorious Revolution established parliamentary supremacy. B. The outcome of the Glorious Revolution was used to justify the divine right to rule. C. The outcome of the Glorious Revolution was welcomed across Europe. D. The effects of the Glorious Revolution threatened Dutch maritime power. E. The effects of the Glorious Revolution led to a social revolution in England.

The outcome of the Glorious Revolution established parliamentary supremacy.

King Louis XIV was known as the "Sun King" and sought the glorification of a demigod. True False

True

How were Great Britain and the Netherlands different from most of the European continent? A. They faced continuing political turmoil, and the state had a less powerful role. B. Their social institutions were far more dependent on the state. C. They followed the absolutist pattern that had started earlier in the seventeenth century. D. They were much less concerned about trade and having an overseas empire. E. They were struggling economically and nearing bankruptcy.

They faced continuing political turmoil, and the state had a less powerful role.

Which of the following statements about the "Politique" party in France is true? A. They prized national unity and peace above religion. B. They pushed for the elimination of heresy. C. They advocated absolute royal power. D. They placed individual interests above all others. E. They created the first strictly Catholic movement since the Thirty Years' War.

They prized national unity and peace above religion.

What did Shabbetai Sevi, the Quakers, and the Jansenists all have in common? A. They sought to undermine established religious authority. B. They caused religious divides that were as severe as those during the Reformation. C. They led to the religious unity characteristic of the mid-seventeenth century. D. They caused the end of messianism in Europe. E. They were highly unaware of the teachings of established religious groups.

They sought to undermine established religious authority.

Which of the following statements about the significance of Isaac Newton's work in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries is correct? A. Newton's work was in opposition to Johannes Kepler's ideas; it represented a break from the work of other astronomers of the time. B. Through simple, easily understood equations, Newton's work seemed to restore the physical universe to the perfection attributed to it by Ptolemy. C. Newton's work suggested the opacity of nature's mysteries and humans' inability to pinpoint a simple set of natural laws. D. Newton's work was revolutionary because it introduced the idea that Earth exerted an identical pull on all objects. E. Newton's work clashed with the work of John Locke, leading to the Enlightenment concept that from birth, humans are imprinted with innate ideas about the physical properties of the universe.

Through simple, easily understood equations, Newton's work seemed to restore the physical universe to the perfection attributed to it by Ptolemy.

Absolutism was the political trend in which a monarch was considered to have complete and indivisible sovereignty. True False

True

According to Enlightenment thinkers, the hallmark of modern civilization was that violent passion had turned into tender feelings that made peaceful social intercourse more likely. True False

True

After 1700, there were far more white Europeans than enslaved Africans in the Caribbean. True False

True

Aristocrats in Europe led the way in opposing future wars. True False

True

As Lord Protector of England, Oliver Cromwell was king in all but name. True False

True

At the turn of the seventeenth century, the European continent experienced a slump in trade. True False

True

Blaise Pascal was a philosopher, mathematician, and Jansenist who sought to defend Christianity. True False

True

Both the Wilkes affair and the events leading to the American Revolution concerned the demand for better representation in the British Parliament. True False

True

By 1760, British colonies had a far greater population than the French colonies did from New Orleans to Montana. True False

True

By the mid-seventeenth century, the "composite monarchies" of Europe had begun to be replaced by cohesive nations: True False

True

Charles I demanded that Parliament accept the Petition of Right: True False

True

Charles I's levying of ship money severely reduced the strength of his fleet. True False

True

Enlightenment-era reformers devoted a great deal of energy to practical matters including better sewage and street lighting. True False

True

Even with the rise of the concept "the rights of man," all key thinkers of the time were still pro-slavery. True False

True

In mid-seventeenth-century Europe, the goals of most political action were order and stability to end the bloodshed since the start of the Thirty Years' War. True False

True

In the 1640s and 1650s, the Ottoman Empire remained threatened with instability. True False

True

In the seventeenth century, the Renaissance technique of textual criticism had not yet been applied to religious scripture. True False

True

Intendants were agents sent by the French monarchy with the capacity to serve, counsel, and judge as representatives of the king. True False

True

Salons were once venues open to ordinary people, but in the eighteenth century, they increasingly were limited to nobles who used them to study the customs of royal courts. True False

True

Shabbetai Sevi was a Greek Jew who claimed to be the Messiah and had many followers, but he converted to Islam when the Ottoman sultan threatened to put him to death. True False

True

Spain was the greatest mercantile rival of Great Britain and, likewise, offered an alternative to absolute monarchy. True False

True

Sugar in the "triangle trade" predominantly came from Europe. True False

True

The Dutch fleet of 2,500 ships comprised over half of all European shipping. True False

True

The French were unable to form alliances with the native peoples in the Americas. True False

True

The League of Augsburg was significant because it was an alliance of Protestant and Catholic powers and fought against French expansionist policies. True False

True

The Levellers were a group of soldiers within the New Model Army who believed all adult men should have the right to vote. True False

True

The Medici patronage of Galileo guaranteed his freedom from arrest. True False

True

The efforts of the Republic of Letters were responsible for inspiring skepticism to all authority. True False

True

The idea of enlightened absolutism held that the Enlightenment was incompatible with absolute monarchy. True False

True

The route that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic under terrible conditions was called the middle passage. True False

True

The sack of Magdeburg was one of the worst massacres of the Thirty Years' War. True False

True

The society of the Freemasons was dedicated to the public good and spread across Europe. True False

True

The wealth brought about by the African slave trade increased the imperial competition in the Americas between France and Britain. True False

True

The world's first political parties emerged in Great Britain: the Tories and the Whigs. True False

True

Warfare after Westphalia was far more destructive than it had been previously. True False

True

Absolutist states idealized the notion of: A. decreasing taxes and limiting serfdom. B. small republics rather than monarchies. C. a return to religion and a movement away from scientific thought. D. a tyrannical government that made revolution impossible. E. a well-ordered police state relying on reason and managed by central authority.

a well-ordered police state relying on reason and managed by central authority.

Cosmopolitanism was encouraged by nobles' and professionals' doing which of the following? A. protesting the brutal religious violence of the middle of the eighteenth century B. withdrawing behind their walled estates and engaging in scholarship C. focusing on the customs of their own country to establish a national identity D. investing in local entertainment and events, such as festivals E. abandoning local cultural life in favor of the books, ideas, and music from urban centers such as Paris and London

abandoning local cultural life in favor of the books, ideas, and music from urban centers such as Paris and London

The influence of the scientific revolution on Hobbes can be seen in his: A. emphasis on religiously based theories of authority over reason. B. argument against the need for government. C. break with medieval precedents about an ordered universe. D. founding of the disciple of physics. E. rejection of the idea of a "social contract."

break with medieval precedents about an ordered universe.

How did a series of Fredericks in Prussia increase their state's power? A. by carefully emulating Peter the Great B. by spending lavishly on palaces and gardens C. by living frugally and devoting state revenues to the army D. by keeping the military out of civil affairs E. by disbanding the army

by living frugally and devoting state revenues to the army

Francis Bacon's Novum Organum argued that: A. empirical methods are crucially important. B. Copernicus's theories were scientifically unsound. C. one should always accept ancient authority. D. dualism is the main tenet of science. E. the Inquisition was the main cause of the Scientific Revolution.

empirical methods are crucially important.

The boom in the numbers of coffeehouses in London: A. was made possible by the city's decrease in poverty from 1675 to 1710. B. helped bring men of all classes together in an urban setting. C. provided meeting places for only elite members of society. D. originated with gatherings of writers at aristocratic homes where coffee was served. E. occurred as a result of the influx of Turks to London in 1710.

helped bring men of all classes together in an urban setting.

Which of the following was a result of the 1629 Edict of Restitution? A. Offered restitution to the emperor of all powers ceded to the aristocracy. B. It allowed Roman Catholics to worship in their former churches. C. it restored all properties had come into Protestant hands to the Catholic Church. D. It helped rally Protestant support.

it restored all properities had come into Protestant hands to the Catholic Church.

Louis XIV's death provoked the Prince Regent to: A. successfully restore French finances with the help of John Law from Scotland. B. kill Louis's son and grandson at the Bastille and seize power. C. move the royal court out of Versailles and back to Paris. D. refuse to borrow money or devalue the currency. E. rely exclusively on the duke of Saint-Simon in governing Paris.

move the royal court out of Versailles and back to Paris.

Which of the following did anti-cosmopolitanism help drive in Europe in the early nineteenth century? A. trade with Tahiti and other South Pacific islands B. tolerance toward foreigners C. exploration of the New World D. hatred toward the peasantry E. nationalism as a significant force in politics and culture

nationalism as a significant force in politics and culture

Charles I of England was: A. disinterested in the rise of Baroque art. B. prone to absolutist models of government. C. wary of levying taxes without parliamentary consent. D. forceful and outgoing. E. collaborative with Parliament.

prone to absolutist models of government.

Deism appeared in the eighteenth century to: A. encourage superstition within Christianity and promote morality. B. support the mystical side of God as an all-knowing Father. C. distract from the spread of atheism. D. counter Enlightenment ideas like those of Rousseau. E. propose a single non-Christian God removed from controlling the universe.

propose a single non-Christian God removed from controlling the universe.

The fact that both Protestant and Catholic populations had deeper religious knowledge than in earlier periods meant that: A. religious strife diminished in the 1600s. B. both sides sought compromise and common ground. C. religious militancy and fanaticism increased. D. the eastern part of the Continent became much more stable. E. religion's influence on politics disappeared for nearly a decade.

religious militancy and fanaticism increased.

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France caused large-scale immigration that: A. inspired religious toleration in New France. B. brought a large Jewish population to the French colonies. C. strengthened colonies in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina. D. immediately increased the number of Protestant settlements in New France. E. dramatically increased the population of women in North America.

strengthened colonies in Massachusetts, New York, and South Carolina.

Which of the following began what became known as the revolt of the Fronde? A. the French Court's attempts to arrest leaders of the opposition B. a coherent challenge to the social and political order C. the taking of Barcelona by Catalonian insurgent forces D. attacks on Puritan and Presbyterian churches E. the fall of the Ottoman Empire

the French Court's attempts to arrest leaders of the opposition

Which of the following did the Peace of Westphalia demonstrate? A. the resolution of the war between France and Spain B. the persistence of the dream of a unified European Community C. the movement to establish a European Parliament D. the abandonment of any hope of a unified Europe and uniform Christianity E. the successful prevention of new wars

the abandonment of any hope of a unified Europe and uniform Christianity

Which of the following was one of the many consequences of the "putting out" system? A. the growth of barter and credit economies B. decreased contact between peasants and city-dwellers C. the increase of full-time subsistence agriculture in the land bordering the Low Countries D. the ability for rural people to earn income in the winter months E. the rise of foreign trade as the most inexpensive means of supplying textiles

the ability for rural people to earn income in the winter months

What did the unprecedented size of armies in the 1660s and 1670s indicate? A. the long period of peace during this time B. the popular new support programs for soldiers' families offered by the army service C. the ability of European states to contain, direct, and monopolize violence D. the rise of continental anarchy in Europe E. the transfer of authority from the state to the civilians during war time

the ability of European states to contain, direct, and monopolize violence

After 1670, growing prosperity in Europe can be attributed to: A. the accessibility of newly founded universities. B. less control by the state over the use of force. C. the end of a wave of civil wars. D. less overseas trade. E. a united Christendom across Europe.

the end of a wave of civil wars.

The Enlightenment concept of "utilitarianism" advocated: A. the utilization of traditions in government and all ways of life. B. the rejection of any concern for what is useful. C. the use of the aristocracy to keep classes distinct and to grow the economy. D. reliance on emotions in making decisions. E. the measurement of value based on the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

the measurement of value based on the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

What was the primary historical significance of London's "Frost Fair" in 1622? A. its annual crowds B. the onset of a change in climate C. the boom in coat prices D. the low price for ice E. the effect on the wool trade

the onset of a change in climate

How did the Enlightenment differ from earlier intellectual movements? A. the lack of social opposition to it B. the participation of a much broader section of society in the debates C. its hostility to the Republic of Letters D. its rejection of reason and science E. its close association with the ideas of the elite

the participation of a much broader section of society in the debates

Which of the following ideas not only was new to the period 1740-80 but also was at the heart of the American Revolution and eventually the American Declaration of Independence? A. deism B. pietism C. enlightened absolutism D. the rights of man E. natural rights

the rights of man

Mercantilism was rooted in the belief that: A. all monopoly companies stifle economic growth. B. a global trading system benefited all nations. C. merchants were the basis of economic success. D. cooperation in the marketplace was the surest way to prosperity. E. the world's resources were finite.

the world's resources were finite.

Why did the English Bill of Rights evoke the "ancient constitution"? A. to limit the power of landowners B. to make the rights seem older than they were C. to avoid any confusion with the radicalism of the 1640s D. to make the world safe for democracy E. to guarantee the rights of the people

to avoid any confusion with the radicalism of the 1640s