western civ final exam study guide

1. What was the nickname for Pope Julius II and why ? Which famous writer, priest, and tutor to royalty publicly criticized him ?

* "the Warrior Pope" / he led armies into battle in order to regain papal control over the Papal States (which had been lost to local families and Cesare Borgia) * ERASMUS

2. Who were the 3 most prominent artists of the "High Renaissance" ?

* DaVinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

17. To which English king was Catherine of Aragon married, and who were her parents ? Who was Anne Boleyn, and what was the name of her daughter ? How did Anne Boleyn die, and what is her connection to music ? Who wrote a famous opera about her ?

* Henry VIII, parents of Catherine of Aragon were Ferdinand and Isabella * Anne was mistress, then wife / Elisabeth * Anne Boleyn was executed (beheaded); while in the Tower of London, she wrote songs * opera: Anna Bolena by DONIZETTI Gaetano

18. One of the remarkable developments of the Protestant Reformation was that an English kingdom, not a German kingdom, became the foremost Protestant power in Europe. What did Henry VIII establish with the Act of Supremacy ? What happened to those who did not support him in this matter ?

* Henry made himself head of the church of England, that is, he created a national church (a state church), just as his parents-in-law, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain, had done; this church became known as the ANGLICAN Church * prominent people who resisted were beheaded, their heads displayed at the entrance to London Bridge, including Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia

19. Why were the monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII in particular (and in Protestant regions throughout Europe in general) ?

* Luther called monasteries "nests of vipers" and demanded their abolition. Henry, like many other Protestant princes and cities, wanted their wealth and land not only to enrich himself, but to increase his power by rewarding supporters who were thus given great, formerly monastic, estates

23. John Locke: a. How did John Locke justify the overthrow of King James II, that is, what were the basic principles he formulated to justify the Glorious Revolution, and what was "the right to rebel" ? b. What document published approximately 86 years later in the British colonies in North America echoed Locke's teachings ?

* Partial answer : A person has the natural rights (rights given to us by Nature) of life, liberty and property; the state is a voluntary association; if the state begins to show a pattern of abuses against these rights, then the citizens have the right to abolish the state and create a new one ("the right to rebel")

28. Galileo Galilei: a. Why was Galileo brought before the Inquisition in 1633 ? b. Why was this conflict not a battle between religion and science but rather a battle of science against science ? c. On which famous Greek philosopher-scientist did the entire European university and scientific establishment rely ? Why was Galileo's teaching therefore so dangerous to European professors and scientists ?

* Partial answer: Brought before the Inquisition in Rome for teaching false doctrine: that the Earth revolves around the sun The Galileo controversy was the battle between scientists who believed in the geocentric and scientists who believed in the heliocentric theories

V. LOUIS XIV, VERSAILLES, and ROYAL ABSOLUTISM 20. Royal Absolutism: a. What are "royal absolutism" and "the sovereignty of the state"? b. Which other political system, built on the idea of shared power, did royal absolutism oppose and attempt to destroy ? c. Cardinal Richelieu was instrumental in creating royal absolutism in France : which famous 19th-century novel is set in this time of Cardinal Richelieu's reign, and who is the author of this bestseller ? d. What did King Louis XIV mean when he said "l'état c'est moi" ?

* Partial answer: Royal absolutism sought to destroy FEUDALISM (shared power); Louis XIV's comment "I am the state" indicates that he embodies the state and that all power therefore lies with him personally, invested by the power of God — that is, he has absolute power over the government and over the country

26. The Georges — the HANOVERIAN Dynasty: a. Who was the last Stuart monarch ? b. How did Queen Anne and the Hanoverians (the Kings George) solidify (inadvertently) the power of Parliament ? c. Which famous German composer moved to England under the Hanoverians, and which famous pieces did he write for them ? d. What was the dynastic name of the Georges ? What is that dynastic name today and why was it changed ? e. Which of these Hanoverian kings lived to see the outbreak of the American Revolution, the outbreak of the French Revolution, the rise and fall of Napoleon, and a reorganized Europe in the early 1800s ?

* Partial answer: They inadvertently solidified Parliament's rule over England in that they did not want to rule and were absent for long periods of time; thus their Prime Minister and the Parliament ruled England The dynastic name was the House of Hanover. It was changed to the House of Windsor (after their primary castle) during World War I, so that the family's German origins would be eclipsed by a quintessentially English name

5. Which 2 great English composers did Elizabeth strongly support and sponsor ?

* Thomas Tallis (a Protestant) and William Byrd (a Roman Catholic) — this sponsorship was meant to provide a symbol of her attempt to unify a religiously deeply divided nation

15. What did John Winthrop and the English Puritans hope to establish in the "New World" (that is, in Massachusetts and Boston), and how does this vision still affect American thinking today ?

* a perfect (and model) Christian community (like Calvin previously in Geneva) > "a city on the hill" (shining as a light to the entire world, that is, to serve as a model to the entire world) the belief that the United States continues to serve as an example to the rest of the world to create a perfect society > thus, American society is in a state of "permanent revolution"

11. What are the central features of the Baroque in painting and in architecture ? With which governmental system is the Baroque identified ? And in which regions of Europe, and the world, was this architectural style prominent ?

* in painting: light and shadow, drama, bursting with energy, bursting the frame * in architecture: strict and severe symmetry, power and majesty on the exterior, drama and theatre in the interior * associated with royal absolutism * prominent in the Catholic regions of Europe (s. Germany, Spain, Italy) and the Spanish & portuguese colonial areas (including the Americas)

13. What form of government did the Stuart kings try to establish ? What authorized religious text was established under King James I ? In general, what were the House of Lords and the House of Commons ? Who were the Puritans and what did they want ?

* royal absolutism / the King James Bible (named after James I) the Puritans were Calvinists and wanted to "purify" the Church of England of all remnant Roman Catholic traditions and practices

22. What was the significance of the Council of Trent [that is, what did it establish, so to speak] ?

* the Council reformed the Christian church centered in Rome, which thus became known as the "Roman Catholic Church"

14. In the English Civil War, what happened to King Charles I; who took his place and what was this new government called ? What is ironic about Oliver Cromwell's dictatorship, given Parliament's original reasons for rebelling against King Charles I ?

* the armies of King Charles I were defeated by the armies of Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell; Charles I is executed (beheaded) Cromwell establishes the Commonwealth (a Puritan Republic), but he disbands Parliament and rules as a monarch with even greater absolute powers than Charles I could have ever dreamed of —- in other words, Cromwell rules without Parliament just as King Charles I had done

4. What was the greatest military clash between Elizabeth I and Philip II, and in which year did it take place ? Who defeated whom and why ? What was the outcome of this great sea battle ?

* the outcome of the attack by the Spanish Armada in 1588 : it establishes England as a major naval power

3. Why was Mary, Queen of Scots (also known as Maria Stuart) dangerous to Elizabeth, and what was Maria Stuart's unexpected legacy in England after her death ? Who wrote a famous opera about her ?

* the young Queen of Scotland is chased out by the Calvinists (Presbyterians) she seeks refuge with her cousin, Queen Elisabeth : as a Catholic, she had the most legitimate claim to the English throne as well, through her grandmother, the sister of Henry VIII; Maria Stuarda [Maria Stuart] by Donizetti Gaetano

the late middle ages: 1300s 1. The Quest for the Holy Grail a. What is mysticism ? According to Christian mystics, what connected man (humans) to God? b. What was the Holy Grail ? c. Who was St. Joseph of Arimathea, what was Glastonbury, and what was the connection between these two ? d. What happened to the Grail castle when the Fisher king falls (usually the King Anfortas), and what famous medieval themes does this particular story therefore embody ? e. What is a 'quest' ? And in the case of every person, for what is the quest a metaphor ? f. Who was Parzival (Parsifal / Perceval) and what does his name mean ? What happened in his first encounter with the Grail? What does Parzival eventually become at the end of this famous story ? g. Which 13th-century knight wrote a famous version of Parzival ?

. The Holy Grail. a. Believed that one who is pure of thought, body, and mind could encounter the divine. / Love b. It was the cup that Jesus of Nazareth used in the last supper, and possessed healing powers c. helped take Jesus of Nazareth off the cross, rewarded with the chalice of healing powers/A wealthy piece of Britain/St. Joseph's wealth was all in Glastonbury d. It became unhinged in time and place; THE MORAL FALL OF THE KING WASTES THE LAND e. a search for something (but you don't know what it is)/Life f. He wanted to be a knight, "the perfect fool"/He did not ask the question/The King of the mysterious grand castle g. Wolfram Von Eschenbach

3. The Mongols: a. Who led the unified Mongol tribes to invade northern China and Central Asia ? b. Under his leadership, and that of his sons and grandsons, what did the Mongols seem to be particularly good at doing to the civilizations they encountered ? c. In 1241, the Mongol armies turned back before attacking Vienna. Why did the grandsons of Genghis Khan choose NOT to invade western Europe ? d. Who was the famous explorer from Venice who worked for the Mongol Emperor in China, Khublai Khan, for many years ? Upon this Venetian's return he wrote about the marvelous things he saw; why did no one believe him ? f. What region did the Mongol "Golden Horde" rule ? g. The famous Russian prince, Alexander Nevsky, allied with the Mongols (the Golden Horde) to neutralize them and defeated a dangerous Swedish-Germanic invasion from the west : 1. What was the name of this famous battle, in which this invasion was halted? 2. Which famous Russian cinematographer-director made a film about this battle in the 1930s, and 3. Which famous Russian composer wrote the soundtrack ? 4. Which famous current-living American composer used this theme for a soundtrack about a dangerous fish ?

2. The Mongols: a. Genghis Khan b. Raping and pillaging c. They were afraid they were going to lose/there would be many casualties. d. Marco Polo, and no one believed him because they found his descriptions of China too fantastic to actually be true. e. Russian f.western mongol empire g1: battle on the ice g2: sergei eisenstein g3: prokofiev g4: john williams

IV. The ENLIGHTENMENT - 1 29. Why was Sir Isaac Newton so revered, which words did he invent, and what was "the Newtonian universe" ? Which famous crippled English poet exalted Newton ? Which form of art seemed to embody most fully this new world view, the Newtonian Universe ?

30. The basic principles of the Enlightenment: a. The Enlightenment was based on REASON. Why did Enlightenment thinkers believe that Reason was universal and absolute ? What were the two prominent slogans of this time ? b. How did the Enlightenment thinkers alter the concept "the Ancients and the Moderns", and how did the concept of progress therefore arise ? c. In reference to the name "Enlightenment" itself --- what were the "light" and the "darkness" respectively in this way of thinking ?

7. What is a ballad ? One of the most famous ballads of this time (the 1300s and 1400s) was about a man who stole from the rich and gave to the poor : what was his name and the name of the men that accompanied him, where did he live, what was the name of his great enemy, and who was the woman of his interest ?

A song that tells a story; Robin Hood and his merry men (little john, will scarlet, friar tuck, alan-a-dale), sherwood forest; sheriff of nottingham; maid marian

10. Into which 2 famous royal families did Ferdinand and Isabella marry their daughters, Catherine and Juana (Johanna) ? Who was Juana's famous son ?

Catherine of Aragon is married into the House of Tudor (to Henry VIII) ; Juana is married into the House of Habsburg; her son is the famous Charles V

2. Who was the father of Philip II, King of Spain, and to which famous family did Philip belong ? What region in the Holy Roman Empire rebelled against him and why ? Which famous Verdi opera is connected with this rebellion ?

Charles V, Habsburg Family; The Netherlands; they were Calvinists; don carlo *Charles V (Carlos I) was the father of Philip

7. What was the Reconquista, and approximately how long did it last ? When did it end and why ? Who were the Moors ? What were Granada and the Alhambra ?

Christian Re-Conquest of Spain (Kick out Spanish muslims); ended in January 1452, when the last Moorish kingdom, Granada, and the last Moorish castle, the Alhambra in Granada, were captured by the armies of Ferdinand and Isabella; Muslims in Spain; The Alhambra was a Moorish Palace in Granada, Spain

15. Which famous Renaissance scholar and priest developed the concept of "platonic love", and what did he mean by this ? How did this concept "spiritualize" art and elevate the artist ?

Ficino; art and beauty evoke love < since God is Love and Beauty, God (the Divine) draws people to itself thru this beauty; thus: art can be an encounter with God, with the Divine; thus, art can be a spiritual experience —- the most noble vision for the value of an artist

7. Which famous Flemish composer (that is, he came from Flanders), while living in Italy, wrote music for the dedication of the new Florentine cathedral ?

Guillaume Dufay wrote music for the dedication

5. Ghiberti became famous for which magnificent creation in Florence, and what famous praise did this creation receive ? In which city in the United States is there a copy of some of these doors ?

He won a commission to make the new doors for the baptistry in Florence and famously the doors were praised as being worthy to be the gates to heaven.

18. According to Thomas Hobbes, the writer of the first major and defining essay on politics in English, what is "the state of nature" and what is man's condition in this state ?

In a state of "continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Basically without a social contract, man is an animal.

16. What Roman Catholic region did Cromwell, the Puritan English leader, invade, and what effect did it have upon the people of this region still today ?

Ireland; made the Irish super mad at The English (and all protestants) by destroying their monasteries; imposed English absentee land-owning class

12. Who was "the Maid of Orleans" ? Which famous 19th-century Russian composer (full name and dates) wrote an opera based on her story ?

Joan of Arc; Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893).

11. Who was the Flemish composer that spent most of his life serving Italian aristocrats and was considered "the Prince of Musicians" ?

Josquin des Prez

IV. The RISE of a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY in ENGLAND — Part 1 12. Since Queen Elizabeth had no heir, who became king of England ? What was the name of this new English dynasty that came after the Tudor Dynasty ?

King James I; House of Stuart

11. The famous and secretive Masonic Order of the 18th and 19th centuries claimed to be based on which famous order of knights that was destroyed in the 1300s by the Avignon Papacy ? What happened to the legendary treasure of this order of knights ? Which famous Mozart opera is connected to the Masonic Order and its secrets ? Who were some of the famous Masons in the British colonies in North America at the time of the American Revolution ?

Knights Templar; It went missing and it's supposedly hidden;. The Magic Flute; George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock.

3. Which famous Hellenistic statue was found during Michelangelo's early life (under Pope Julius II) ?

Laocoön

8. What was "humanism" (as defined by Cicero and Leonardo Bruni) ?

Leonardo Bruni (c. 1370-1444), inspired by Cicero, said in his Praise of the City of Florence that humanism is: "the literary culture needed by anyone who would be considered educated and civilized, that is, (the) learning and (the) arts that make us truly human."

12. Who were Cosimo de'Medici and Lorenzo de'Medici ?

Medici princes / ruled Florence through their wealth and power, but always respected its Republican institutions / great sponsors of art

23. During the Council of Trent and the Catholic reformation, what aged and famous Florentine artist (that is, artist from the city of Florence) that had painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel was called back to Rome by the Pope to now paint the chapel's end wall ? Which famous painting was therefore removed from the end wall ? This artist, who lived for 30 more years, also participated in the construction of which major building ?

Michelangelo, the Last Judgement

19. Which famous English architect rebuilt the great cathedral of London, and what is the name of this cathedral ? Why did it need to be rebuilt ? Another church he designed, St. Martin in the Fields, is today associated with a famous chamber orchestra of our own time: what is the name of this ensemble and who were two of its famous conductors ?

Nicholas Hawsmoor; christ church for LSO, Claudio Abbado and Valery Gergiev

(high middle ages) The Crusades : Were the Crusades successful overall, that is, did they achieve their primary purpose (bringing the Holy Land under Christian control) by the time of the fall of Acre in 1291 ?

No, the Crusades were a failure.

Which famous library did Pope Sixtus IV build, and why is it famous today ? What other famous building did Pope Sixtus IV construct next to St. Peter's cathedral, and what did he ask famous artists such as Botticelli and Pergino to do in this building ?

Pope Sixtus IV built the Vatican library and it is famous today because it has an impressive collection of historical texts (over 9,000 documents), including one of the oldest copies of the Greek Bible. (notes) He also commissioned construction of the Sistine Chapel and he asked very famous artists to paint/decorate the interior of this building

7. In general, across the sweep of the history of human societies, when a new religion enters a society, why does the new religion threaten that society ? Why is religious dissent always political dissent ?

RELIGION is the foundation of society (values, principles, cohesion) makes rulers legitimate A NEW religion threatens values and principles and cohesion of already existing society People fighting for faith must fight for power: Religion cannot be separated from politics Political Authority can protect people and their religion. Can also crush a religion Religious dissent is always political dissent

5. What are "the 4 realms of learning" or "the 4 paths to find Truth" as embodied in Raphael's paintings in the Stanza della Segnatura ? Which of these 4 paths does his famous "School of Athens" represent ? Who are four of the famous people portrayed in this painting ?

Revealed Truth (religion), Rational Truth (philosophy), Justice (virtue and goodness), Art and Beauty; rational truth

15. Which newly crowned king was involved in the disappearance of the famous "Princes in the Tower"? Which famous English playwright wrote a play about this brief king, and what was the name of the play ?

Richard iii; Richard III by William Shakespeare

Who were the two most famous children of Rodrigo Borgia, "the Borgia Pope", Alexander VI --- and why were they famous ? Which famous 19th-century French writer and which famous 19th-century Italian composer wrote about Borgia's daughter ? Which famous Renaissance (contemporary) writer included the son as a famous example and what was the name of this very famous book, often called the first modern political science treatise ?

Rodrigo Borgia's two most famous children were Lucrezia Borgia and Cesare Borgia. Lucrezia Borgia was well known because she married into the d'Este family and became the Duchess of Ferrara. Cesare Borgia was famous because he was made Duke of Valence (in France), Duke of Romagna, and Duke of Urbino within the Papal States. Machiavelli used Cesare Borgia as an example in his extremely well known work "The Prince"

III. The BAROQUE 10. The "fountainhead of the Baroque" is associated with which city and with which famous church ?

Rome, Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio

16. Who wrote about the death of King Arthur while he was in prison (for the last 30 years of his life) in this time (the 1400s); and what is the title of this famous book ?

Sir Thomas Mallory, Morte D'Arthur

2. To which era did the Italian Renaissance look back for its artistic inspiration ? Was the Italian Renaissance a popular movement of and for the masses ?

The Italian Renaissance looked to the classical antiquity (classical greek and roman times-- with a slightly stronger emphasis on Rome). At the beginning, the Italian Renaissance began as a movement of the elite Italian wealthy urban classes

17. What 3 major institutions were restored in the "Restoration" after Cromwell's death ? Who was the new king ?

The Monarchy Parliament The Church of England; King Charles II (son of executed king)

15. Who is credited with inventing the printing press in Europe, and approximately when ? In which country and city did he live ?

Wohann Gutenburg (1900-1968) He lived in Mainz in the Holy Roman Empire

24. What is the meaning of "revolution" in the terms "Glorious Revolution" and "American Revolution" ?

a swift and major change

11. Charles V a. who were his famous grandparents on his mother's side, and to which house (family) did he belong ? b. Over which major regions was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V monarch ? c. Which major crises confronted Charles V ? d. How long did the Habsburg family remain Holy Roman Emperors, and how long did they remain Emperors ? e. What did Charles V do with his family and its lands at the end of his life ? Which Roman Emperor did he resemble ?

a. b. Roman Empire, Austria, Spain, Sicily, S.Italy, New Spain (Mexico, Peru etc) c. * the Ottoman Turk invasion of central Europe and the siege of Vienna * Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation * the intrigues and wars with Francis I (King of France) Pope Clement VII (a Medici pope) d. 302 years e. gives austria and hre to bro Ferdinand then gives spain and netherlands to son Philip

6. Shakespeare — an actor turned writer, considered to be the most quoted writer in the English language: a. He was born and died in which city in England ? b. What was the name of his theatre in London ? (A functioning reconstruction exists near the original site today.) c. What are the names of some of his most famous plays and characters ?

a. * Stratford on Avon b. the Globe Theatre c. romeo, hamlet, buhluhbuhluhbuhluh

4. Machiavelli : a. For which work is Machiavelli most famous today, and what was the focus of this work ? b. What were some of its key principles ? c. Explain the phrase "The ends justifies the means"

a. * The Prince / acquiring and holding power; c. * the goal makes legitimate the methods

4. Dante a. What is the title of Dante's major work ? What does 'comedy' mean in this context ? What is the 'Inferno' ? b. Who is Dante's guide in Hell ? Who is Dante's guide in Paradise ? c. What is the story of Francesca and Paolo ? Their story has been set to music by which two famous Russian composers ? d. What crime does the 9th circle of Hell represent, and who is there ? e. Which famous 19th-century French artist illustrated Dante's masterpiece ?

a. * partial answer: comedy means happy ending and informal language The Divine Comedy, The Inferno is the segment Dante wrote that is based on hell b. Virgil is Dante's guide in Hell; Beatrice is Dante's guide in Paradise. c. Francesca is married to Paolo's brother, Gionciotto. But, inconveniently Francesca falls in love with Paolo (and he with her). They have an affair, and are punished (at least in Dante's version of the story) by being sent to hell after death. Gionciotto is also sent to hell because he kills them-- he is sent to an even lower circle of hell because betraying kindred is considered worse than adultery in Dante's story. Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff set their story to music. d. Betrayal. Gioncotto, Brutus, Cassius, Judas and SATAN HIMSELF. e. Gustaf Dore

IV. The PROTESTANT REFORMATION 13. Martin Luther : a. Which invention helped spread Luther's ideas during the Reformation ? b. What was meant by "Let conscience be your guide" — that is, why was the individual conscience absolute and universally true ? c. The famous 19th-century sociologist Max Weber coined the phrase "the Protestant work ethic" —what did this mean ? d. Frustrated that the Pope refused to act, Luther turned to whom (in general) to reform the Church ? e. What did Luther translate into German while he was hidden in the Wartburg ? Did he ever compose music ? f. What disaster did Luther witness shortly before his death, as the tension between Protestant and Roman-Catholic princes in the Holy Roman Empire escalated ? g. At the end of the first religious civil war in Germany [ the Schmalkaldic War ], what was the solution to this religious strife as established by the Peace of Augsburg (the old principle cuius regio euius religio) ? What did this re-affirm about the Holy Roman Empire ?

a. * the printing press b. moral compass c. * Luther taught that ordinary occupations could be dedicated to God;Protestants thus worked hard to dedicate their work to God; saved money and created investment capital d. * the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire should reform the church, thus creating state or national churches as well (just as Ferdinand and Isabella had done in the previous generation) and validates lay investiture (which had, ironically, been a major source of corruption in the church) e. translated new testament from Greek into german f. * the outbreak of religious civil war between German princes; the beginning of the horrific Age of Religious Wars in Europe g. * the prince determines the religion for his people (Protestant or Catholic), re-affirms decentralization; increases the fracturing of the Holy Roman Empire; and increases the power of the princes

8. Giotto a. What were the 4 significant techniques that Giotto developed in his famous cycle of frescoes in the "Arena Chapel" of Padua which were considered so innovative ? b. Which building did Giotto design in Florence ? c. What is the difference between "naturalism" and "realism" in art ?

a. 1)Spacial depth 2) Relationship to the viewer 3) Mood/Intensity 4) Layout/Composition b. Giotto's campanile c. "Naturalism" captures beauty and perfection in nature, whereas "realism" captures the ugly truths of life.

9. The Great Plague (the Black Death): a. What effect did the Great Plague have upon Europe ? b. Which famous medieval literary theme did people use to explain this great disaster for Europe, and which institution, increasingly, did many people blame ? c. What is a gargoyle ? (Give both meanings.) d. The story of Federigo and Monna Giovanna shows that which feudal values are now part of upper middle class Italian urban life ? Who wrote this story, and of which larger work is it a part ? e. The Great Plague (the Black Death) had a cultural effect upon Europe; for example, it made far more prominent such concepts as the Dies Irae and "the Dance of Death". What do these two concepts mean ? f. The Dies Irae appears in the works of which 19th & 20th-century composers (give 5).

a. An extremely large percentage of the population died. b. Ancients vs. Moderns; Catholic Church. c. What is a gargoyle ? (Give both meanings.) demon (to scare away the plague) d. Chivalry ; Boccaccio; The DeCameron. e. Dies Irae means "the wrath of God" and "the Dance of Death" illustrates that death comes to everyone. f. berlioz, liszt, tchaikovsky, mahler, rachmaninoff

12. the 100 years war a. Who were the antagonists, and in which year did it end ? b. What was the significance of the battle of Agincourt ? c. In which city was Henry VI crowned as King of England, and who was a court composer for the English at this time ? d. Who was the teenager that heard voices, rallied the French to fight the English, before she was burned as a witch by the English ? e. Who was the famous English author who fought in this war; what is his most famous work (inspired by the Divine Comedy and the Decameron), and what is the framework for this story (that is, what are the main characters doing ) ? f. What was the final effect of this 100 Years War for England regarding royal lands in France ? And which war broke out in England at the conclusion of the 100 Years War ? g. Which famous English playwright (writing in the next century / the late 1500s) wrote historical dramas about the English kings Henry V and Henry VI who were involved in this 100 Years War ?

a. England vs. France; 1453 b. Longbows gave English the upperhand. c. Paris; John D. Joan of Arc E. Chaucer; The Canterbury Tales. F. England lost all french lands; The War of the Roses. g. William Shakespeare

14. Jean Calvin : a. Where was Jean Calvin from, what was the significance of his Institutes of the Christian Religion, and what did Calvin try to establish in Geneva ? b. Calvin rejected Luther's demand that the princes should reform the church; instead Calvin taught what ? c. What kinds of people were drawn to Calvinism, and why? What were some of the different names by which Calvin's followers were known ?

a. France b. the Christian community reforms the society (revolution from below), not the princes (revolution from above) c. Determined, uncompromising, militant, Especially the educated middle class because of intellectual seriousness, legal systemization, moral gravity, emphasis on good work; Huguenots, Presbyterians, Puritans

10. Alberti: a. Alberti was an accomplished mathematician, architect, engineer, painter, musician, writer, and dramatist. Therefore, what famous description (which we still use) can be applied to him ? b. According to him, all architecture should be based on which 2 geometric forms ? And why did he believe "rational architecture" was important ? c. Therefore, what did he mean by stating that "all art is moral education" ?

a. He was accomplished in many different areas, though he specialized in math and engineering. Because of this we can refer to him as a "renaissance man."; b. He believed that all architecture should be based on the square and the circle (because he believed them to be 2 of the most perfect geometric shapes). He believed that "rational architecture" was important because he believed that art (and therefore also architecture) affected the behaviors of those who viewed it (used the buildings etc. etc); c. He meant that art creates values, ways of thinking and sensibilities-- that art affects one's worldview and behavior

6. Brunelleschi : [ Ghiberti's rival ] a. What is his most famous construction in Florence ? b. In renovating the monastery of San Lorenzo for the Medici family, he developed a style of architecture which today is called what ? c. A new palazzo for the Medici followed Brunelleschi's design and architectural principles: what effect did this have upon Western architecture ? What is rustication ? d. What did Brunelleschi believe was the relationship between music and architecture --- that is, what was the significance of harmony in architecture ? e. Which famous artistic technique to create a 3-dimensional effect on a 2-dimensional surface) did Brunelleschi help to develop ?

a. His most famous work was his commission to build the 'impossible' dome for the Santa Maria Del Fiore Cathedral in Florence b. Renaissance c. He build the Medici palazzo in a way that it had 3 stories of graded sequence topped by a cornice. made to look like rustic (rough) stone d. Brunelleschi believed that arithmetic values governed music and because music is in the air all around us, those same arithmetic values that govern music should govern architecture. (notes) e. He used the vanishing point to create perspective, which revolutionized art from then on

1. Italy in the 1400s : a. Was Italy in the 1400s a single kingdom, stable and at peace ? Explain. b. What was the purpose of the "patrician towers" that created the dramatic skylines of Renaissance cities ? [ Extra credit: in which city can these still be seen today ? ] c. And what does the ferocity of the Palio race in Siena also tell us about the internal unity of Renaissance cities ? d. Why was Venice called "La Serenissima"? f. How did the size of the territory of Venice change from 1204 to 1450 ? g. Which Italian city was Venice's greatest rival ? h. Which famous family ruled in Ferrara ? i. Which equally famous families ruled in Milan ? (name two) j. What is a palazzo and what is the origin of the word ?

a. Italy was fragmented from the 13th to the 14th centuries. It was in a state of nearly constant warfare over territory. The Italian Wars began with a conflict between Spain and France over control of Italy and were taking place as a backdrop to the Italian Renaissance. Even though it was fluctuating, Italy basically was split into 5 major states and a few other smaller ones at this point. The five major states were: The Republic of Venice, The Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Florence, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples. (see Timeline no. 81, page 2) (see also Timeline 83, pg. 1) ; b. Patrician towers were towers built for safety in conflict attached to the houses of aristocratic families in Italy; c. The Palio Race in Siena, which was/is an annual horse race where different horses/riders represent different factions in the city of Siena. This shows that even within cities, there was family/group pride that caused conflicts and led to more trouble within regions that were therefore unstable. (notes); d. "La Serenissima" means "the most serene." It was called that because although they spent a great deal of energy conquering outward territory, they were peaceful within Venice. (or at least more peaceful than the rest of Italy at the time) [see timeline 81, pg 2] (also in notes); f. It got much larger; g. Genoa; h. the Este family; i. the Sforza family and the Visconti family; j. a palace or villa

10. For the 1300s / the 14th Century: a. which composer lived through most of this century and survived the Plague ? b. which composer from this time later inspired Debussy ? This composer also wrote a song about which famous ancient Greek hero and the woman he spurned ? c. what is a sonnet, and which poet developed the sonnet in this time ? d. which poet lived for a while in Avignon and survived the Plague ? e. which writer lived in Florence, survived and wrote about the Plague ? f. what is a 'poet laureate' ?

a. Machaut b. Guillaume de Machaut c. Poem with a complex rhyming pattern of 6/8; Petrarch d. chauliac e. Petrarch f. "the laurel-crowned poet" / an official poet for a government

5. The Avignon Papacy : a. What event does this term describe ? b. What was the function of the "Cardinals" in the Christian church, and why were they given this name ? c. Who formulated the concepts "Dark Ages" and "Middle Ages" ? Who gave the modern architecture of the time the name "Gothic" ? Were these names meant as compliments ? This writer looked back to which age as the height of human development ? d. In response to the corruption of the Avignon Papacy, Marsilius of Padua published a set of governing principles for the Christian Church which, however, also became core principles for later liberal political societies — what were these principles? e. Who wrote: "then and there I found my cue in man's most tragic play" — and what is that most tragic play which most every person must endure ?

a. Pope Clement V moved the papal states to Avignon in France (and during this time, there was a great deal of corruption and scandal in the church). b. senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church/robes are cardinal red c. Plutarch; They were not meant as compliments; He saw the times of Classical Antiquity as the height of human development. d. defensor pacis: all power is derived from the people; the ruler is only their delegate; the law is the will of the people as expressed in their ruler; the church is governed by general councils; the church is subordinate to the state e. Petrarch, love

21. LOUIS XIV, continued : a. How are "glory and majesty", so important to royalty and nobility, achieved - for example, how did Louis XIV try to achieve this glory and majesty ? b. Louis XIV drew more and more French aristocrats to his palace of Versailles. The irresistible lure was "intimacy is power". What does this concept mean ? c. Which famous garden architect worked at the court of Louis XIV ? d. Which 3 famous dramatists worked at the court of Louis XIV ? e. Which 2 famous composers worked at the court of Louis XIV ? f. What famous German city was absorbed by Louis into the Kingdom of France ? g. The great castle of which famous German city was destroyed by Louis's armies ? h. In which other country was Louis' dynasty established, and what is the name of his dynasty ? i. Who succeeded Louis XIV after his death, and what relationship was he to Louis XIV?

a. Power was displayed by 1) Palaces 2) Art and 3) Wars. For example Louis XIV put a lot of effort into the Palace of Versailles for this reason. (notes) Also, his destruction of Heidelberg and wars against the Dutch are examples of his violence as a ruler b. The idea of "intimacy is power" is that one gains power by being connected with powerful people. This concept is still used in business (and even the music business) today c. Andre le Notre d. Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, and Jean Baptiste Poquelin Moliere e. Giovanni Battista Lully and Francois Couperin f. Heidelberg/Heidelberg Castle g. His dynasty was also established in Spain. There it was called the Bourbon dynasty h. Where they store trees that don't belong in winter climates during the winter (ex: from gardens of Palace of Versailles: orange trees and palm trees). Glory and majesty were embodied in the great palaces, great portraits, great parties, and great conquests (that is, wars; although Louis' conquests were not as extensive as he had hoped — still, they brought much misery to German and Spanish regions)

2. Many of the important themes of the Enlightenment were already suggested by Shakespeare's The Tempest (1610) : a. First, who are Prospero, Miranda, Ariel, Caliban, and Ferdinand ? b. What crucial question is embodied by the character Caliban ? What is Shakespeare's response to this crucial question ? c. What is Shakespeare's response to the crucial question : how to improve society ?

a. Prospero= ex duke of Milan, had magical objects; Miranda= daughter of Prospero who marries Ferdinand; Ariel= magical HUMAN (difference between him and Prospero) who serves Prospero since he rescued her, until Prospero frees her of her duties; Ferdinand= prince of Naples, who falls in love with (and marries) Miranda. (notes/The Tempest) b. Can people change? Shakespeare's response is yes c.

VI. The RISE of a CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY in ENGLAND / Part 2 22. The last Stuart Kings in England: a. Why did Parliament chase James II out of England ? b. Whom did Parliament invite in as the new rulers ? c. What special restrictions did Parliament require of the new rulers ? d. What form of government was thereby created, and why did William of Orange, trying to create an absolute monarchy in the Netherlands, even accept these restrictive terms ? e. What therefore was the "Glorious Revolution" ? f. Which famous British composer lived at this time, and what were some of his famous compositions ? g. What was a masque, and why could this form of entertainment be dangerous ?

a. Religious difference: James II was Roman Catholic, and the general majority of England at this time was part of the Church of England. * b.William and Mary c. William and Mary d. William accepted the offer of limited power for increase of resources so that he would be capable of standing up to Louis XIV e. The Glorious Revolution was when James II was kicked out of his position, and the declaration of rights and the bill of rights were written offering the parliament with stipulations to create a "parliamentary monarchy" or a "constitutional monarchy." f. Henry Purcell: He wrote music to/for Dido and Aeneas, Henry the Second, Oedipus, Orfeo and Euridice, King Arthur and the Fairie Queen g. A party/dance where people dressed up in masks, usually for/hosted by aristocratic families. This was dangerous because people could commit murder of important people without it being known who they were.

12. The height of the Ottoman Empire (Muslim Turks) was marked by the attack upon Vienna in 1529. a. Who was the Ottoman Sultan at this time ? b. How was this massive army defeated at Vienna ? c. With the death of the young Hungarian king, which family now had claim to be the Kings of Hungary ? d. Which famous building inspired Ottoman architecture ?

a. Solomon b. it rained c. habsburgs d.

17. Literature: Know the name of the author and the name of the work : a. a man who loses his way and finds himself blocked by 3 terrifying beasts, and is then rescued by Virgil b. a young woman who falls in love with the brother of her husband; they are both killed by that husband c. a small group of young men and women who escape to a country estate and tell each other stories while waiting for the Plague to pass d. two students trick a deceitful businessman in a wild night escapade e. a young man sacrifices the falcon he loves for the woman he adores f. the story of Aeneas, recasting the famous story by Virgil

a. The Divine Comedy, Dante b. Francesca and Paolo, Dante c. The Decameron, Boccaccio d. The Reeve's Tale, Chaucer e. Federigo and Monna Giovanna (part of The Decameron), Boccaccio f. "House of Fame", Chaucer

4. Renaissance Florence: a. What was the relationship between Florence and Pisa and Siena in this time ? b. Which famous family dominated Florence for most of the 1400s ? c. Which building was (and still is) the largest structure in Florence, and what is it called ?

a. What was the relationship between Florence and Pisa and Siena in this time ? b. the Medici Family c. Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral

9. How were the outcomes of the religious wars of the 1500s and 1600s different in a. France, b. the Holy Roman Empire, c. England — that is, what different kinds of political systems were thereby established ?

a. rise of an absolutist monarchy b. central government is apralyzed resulting in the rise of virtually sovereign german states within the empire and "the german dualism": the rivalry betweent he kingdom of prussia and the house of habsburg c. rise of a constitutional monarchy

9. Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo Colombo): a. Which city was he from, and which city was its greatest rival ? b. What bold plan did he have to find new trade routes to the East, and specifically which country was he hoping to find ? c. Who sponsored this bold plan — that is, provided money and ships ? d. What is the historical irony in the timing of his discovery of a "New World" just as the Reconquista comes to an end ? e. What 3 primary motivations drew people to the "New World", and how well did these 3 kinds of people get along ? f. Which 3 European countries created the first colonial world empires ?

a. the Republic of GENOA / Venice b. c. India/china d. the aggressive energies of men looking for new opportunities, plunder, or land which had for centuries been channeled into the Reconquista is now channeled into the conquest of this "New World" e. f. * Spain, Portugal and the Netherlands

18. The Fall of Constantinople. a. To whom did the city fall, and when; which ruler led the assault ? b. How far did these invaders continue into Europe ? In which two years was Vienna assaulted by them ? c. Who took over the defense of Europe against these invaders; that is, who were respectively: the family, the city, and the race of knights who tried to stop the Muslim invasion of Europe ? d. What were the 4 significant effects for Europe of the "Fall of Constantinople" ? e. Which famous composer wrote a Lamentation to mourn the Fall of Constantinople ?

a. the final end of the Roman Empire and the Roman monarchy; b. the flight of refugees from Constantinople fuels the Renaissance in Italy; c.the Muslim invasion of southeastern Europe (the Balkans) and more; d. the search for new trade routes to the East (India and China) begins the European domination of the world; e. Guillaume Dufay

8. The Wars of Religion in France: a. To what does the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in Paris refer ? b. Who was the Queen that ruled France during these terrible religious/civil wars and from which famous family did she come ? c. King Henry IV, who brought peace back to France established which famous French royal dynasty ? Does this family still exist today ? What did Henry IV mean by the saying "Paris is worth a Mass" ?

a. the murder of thousands of Huguenots (French Calvinists) who had assembled in Paris for a wedding of reconciliation (c. 3,000 in Paris and c. 70,000 in all of France b. catherine of Medici family? c. france is worth it for henry to become catholic

8. Ferdinand, King of Aragon, and Isabella, Queen of Leon & Castile: a. How did Ferdinand and Isabella create unity out of the many disparate principalities in Spain -- and what role did Christianity play for them in creating a national identity ? b. Which church institution, re-organized as a weapon of force and punishment, did the royal couple find particularly useful for creating political unity ? c. Since Ferdinand and Isabella effectively removed the Christian Church in Spain from the control of the Popes, what kind of church did they create, and why did the Popes at this time even allow this happen ?

a. unity thru religion: to be Christian is to be Spanish, to be Spanish is to be Christian; b. the Inquisition (the investigative council of the church); it became a feared instrument of royal power, hence its name: "the SPANISH Inquisition", c. they created a "national church" (meaning, the church is under the control of the government [the state], not under the Pope)/this was the time of the Borgia Pope (Alexander VI), who was willing to sell anything for large sums of money

16. What was "the War of the Roses", and which king ended this civil war ? What was the name of the new dynasty he established ?

an English civil war between two branches of the royal family: the House of Lancaster (red rose in its coat of arms) vs the House of York (white); Henry VII; tudor dynasty

13. Cosimo de'Medici established a new Platonic Academy in Florence --- what was the purpose of its founding -- that is, what prestige was it supposed to bring to Florence ? What was Neo-Platonism in this context (for example, what did Pico della Mirandola strive to do in his 900 Theses ?)

an academy of scholarship and learning > Florence as the new Athens the 900 Theses: reconcile Plato's philosophy with Christianity

I. The AGE of ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM 3. Frederick the Great and Empress Maria Theresa : a. What country did Frederick rule, what city was its center, and what was his dynastic (family) name ? b. In what ways did Frederick the Great embody the concept of "enlightened absolutism" ? How was this different from Louis XIV's concept of royalty ? c. Name at least 3 famous composers connected with the court of Frederick the Great (also known as Frederick II von Hohenzollern). Which instrument did Frederick play? Did Frederick compose music ? d. What was Maria Theresa's dynastic name, which country did she rule, and which city was its main capital ? e. Which famous composer, as a child, played for Empress Maria Theresa, and what instrument did his famous father play ? f. Frederick's miraculous victories in the Seven Years' War ensured him fame as one of the greatest generals of the 1700s. His country, PRUSSIA, thereby also became one of the 5 Great Powers in Europe. Which countries were now these "5 Great Powers" ? g. Especially in the German principalities, the rulers sponsored which art as a part of the "glory, honor, and majesty" of their courts ?

b. He believed that Reason should be the guide in governance; and he despised religions, which he considered little more than superstitions. He sought to improve life for his people ("I must make my people happy") Unlike Louis XIV ("I am the state"), Frederick said instead "I am the first servant of the state" > reinforcing the concept of the IMPERSONAL state —- the state is not embodied by a person, but by the LAW which is higher than the king. f. Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, Russia g. They fostered music especially, hence the great flourishing of music in the German regions (the Holy Roman Empire, often called "Germany") in the 1700s and 1800s.

3. By 1400, to which periods of ancient history did the term "classical antiquity" now refer (as is still the case today) ?

greek and roman

14. According to Pico della Mirandola, what does the human individual have the liberty to do, and what does this have to do with "the dignity of man" ? What Renaissance conception of truth did Mirandola hold that allowed him to draw upon Arabic (Islamic) and Persian traditions as well as Jewish and Christian ones for his essay on the dignity of man?

man can choose his own place: sink to be worse than beasts, or rise to be equal to angels (in intellectual and spiritual understanding) — thus, the great dignity possible to man (the human individual); the same truth echoes in all cultures

9. Which famous 19th-century Russian composer wrote Souvenir de Florence ?

tchaikovsky

14. Which famous aristocratic southern German family made the position of Holy Roman Emperor almost hereditary ? In which year was the Holy Roman Empire abolished and by whom ? Nevertheless, this family retained the title of emperor from 1438 until which year ? What was the name of their dynastic lands ?

the Habsburg Family; 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte; 1918; Austria and Tyrol *

6. What was the function of the Elector Princes in the Holy Roman Empire ? What was (and to a degree still is) the prominent dynamic of the Holy Roman Empire then and of Germany today — centralization or de-centralization ?

they elect the holy roman emperor

6. What did Pope Julius II decide to do with Constantine's now ancient St. Peter's Basilica ?

to tear it down and build a new and grander basilica

25. What 2 major developments occurred under the reign of Queen Anne ?

two party system: whigs and tories

1. What nickname did Elizabeth of England give herself, and why is she famous — that is, what happens to England (in culture and in power) under her rule ? Which region in North America is named after her ?

virgin queen; virginia