Western Civ Midterm

Smolny

Russia's first educational institute for women, established under Catherine the Great's rule.

Maria Theresa sent her foreign policy to France to secure an Alliance to enable her as Austria's monarch to ______________.

reclaim Silesia

Which of the following was NOT a goal of Humanism?

to support practical, pre-professional and scientific studies for job preparation

William Harvey is an English physician known for ________________________.

his contributions in heart and blood movement, including quantifying blood flow in the body

The innovative techniques that make Leonardo's work unique include all of the following EXCEPT:

his realistic depiction of landscape

Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed

the natural world and human emotions.

Catherine the Great's reforms were ultimately fell short of her intentions by which of these considerations?

the need to placate the nobility

Pugachev's Rebellion

A 1773-75 revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762.

Herrian

Architectural style developed in Spain in the 16th century, under the reign of Philip II.

What was the difference in Portugal's motivations of the Atlantic Exploration from 1415-1488 and the Indian Exploration from 1497-1542?

Atlantic Exploration - expanding Christianity; Indian Exploration - finding a sea route to Asia

Gallicanism

Belief that popular civil authority, i.e., the state's authority over the Catholic Church is comparable to the Pope's.

Coup of 18 Brumaire

Bloodless coup by Napoleon to overthrow the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate in November 1799.

Leviathan

Book by Thomas Hobbes published in 1651 concerns the structure of society and legitimate government argues for a social contract theory and rule by an absolute sovereign.

Which chemist made progress by fact-finding followed by controlled experimentation in his field?

Boyle

Committee of Public Safety

Committee created in April 1793 by the French National Convention to form a de facto executive government during the Reign of Terror.

State of nature

Concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories, and international law to denote hypothetical conditions about what lives of people might have been like before societies formed.

In painting, Michelangelo is renowned for the ceiling and Last Judgement of the Sistine Chapel, where he depicted which of the following?

Creation, the Downfall of Man, the Promise of Salvation, and the Genealogy of Christ

Define 'humanism'

Cultural and intellectual movement characterized by attention to Classical culture and promotion of vernacular texts

Of the choices given, which best describes Botticelli's style?

Curvilinear

Which of the following statements about Michelangelo's "David" is true?

David" is larger than life size AND the sculpture was intended to be placed on the exterior of the Duomo

Tonnage and Poundage

Duties and taxes every tun (cask) of imported wine and every pound weight of merchandise exported or imported to England with all proceeds going to the King for life.

Edict of Nantes

Edict by King Henry IV of France in 1598 granting Huguenots substantial rights, despite France being a mostly Catholic nation.

Kholops

Feudally dependent persons in Russia with legal status close to serfs but in reality closest to slaves.

Who was known as the "Father of Humanism"?

Francesco Petrarch

Why was Columbus arrested in 1500 and supplanted from his posts as Viceroy and Governor of the Indies?

He was said to be governing tyrannically; a number of returned settlers accused him of mismanagement

What was remarkable about Marco Polo's travels across Eurasia by land?

He was the first European to leave a detailed record of his voyage and introduce Europe to Asia

Jure Uxoris

Latin term that meaning "by right of (his) wife" used to refer to a title of nobility held by a man because his wife holds it in her own right.

Written by Voltaire, ________ traced the progress of world civilization in a universal context, thereby rejecting both nationalism and the traditional Christian frame of Reference.

Letters on the English

Ancien Régime

Monarchic-aristocratic, social, and political system established in Europe from the 15th to the 18th century.

Feuillants

Political group of monarchists and reactionaries who sat on the right of the Legislative Assembly of 1791. Formed when left-wing Jacobins split between moderates and radicals.

_________ came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought.

Politics

What is the definition of the word Renaissance?

Rebirth

Serfdom

Status of many peasants under feudalism as a condition of bondage developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe.

Dauphin

Title given to the heir of the French throne from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830. The word is French for dolphin

Science of Man

Topic in Hume's 18th century Treatise on Human Nature, expands facets of human nature, including senses, impressions, ideas,

Council of Ancients

Upper house of French legislature during the period commonly known as the Directory, from August 1795 until November 1799.

Gabelle

Very unpopular tax on salt in France that established during the mid-14th century and lasting until 1946.

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

A 1792 essay by Mary Wollstonecraft that argues women should have an education commensurate with their position in society.

Arianism

A Christian belief that asserts that Jesus Christ is the Son of God who was created by God the Father at a point in time, is distinct from the Father, and is therefore subordinate to the Father.

Divine Right of Kings

A political and religious doctrine asserting that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority but only the will of God.

Brunswick Manifesto

A proclamation issued by Duke Charles William Ferdinand commander of an Austrian and Prussian Allied Army in July 1792, to the people of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition. It threatened dire consequences if the French royal family were harmed.

Pick the best conclusion for the following statement: 'The arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication which permanently altered the structure of society. Some of these societal effects were____

A sharp increase in literacy plus unrestricted and widespread circulation of information and ideas

Empiricism

A theory that states that knowledge comes only, or primarily, from sensory experience.

Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686

A treaty between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth signed in Moscow securing Russia's possession of Ukraine including Kiev.

What characterizes the style of Renaissance literature?

Adoption of a humanist philosophy and Greco-Roman influences from classical literature

Explain how the Renaissance influenced culture and politics in early modern Europe

All of these answers

How did the city states of Northern Italy become so powerful during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance?

All of these answers

Botticelli's "Birth of Venus" is based on which concept most explicitly related to subject matter?

Allegory

How was Columbus received upon returning to Spain after his first voyage to the Americas?

As a hero; he displayed his findings of the trip to the Spanish court

Copernicus was the astronomer credited with founding the field of modern astronomy. However, why might he NOT be considered a true revolutionary in astronomy?

As a strong Catholic, his beliefs prevented him to committing fully to heliocentric model

Heliocentric

Astronomical model developed by Copernicus in 1543, that puts the sun near the center of the universe and motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths.

What is Dante's best known work? It is a poem that describes travels through the three realms of the dead—Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise—accompanied by the Latin poet Virgil

Divina Commedia

Russia made what great invisible gain from the outcome of the Seven Years' War

Elimination of French influence in Poland.

Scientific Revolution

Emergence of modern science with developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transforming society's views about nature.

William Harvey

English that was first to describe the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.

Mannerism

Exaggerated qualities of proportion, balance, and ideal beauty often resulting in asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant art.

What was reaffirmed during the Scientific Revolution as being integral to the scientific method?

Experimentation and empiricism

Huguenots

French Protestant denomination inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s.

Carib Expulsion

French-led ethnic cleansing that terminated most of the population in 1660 from present-day Martinique.

Winter Palace

From 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs in Saint Petersburg.

The Sistine Ceiling program was based on which of the following?

Genesis, from the Old Testament

Collegia

Government departments in Imperial Russia established in 1717 by Peter the Great. The departments were housed in Saint Petersburg.

Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?

Greek Studies

Which of the following was one of Kepler's revolutionary ideas?

He declared that the planets, including the Earth, revolve around a stationary sun in ellipses

What is Andreas Versailius best known for?

His books on anatomy and detailed drawings of the human body

Declaration of Pillnitz

Joint statement issued in August near Dresden (Saxony) by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg (and HRE) Emperor Leopold II, Queen Marie Antoinette's Antoinette of France's brother. Declared joint support for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution.

Which of the following were techniques used by Ambroise Pare for the treatment of wounds?

Ligatures of arteries for amputated limbs

The Treaties of Paris and Fontainebleau formally recognized the surrender of territory in North America that included __________ from France to _____________.

Louisiana | Spain

Which Northern Italian family became exceptionally powerful and wealthy, virtually taking over the city of Florence and eventually controlling much of the banking and commercial trading in Europe?

Medici

Which of the following most accurately describes a polyptych?

Multi-paneled

Council of Trent

One of the Catholic Church's most important councils prompted by the Protestant Reformation.

Reconquista

Period when Iberian Peninsula was conquered by the Muslim Umayyads i the 710s, until the fall Granada to C Christian forces in 1492.

Diplomatic Revolution

Reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. Austria went from ally of Britain to ally of France. Prussia became an ally of Britain.

Which statement best summarizes Rousseau's writings about the role of women in society?

Rousseau's traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles.

Treaty of Fontainebleau

Secret agreement of 1762 following last battle of French and Indian War in North America in which France ceded Louisiana to Spain.

Reductionism

Several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between theories, "reducing" one idea to another, more basic one.

What were the most precious commodities traded between Asia and China, and Europe in the Middle Ages?

Silks and spices

Estates of the realm

Social hierarchy used in Christian Europe from medieval period to early modern times in Europe. Best-known system is the three-estate system used in France until the French Revolution: Clergy (the First Estate), Nobility (the Second Estate), and Commoners (the Third Estate).

Humanists of the early Renaissance were most closely associated with which endeavor?

Studying Greek and Roman texts

Humors

System of medicine developed during Enlightenment stating that fluids excess or deficiency of fluids indirectly influence their temperament and health and are called ________.

Habeas Corpus

Term from Latin meaning "You may have the body".

Which of the following was NOT a reason why science advanced away from medieval ideas to experimentation and empiricism?

The Church became willing to accept new scientific methods

Adam Smith published _______________ often considered the first work on modern economics.

The Wealth of Nations

What caused the mass migration of so many artists, scholars, and scientists from the Byzantine Empire to Italy in the mid thirteenth century?

The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.

Asiento

The permission given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell people as slaves to the Spanish colonies, between 1543 and 1834.

Consanguinity

The quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person.

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties ending the 30 Years' War for the HRE and the 80 Years' War for Spain both concluding in 1648.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, in 1555, officially ending the religious struggle between the two groups and making the legal division of Christendom permanent.

Treaty of Hubertusburg

Treaty in 1763 signed by Prussia, Austria, and Saxony. Together with the Treaty of Paris, it marked the end of the Seven Years' War.

Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. To what extent were his writings influential?

Very influential; he is considered a founder of modern political science and political ethics

Define 'Machiavellinism'.

Widely used term characterizing the unscrupulous politicians Machiavelli described in The Prince

Instrument of Government

Constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland drafted in 1653 and was the first written constitution in England.

Of the following achievements, which are attributed to physicist Isaac Newton?

Establishing a clear distinction between "natural philosophy" and "physical science"

Flour War

Wave of riots from April to May 1775 in France following an increase in grain prices and bread prices. Riots started after the police withheld grain from the royal stores because of poor harvests.

The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.

political and social elites of the Old Regime

Robern Campin, Jan Van Eyck, and Rogier Van de Weyden showed similarities in their work through their ________.

realistic portrayals

Which of the following descriptions accurately captures elements of High Renaissance Italian art?

sfumato and chiaroscuro, secular themes, the accurate representation of figures in space

The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the _____________________ Enlightenment.

social

Joseph II of Austria ________.

sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry