Western Civilization exam 1
Topic in Hume's 18th century Treatise on Human Nature, expands facets of human nature, including senses, impressions, ideas, imagination, passions, morality, justice, and society.
Science of man
Status of many peasants under feudalism as a condition of bondage developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe.
Serfdom
Upper house of French legislature during the period commonly known as the Directory, from August 1795 until November 1799.
Council of Ancients
Russia's first educational institute for women, established under Catherine the Great's rule.
Smolny
A 1792 essay by Mary Wollstonecraft that women should have an education commensurate with their position in society.
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
How was Columbus received upon returning to Spain after his first voyage to the Americas? A.As a hero; he displayed his findings of the trip to the Spanish court B.The court received him with annoyance, as Columbus had promised to return with more riches C.He was arrested and supplanted from his post of Viceroy and Governor of the Indies D.He was brought before the King for not maintaining friendly relations with natives of South America
A
Humanists of the early Renaissance were most closely associated with which endeavor? A.Studying Greek and Roman texts B.Translating the New Testament from Hebrew to Latin C.Studying the Old Testament D.Interpreting the Gospels
A
What is Dante's best known work? It is a poem that describes travels through the three realms of the dead—Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise—accompanied by the Latin poet Virgil A.Divina Commedia B.The Prince C.The Renaissance Man D.La Vita Nuova
A
What was reaffirmed during the Scientific Revolution as being integral to the scientific method? A.Experimentation and empiricism B.Typing up all scientific notes at the end of the day C.Getting church approval of scientific work D.Working in groups of 10 scientists
A
Which Northern Italian family became exceptionally powerful and wealthy, virtually taking over the city of Florence and eventually controlling much of the banking and commercial trading in Europe? A.Medici B.Visconti C.Ghibelline D.Borgia
A
Monarchic-aristocratic, social, and political system established in Europe from the 15th to the 18th century.
Ancien Régime
A Christian belief that asserts that Jesus Christ is the Son of God who was created by God the Father at a point in time, is distinct from the Father, and is therefore subordinate to the Father.
Arianism
Catherine the Great's reforms were ultimately fell short of her intentions by which of these considerations? A.the vastness of Russia B.the need to placate the nobility C.the expense of war with Austria D.a number of religious uprisings
B
Explain how the Renaissance influenced culture and politics in early modern Europe A.Via the development of conventions of diplomacy and the spread of humanism B.All of these answers C.With widespread educational reform, including reliance on scientific observation D.Through a development in artistic style and the rise of polymaths such as Da Vinci and Michelangelo
B
In painting, Michelangelo is renowned for the ceiling and Last Judgement of the Sistine Chapel, where he depicted which of the following? A.David and Goliath, the Downfall of Man, the Promise of Salvation, and Sodom and Gomorrah B.Creation, the Downfall of Man, the Promise of Salvation, and the Genealogy of Christ C.Creation, the Twelve Apostles, the Promise of Salvation, and the Genealogy of Christ D.Creation, the Downfall of Man, the Promise of Salvation, and Sodom and Gomorrah
B
Maria Theresa sent her foreign policy to France to secure an Alliance to enable her as Austria's monarch to ______________. A.support her claim to become Empress of the Holy Roman Empire B.reclaim Silesia C.gain their support to invade Northern Italy and Corsica D.prevent Prussia from invading Bavaria
B
The Treaties of Paris and Fontainebleau formally recognized the surrender of territory in North America that included __________ from France to _____________. A.Canada | Russia B.Louisiana | Spain C.Manila | Portugal D.Jamaica | Spain
B
A proclamation issued by Duke Charles William Ferdinand commander of an Austrian and Prussian Allied Army in July 1792, to the people of Paris, France during the War of the First Coalition. It threatened dire consequences if the French royal family were harmed.
Brunswick Manifesto
Adam Smith published _______________ often considered the first work on modern economics. A.Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth B.The Economic Transactions of Modern Europe C.The Wealth of Nations D.The Wealth of Europe in the Age of Discovery
C
Copernicus was the astronomer credited with founding the field of modern astronomy. However, why might he NOT be considered a true revolutionary in astronomy? A.He withdrew his views after receiving letters from other scientists who disagreed with him B.He only worked for the first few years of his life, before declaring his views invalid C.As a strong Catholic, his beliefs prevented him to committing fully to helicentric model D.He chose to remain anonymous in his publication On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
C
Define 'humanism' A.Cultural movement of the 'Renaissance Man' B.Educational movement focused on promoting schooling for all women C.Cultural and intellectual movement characterized by attention to Classical culture and promotion of vernacular texts D.Intellectual movement focused on the works of Dante
C
Bloodless coup by Napoleon to overthrow the Directory, replacing it with the French Consulate in November 1799.
Coup of 18 Brumaire
Which chemist made progress by fact-finding followed by controlled experimentation in his field? A.Isaac Newton B.Francis Bacon C.Robert Boyle D.Robert Hooke
C
Which of the following most accurately describes a polyptych? A.Screen B.Multi-colored C.Multi-paneled D.Single-paneled
C
Which of the following was one of Kepler's revolutionary ideas? A.He showed that stars remain stationary in space, whilst planets rotate around the earth B.He proved the existence of epicycles C.He declared that the planets, including the Earth, revolve around a stationary sun in ellipses D.He showed that celestial orbits are perfectly circular
C
Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance? A.Byzantine Science B.Spartan military strategies C.Greek Studies
C
Government departments in Imperial Russia established in 1717 by Peter the Great. The departments were housed in Saint Petersburg.
Collegia
Committee created in April 1793 by the French National Convention to form a de facto executive government during the Reign of Terror.
Committee of Public Safety
Botticelli's "Birth of Venus" is based on which concept most explicitly related to subject matter? A.Portraiture B.Classical sculpture C.Religious narrative D.Allegory
D
Define 'Machiavellinism'. A.Different treatment of people based on their political beliefs B.Disadvantage or unequal opportunities arising from cultural adoption of Machiavelli's beliefs C.The belief that Machiavelli's writings are superior to other political theorists D.Widely used term characterizing the unscrupulous politicians Machiavelli described in The Prince
D
How did the city states of Northern Italy become so powerful during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance? A.The level of development in Northern Europe, stimulated by trade, allowed it to prosper B.The main trade routes from the east arrived in the ports of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice C.Modern commercial infrastructure developed and Florence became the centre of this financial industry D.All of these answers
D
Joseph II of Austria ________. A.increased the tax burden on the peasantry B.built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomy C.reduced the serfs to slaves D.sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantry
D
What is the definition of the word Renaissance? A.Hotels B.The Arts C.Scientific Advances D.Rebirth
D
Which of the following was NOT a reason why science advanced away from medieval ideas to experimentation and empiricism? A.Collaboration between mathematical and astronomical communities B.Groups like the British Royal Society allowed for academic publishing and the spread of ideas C.Access to a large bank of Greek, Middle Eastern and European work to build new ideas D.The Church became willing to accept new scientific methods
D
Who was known as the "Father of Humanism"? A.Guarino da Verona B.Dante Aligheri C.Giovanni Boccaccio D.Francesco Petrarch
D
Title given to the heir of the French throne from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830. The word is French for dolphin.
Dauphin
A theory that states that knowledge comes only, or primarily, from sensory experience.
Empiricism
Astronomical model developed by Copernicus in 1543, that puts the sun near the center of the universe and motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths.
Heliocentric
System of medicine developed during Enlightenment stating that fluids excess or deficiency of fluids indirectly influence their temperament and health and are called ________.
Humors
Constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland drafted in 1653 and was the first written constitution in England.
Instrument of government
A 1773-75 revolt in a series of popular rebellions that took place in Russia after Catherine II seized power in 1762.
Pugachev's revolution
Concept used in moral and political philosophy, religion, social contract theories, and international law to denote hypothetical conditions about what lives of people might have been like before societies formed.
State of nature
Duties and taxes every tun (cask) of imported wine and every pound weight of merchandise exported or imported to England with all proceeds going to the King for life.
Tonnage and poundage
Term from Latin meaning "You may have the body".
Habeas Corpus
The Sistine Ceiling program was based on which of the following? A.Genesis, from the Old Testament B.The Passion, from the New Testament C.Exodus, from the Old Testament D.The Life of Christ
A
The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the _____________________ Enlightenment. A.social B.religious thought modified by the C.scientific advancements developed during the D.political philosophies developed during the
A
The innovative techniques that make Leonardo's work unique include all of the following EXCEPT: A.his realistic depiction of landscape B.his innovative use of the human form in figurative composition C.his use of <em>sfumato</em> D.his use of subtle gradation of tone
A
The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________. A.political and social elites of the Old Regime B.nobles at court C.monarchy D.peasantry
A
Wave of riots from April to May 1775 in France following an increase in grain prices and bread prices. Riots started after the police withheld grain from the royal stores because of poor harvests.
Flour War
Very unpopular tax on salt in France that established during the mid-14th century and lasting until 1946.
Gabelle
Belief that popular civil authority, i.e., the state's authority over the Catholic Church is comparable to the Pope's.
Gallicanism
What was remarkable about Marco Polo's travels across Eurasia by land? A.He was the first European to leave a detailed record of his voyage and introduce Europe to Asia B.He created a description of the world and a world map called the Tabula Rogeriana C.He was the first European to sail from China to Japan. D.He helped with the Pax Mongolica, a treaty permitting trade and travel across Eurasia
A
Which of the following descriptions accurately captures elements of High Renaissance Italian art? A.sfumato and chiaroscuro, secular themes, the accurate representation of figures in space B.sfumato and chiaroscuro, religious themes, the accurate representation of figures in space C.sfumato and chiaroscuro, secular themes, elongated figures in illogical spaces D.sfumato and chiaroscuro, religious themes, elongated figures in illogical spaces
A
Which of the following was NOT a goal of Humanism? A.to support practical, pre-professional and scientific studies for job preparation B.to create a citizenry able to speak and write with eloquence C.to realize humanity's potential for achievement D.to revive the cultural legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity
A
William Harvey is an English physician known for ________________________. A.his contributions in heart and blood movement, including quantifying blood flow in the body B.developing an understanding of joints and movement C.his studies of the brain and neuroscience D.understanding lungs and respiration in the human body
A
Written by Voltaire, ________ traced the progress of world civilization in a universal context, thereby rejecting both nationalism and the traditional Christian frame of Reference. A.Letters on the English B.Candide C.Optimism D.The Essay
A
_________ came to play a leading role in Enlightenment discourse and thought. A.Politics B.Science C.Religion D.Liberty
A
The permission given by the Spanish government to other countries to sell people as slaves to the Spanish colonies, between 1543 and 1834.
Asiento
Which of the following were techniques used by Ambroise Pare for the treatment of wounds? A.Design of a chair with wheels - a prototype of a modern wheelchair. B.Ligatures of arteries for amputated limbs C.An anesthetic to render a patient unconscious during surgery D.Sealing wounds with honey, spider webs and moss.
B
Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. To what extent were his writings influential? A.He was only influential as an artist for his comedies, carnival songs, and poetry B.Limited influence; his writings were only read and distributed in Italy C.Very influential; he is considered a founder of modern political science and political ethics D.He was influential whilst alive, but his legacy did not extend beyond the 15th and 16th centuries
C
Robern Campin, Jan Van Eyck, and Rogier Van de Weyden showed similarities in their work through their ________. A.advancements in watercolor technique B.abstract representations C.realistic portrayals D.advancements in fresco technique
C
What characterizes the style of Renaissance literature? A.Influences from Islamic writings B.Styles adopted from Celtic writings of the Early Middle Ages C.Adoption of a humanist philosophy and Greco-Roman influences from classical literature D.Styles and writings adapted from the Christian Orthodox Church
C
Book by Thomas Hobbes published in 1651 concerns the structure of society and legitimate government argues for a social contract theory and rule by an absolute sovereign.
Leviathan
What was the difference in Portugal's motivations of the Atlantic Exploration from 1415-1488 and the Indian Exploration from 1497-1542? A.No difference in motivations; both expeditions were aimed at Portugal spreading Christianity B.Atlantic Exploration - mapping the African coast; Indian Exploration - finding a sea route to Asia C.Atlantic Exploration - expanding Christianity; Indian Exploration - finding a sea route to Asia D.Atlantic Exploration - expanding Christianity; Indian Exploration - setting up colonies
C
French-led ethnic cleansing that terminated most of the population in 1660 from present-day Martinique.
Carib Expulsion
The quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person.
Consanguinity
One of the Catholic Church's most important councils prompted by the Protestant Reformation.
Council of Trent
What were the most precious commodities traded between Asia and China, and Europe in the Middle Ages? A.Water and bread B.Coffee and tea C.Silver and gold D.Silks and spices
D
Which of the following statements about Michelangelo's "David" is true? A.The sculpture was intended to be placed on the exterior of the Duomo. B.None of these answers C."David" is larger than life size. D."David" is larger than life size AND the sculpture was intended to be placed on the exterior of the Duomo
D
Joint statement issued in August near Dresden (Saxony) by Frederick William II of Prussia and the Habsburg (and HRE) Emperor Leopold II, Queen Marie Antoinette's Antoinette of France's brother. Declared joint support for King Louis XVI of France against the French Revolution.
Declaration of Pillnitz
A political and religious doctrine asserting that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority but only the will of God.
Divine right of kings
Architectural style developed in Spain in the 16th century, under the reign of Philip II.
Herrian
Exaggerated qualities of proportion, balance, and ideal beauty often resulting in asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant art.
Mannerism
Secret agreement of 1762 following last battle of French and Indian War in North America in which France ceded Louisiana to Spain.
Treaty of Fontainebleau
Treaty in 1763 signed by Prussia, Austria, and Saxony. Together with the Treaty of Paris, it marked the end of the Seven Years' War.
Treaty of Hubertusburg
Of the choices given, which best describes Botticelli's style? A.Curvilinear B.Geometric C.Volumetric D.Asymmetry
A
Pick the best conclusion for the following statement: 'The arrival of mechanical movable type printing introduced the era of mass communication which permanently altered the structure of society. Some of these societal effects were____ A.Authors and poets began to write more in the hope of gaining popularity through publishing B.A sharp increase in literacy plus unrestricted and widespread circulation of information and ideas C.The publishing industry began charging fees to print the books of first time authors D.An increase in the popularity of the Catholic Church and Church Masses
B
Of the following achievements, which are attributed to physicist Isaac Newton? A.Establishing a clear distinction between "natural philosophy" and "physical science" B.Developed the analytic method improving upon the work of Ptolemy C.Established a formula to make gold from lead D.Composing a set of six rules for scientific experiments stated in his Principia
A
Russia made what great invisible gain from the outcome of the Seven Years' War A.Elimination of French influence in Poland. B.Its claim on territory in North America over the Spanish and French. C.Retreat of Austria from Italy and the Balkans. D.A treaty with Great Britain recognizing claims to territory in Northern India.
A
Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed A.religious figures without faces. B.small scenes in the margins of text. C.sacred images painted on wood. D.the natural world and human emotions.
D
What caused the mass migration of so many artists, scholars, and scientists from the Byzantine Empire to Italy in the mid thirteenth century? A.The spread of the Black Death (Plague). B.Invasion of the Byzantine Empire by the Mongols. C.The end of the Hundred Years War. D.The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks.
D
What is Andreas Versailius best known for? A.Design of artificial limbs B.Sealing wounds with turpentine, egg yolk and oil of roses C.Use of antiseptics when treating patients D.His books on anatomy and detailed drawings of the human body
D
Which statement best summarizes Rousseau's writings about the role of women in society? A.Rousseau's views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries. B.Rousseau's ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers. C.Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women. D.Rousseau's traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender roles.
D
Why was Columbus arrested in 1500 and supplanted from his posts as Viceroy and Governor of the Indies? A.For claiming he saw land first on his initial voyage, when in fact it was a member of his crew B.For enslaving natives at the disapproval of the Spanish Crown C.He lost several expensive ships to shipwrecks and was said to be an incompetent sailor D.He was said to be governing tyrannically; a number of returned settlers accused him of mismanagement
D
Reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between War of Austrian Succession and Seven Years' War. Austria went from ally of Britain to ally of France. Prussia became an ally of Britain.
Diplomatic revolution
Edict by King Henry IV of France in 1598 granting Huguenots substantial rights, despite France being a mostly Catholic nation.
Edict of Nantes
Social hierarchy used in Christian Europe from medieval period to early modern times in Europe. Best-known system is the three-estate system used in France until the French Revolution: Clergy (the First Estate), Nobility (the Second Estate), and Commoners (the Third Estate).
Estates of the realm
A treaty between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth signed in Moscow securing Russia's possession of Ukraine including Kiev.
Eternal peace treaty of 1686
Political group of monarchists and reactionaries who sat on the right of the Legislative Assembly of 1791. Formed when left-wing Jacobins split between moderates and radicals.
Feuillants
French Protestant denomination inspired by the writings of John Calvin in the 1530s.
Huguenots
Latin term that meaning "by right of (his) wife" used to refer to a title of nobility held by a man because his wife holds it in her own right.
Jure Uxoris
Feudally dependent persons in Russia with legal status close to serfs but in reality closest to slaves.
Kholops
Treaty between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League, in 1555, officially ending the religious struggle between the two groups and making the legal division of Christendom permanent.
Peace of Augsburg
Treaties ending the 30 Years' War for the HRE and the 80 Years' War for Spain both concluding in 1648.
Peace of Westphalia
Period when Iberian Peninsula was conquered by the Muslim Umayyads i the 710s, until the fall Granada to Christian forces in 1492.
Reconquista
Several related but distinct philosophical positions regarding the connections between theories, "reducing" one idea to another, more basic one
Reductionism
Emergence of modern science with developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transforming society's views about nature.
Scientific revolution
A world war from 1756 - 1763 involving most European great except the Ottoman Empire, over five continent N/S America, West Africa, and Asia. Two coalitions, Great Britain on one side and France on the other.
Sven years war
English that was first to describe the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.
William Harvey
From 1732 to 1917, the official residence of the Russian monarchs in Saint Petersburg.
Winter palace
