Western Civilization II: Chapter 17

Published travel accounts of different cultures presented an image of "natural man" who was happier than many Europeans. saw the origin of the idea of the "noble savage." led to the development of cultural relativism. resulted in religious skepticism, as Europeans realized the existence of a variety of perceptions of the divine. All of these are correct.

All of these are correct

A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with Voltaire. Diderot. Montesquieu. Hume. Beccaria.

Beccaria

The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was Voltaire. Denis Diderot. David Hume. Cesare Beccaria. Bernard de Fontenelle.

Bernard de Fontenelle

The author of The Progress of the Human Mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was Condorcet. Holbach. Quesnay. Arouet. Danton.

Condorcet

In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements? Scotland and Ireland France and Austria Italy and Spain Sweden and Poland England and Germany

England and Germany

Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations was a forceful rejection of the doctrine of laissez-faire. True False

False

Denis Diderot was an ardent Christian. True False

False

Mozart's most famous piece was his Saint Matthew's Passion. True False

False

The philosopher who proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment as "Dare to know!" was Immanuel Kant. Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Voltaire. Baron d'Holbach. Denis Diderot.

Immanuel Kant.

The French painter whose work represented the continuing appeal of Neoclassicism was Antoine Watteau. Balthasar Neumann. Jacques-Louis David. Rembrandt. Caspar David Friedrich.

Jacques-Louis David

Who said that individuals would be forced to be free if they did not obey the general will? Baron Paul d'Holbach Jean-Jacques Rousseau Denis Diderot Francois Quesnay Voltaire

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The eighteenth-century composer considered to be the most innovative who composed the opera The Marriage of Figaro was Bach. Handel. Haydn. Beethoven. Mozart.

Mozart

The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was Geneva. Berlin. London. Vienna. Paris.

Paris

Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true? Salons were literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed. As hostesses of salons, women were able to influence artistic and literary taste. Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials. The reputation of a salon depended upon the men a hostess was able to attract. The perception that women exerted undue influence on politics led to the decline of salons.

Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials.

Voltaire was the author of Treatise on Toleration. Persian Letters Spirit of the Laws. Principia None of these are correct.

Treatise on Toleration

"Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith. True False

True

Although many European rulers desired to emulate the size and grandiosity of Versailles, they usually adopted the Baroque-Rococo architectural style rather than the French classical style of Louis XIV's palace. True False

True

John Locke's tabula rasa refers to the temple of reason. a heart of love. the image of God. a blank mind. the table of tradition.

a blank mind

According to The Social Contract, the "general will" was a meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason. derived from the law of supply and demand. a license to do as one pleased. a social consensus to which the individual must bow. identical to Locke's social contract.

a social consensus to which the individual must bow

A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was beer. whiskey. wine. mead. gin.

gin

According to Rousseau, the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes was divine-right monarchy. marriage. religion. scientific experimentation. private property.

private property

Johann Sebastian Bach was best known for his cantatas and motets. became a close German confidant of Voltaire. produced religious music as a way to worship God. was the major Catholic composer of the seventeenth century. composed Messiah

produced religious music as a way to worship God

Voltaire was best known for his criticism of the German monarchical system. the separation of church and state. religious intolerance. Plato and the Greeks. Chinese civilization.

religious intolerance

In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant, declined in numbers and influence. still played a major role in social and spiritual areas. were responsible for the dramatic rise in literacy. had not changed much in two centuries. were legally separated from any state or government connections.

still played a major role in social and spiritual areas

The French philosophes mostly included people from the nobility and the middle class. the lower class and the lower middle class. aristocracy and nobility. urban artisans and craftsmen. the universities.

the nobility and the middle class

The French philosophes flourished in an atmosphere of government support. sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines. were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality. supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own. were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality

The eighteenth-century English historian Edward Gibbon blamed the downfall of ancient Rome on the pagan religion practices and sexual excesses of the Roman Empire. True False

False

The great scientists of the seventeenth century, such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton, pursued their exploration of science in an explicit attempt to question and undermine religion. True False

False

Deism is the belief that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious. if God exists, he has no interest in the world. God created the universe but does not actively run it a transcendent spirit controls every event. praying matters.

God created the universe but does not actively run it

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire. Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers. the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn. the innovative, secular compositions of Bach. the neoclassical works of Beethoven.

Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire

Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to Christmas. Easter. Lent. Pentecost. All Saints.

Lent

The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was Anne Stuart. Mary Astell. Mary Wollstonecraft. Jane Austin. Maria Cavendish.

Mary Astell

The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by Mary Wollstonecraft. Beatrice Williams. Mary Astell. Princess Amelia of Austria. Maria Cavendish.

Mary Wollstonecraft

John Locke influenced the eighteenth-century Enlightenment through his theory of knowledge and his concept of the tabula rasa. True False

True

Rousseau, whose novel Émile emphasized the heart and sentiment, served as a precursor of the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century. True False

True

True or False: "Pietism" refers to an emphasis on the mystical experience of God as a conduit of faith.

True

True or False: In her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that the Enlightenment was based on the ideal that reason is innate in all human beings, including women.

True

True or False: The French Physiocrats, in their belief in natural economic laws, were harsh critics of economic mercantilism.

True

The religious movement that came to be known as Methodism was founded by Count Nikolaus von Zinzendorf. was particularly popular in the Holy Roman Empire. was critical of emotional mysticism and religious enthusiasm. became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church. All of these are correct.

became a separate and independent sect from the Anglican Church

The purpose of Diderot's Encyclopedia, according to him, was to get the uneducated masses to respect authority. usher in God's kingdom on earth. dispute the claims of science. exacerbate the hedonism of his peers. change the general way of thinking.

change the general way of thinking

By the end of the eighteenth century a trend away from imprisonment and toward capital punishment began. corporal and capital punishment were on the decline. criminal punishments became more cruel as violent crimes increased. the death penalty was abolished in western Europe. None of these are correct.

corporal and capital punishment were on the decline

High culture in eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the enormous impact of the publishing industry. decline of French as an international language. decline of the magazine with the rise of the novel. increased dependency of authors on wealthy patrons. complete freedom of the press.

enormous impact of the publishing industry

The Baroque-Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was confined to France. expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach. evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann. characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power. more severe and mathematical than the Baroque.

evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann

The growth of reading and publishing in the eighteenth century was aided and characterized by the development of private tutors. magazines for the general public. compulsory education for the general public. state investments in free books. libraries.

magazines for the general public

Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers: epic poetry. autobiography. novels. short stories. histories of the Middle Ages

novels

The works of Fontenelle popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion. portray churches as allies of scientific progress. discourage amateur conversations about scientific matters. question the capacity of women to comprehend scientific discourse. advocated the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism because the latter was more liberal.

popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power. the king exercises absolute and unlimited power. power is divided between the three branches of government. the nobility is uninvolved. all government resources are focused on military power.

power is divided between the three branches of government

Rousseau's influential novel, Émile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes: proper child rearing and human education. the best roles for women in making modern society. the necessity of church marriage and reform of church teaching on this sacrament. the abolition of the pope's restrictions on religious practices and the content of sermons. the evils of child abuse.

proper child rearing and human education

Isaac Newton and John Locke created two antagonistic religious systems of thought. provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society. claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly. said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the Scientific Revolution was justified. had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society

Adam Smith believed that government should not interfere in people's economic decisions. set prices across the board to maintain stability. should encourage people to share and help each other. has a responsibility to the people to manage the economy. is not necessary and should be eliminated entirely.

should not interfere in people's economic decisions

An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was Mary Wollstonecraft. Marie Antoinette. Mary Astell. Catherine the Great. the Marquise du Chatelet.

the Marquise du Chatelet

Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life. the rational dismantling of all churches and their competing but empty ideologies. a complete stop to all efforts at the reform of justice. rigorous state control of all forms of education. the establishment of democratic republics throughout Europe.

the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities. the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life. sophism and the mockery of past traditions. a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers. an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.

the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to scientific theism. an abandonment of the scientific method. intellectual stagnation. the formation of several agnostic religious movements. the emergence of the "science of man."

the emergence of the "science of man."

The Rococo artist Antoine Watteau emphasized the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life. the simplicity of rural life. the desperate poverty of cities. the piety of the French clergy. the majesty of French kings.

the pleasure and joy of aristocratic life

The Encyclopedia was a major tool in the attack of conservatives on Enlightenment ideals. was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes. sought to expose the dangers of religious toleration. was subsidized in twelve separate editions by the French government. failed to popularize its contents because its high price restricted its audience.

was a 28-volume compilation of articles by many influential philosophes

Montesquieu's Persian Letters expressed his admiration of Islam and the East. was a translation of a great literary work from ancient Persia. was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy. was first written in Latin but later translated into French. was published first in Italy.

was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy

The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe were assimilated into French society through the unanimous calls of the philosophes for integration. were most persecuted in France and Poland. were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities. won the right to publicly practice their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781. were restricted to ghettos in all European states

were most free in participating in banking and commercial activities in tolerant cities