Western Civilization Since 1500 Final
What was the impact of the First World War?
High cost both in money and lives Huge environmental impact - landscape decimated
What was France's Second Empire, and what was it like?
More limitation of freedoms Elimination of any opposition to Louis Napoleon Government tried to grow economy by investing in other countries and rebuilding Paris
Why was Piedmont-Sardinia poised to lead Italian unification?
Most prosperous of the Italian lands; had a good economy and army
What was "peace, land, and bread"?
Motto of Communist Russia
Who was Louis Napoleon Bonaparte?
Napoleon's nephew; elected as French president in December 1848 by a landslide majority
Did the treaty bring about stability in Europe?
No
Was the Russian army effective?
No
Was the Frankfurt Parliament successful?
No, they failed
When was Armistice Day? what time?
November 11, 1918 at 11 AM
How did Austria-Hungary respond?
Now they had an excuse to go to war with Serbia, so happy but sad
What produced, and what happened during the period of the Paris Commune?
People of Paris rose up after Theirs sent a small dispatchment of troops to retrieve a leftover cannon from Montmarte and formed their own government (Paris Commune) Set up nurseries for children of working women; built barricades Lasted two months until an insider let Thiers' army in
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Plan based on Franco-Prussian war in which they had won very quickly
Who was Count Camillo di Cavour?
Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who did have a great personality and was a leading player in Italian unification
What were the June days?
Rebellion after national workshops were revoked, leading to the seizure of control over part of Paris and later limitation of freedoms
What was the "Black Hand"?
Revolutionary group based in Serbia
What happened in the February Revolution in 1848?
Riots occurred after French Premier Guizot banned a huge banquet planned. Army brought in to quell rioting and keep peace, but ended up firing into the crowd and killing people. People went crazy, stormed buildings, and declared a new republic—the Second Republic.
Who was Kaiser Wilhelm I?
Ruler of Germany, grandson of British queen Victoria
Who was Victor Emmanuel II?
Ruler of Piedmont-Sardinia who did not have a great personality
What happened when revolution spread to other lands in Europe (in Austria, Italian lands, etc.)?
Rulers give concessions to their peoples (e.g., freedom of the press) to try to appease them However, workers and peasants widely gained control Austria - people calmed down when granted concessions but rose up once more when they were taken away Italian lands - Milan ousted ruling Austrians
How was the Western Front different from the Eastern front?
Russian side (Eastern front) had ineffective transportation and communication
What were the banquets in the late 1840s in France?
Secret political meetings
Why is the First Battle of Ypres (October to November 1914) important?
Shows both sides how tough this war would actually be; they would not be home by the end of the year
How did Lenin get into Russia?
Sneaked into Russian via train
What was trench warfare like?
Terrible
What was the siege of Paris like?
Terrible; the French held out for so long they began eating zoo animals
What was "No Man's Land"?
The area of land between trenches
What was attrition?
The method of aiming to maim, wound, or kill as many as possible to force the other side to surrender
What did it mean that "the lamps (were) going out all over Europe"?
The world as they knew it was over and it would never be the same again
Why were the late 1840s called the Hungry Forties?
There was tons of starvation all over Europe, including the Irish Potato Famine
How were the Revolutions of 1848 resolved in Austria?
They failed
How were the Revolutions of 1848 resolved in the Italian lands, especially in the Papal states?
They failed
What was the ultimatum given by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? How long was the deadline?
To accept a list of rules; 48 hours
What side was the US on?
Triple Entente -- British, France, Russia
What Russian Tsar abdicated, when did he do it, and why?
Tsar Nicholas II; was ineffective at commanding the Russian army and believed they could do better if he handed the reigns over to someone else
What did Serbia want to do?
United southern Slavs and become its own independent country
How poorly did Russia perform in the World War I?
Very poorly
What was the German Spring Offensive? Were they successful? Why?
When Germany sent 1.6 million men over trenches all at once, rushing toward British and French, causing their troops to flee Initially successful -- gained 40 miles in 3 days; but ultimately unsucessful
What if the significance of Montmarte, and what is the Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Sacre Coeur)?
Where Paris Commune was held and defeated Basilica of the Sacred Heart was constructed in Montmarte to remind people to be godly
What (and when) was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Ended war between Russia and Germany in March 1918
What was the Ottoman Empire?
Empire over most of the Middle East, eventually dissolves
What were U-Boats? What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
"unterseeboots" - submarines Submarines could attack wherever and whomever
What happened at the Battle of Somme? What was its significance?
1/3 of all British troops were committed to this battle, became one of the bloodiest days in British history (lost more soldiers in the first three days than in fifteen years of fighting Napoleon) First use of tanks
Who was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Archduke of Austria-Hungary
How was Archduke Ferdinand assassinated? Where? When?
Assassinated while in a motorcade with his wife on June 28, 1914
What happened at the Battle of Verdun?
Attrition first implemented
In what month did the Great War begin?
August
Who did Piedmont-Sardinia fight to unify Italy?
Austria
Who did the Ottoman Empire hand the administration of the Balkans over to?
Austria-Hungary
Who was Gavrilo Princip?
Bosnian member of the Black Hand who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand
What powers formed the Triple Entente?
Britain, France, Russia
How did Serbia respond to Archduke Ferdinand's assassination?
By cheering in the streets
What are some of the various explanations for the origins of World War I?
Capitalism - countries will take more land to have more people to sell to, which causes fighting over it Imperialism - fighting over Africa Rivalries - status quo had been shattered Alliances - two sides = eventual war? Arms race/Paranoia - there is a country finally rivaling Britain's dominance
What was the October Revolution?
Communist revolution that overthrew tsarist government
What was the Frankfurt Parliament?
Delegates met at Frankfurt in May 1848 to draw up a constitution for a unified Germany
What wars did Prussia fight to unify Germany, and in what order?
Denmark, Austria, France
What was France's Second Republic, and what was it like?
Economic stability (bountiful harvests—enough to eat and cheaper prices!) Freedoms restricted Universal manhood suffrage revoked
Where was Alsace and Lorraine, what happened to it, and why is it significant?
Ethnically German but had been French for 200 years and spoke French Germany took it back with the Treaty of Frankfurt Source of contention between Germany and France
What were "National Workshops"?
Federally funded programs designed to employ French people (building infrastructure, etc.) --> hugely unsuccessful
What was Gallipoli?
First amphibious attack combining aircraft, navy, submarines, troops, etc.
Who was Lenin?
First leader of Soviet Union
Who was Adolphe Thiers?
First president of the French Third Republic
Who did Piedmont-Sardinia ally with to unify Italy?
France
What were some of the provisions of the treaty?
France got back Alsace and Lorraine Polish Corridor taken from Germany and given to Poland "War Guilt Clause" -- forced Germany to admit they started the war Germany has to pay for the war
What were the French mutinies?
France no longer wanted to go on the offensive in war again, just willing to defend (directly because of atrocities that occurred at Verdun)
How did the victorious powers feel towards Germany?
France was the harshest Americans the most lenient (hadn't lost as much)
What happened at the Battle of Sedan?
French surrendered, Napoleon abdicated
What was the Zimmerman telegraph?
German telegraph to Mexico telling them they should join up with Germany should they enter the war, intercepted by Britain
What side did the Ottoman Empire join on?
Germany
When and why did the US join the war?
Germany attacked Lusitania, killing innocent American passengers Zimmerman telegraph
Why did the British decide to join the war?
Germany entered Belgium, a neutral territory, and England joins to save them
What was the Blank Check?
Germany gave Austria-Hungary a blank check, signifying that they would aid them however they needed to in the war
What powers formed the Dual Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary
Where did William I become Emperor William of Germany?
Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France
Where was the peace treat, the Treaty of Versailles, signed?
Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France
What happened after the failed Revolution of 1905 in Russia?
Important reforms were implemented, like the Duma -- gave slight legislative power to the people
How did the war change things?
Increased use of propaganda Women in the workplace Airplanes -- first for recon, then for bombings Zeppelins
What was the Risorgimento?
Italian unification
