wfsc 335 exam 2 ch 13-17
(CH 13) List and explain anthropogenic threats to coral reef ecosystems.
(1) Enrichment of nutrients (agriculture runoff/sewage) (2) Overfishing of herbivorous fish (3) Agricultural pesticides, oil spills, dredging - degrade reefs (taking soil out to build canals) (4) High atmospheric CO2 - acidify ocean water making CaCO3 deposition difficult (5) Climate change - warmer temperatures kills zooxanthallae
(CH 16) brachial heart
Branchial hearts are myogenic accessory pumps found in coleoid cephalopods that supplement the action of the main, systemic heart. Each consists of a single chamber and they are always paired, being located at the base of the gills. They pump blood through the gills via the afferent branchial veins.
(CH 15) Brachiozoa
Brachiozoa is a grouping of lophophorate animals including Brachiopoda and Phoronida.
(CH 15) What bryozoan secondary metabolite is used to treat cancer?
Bugula neritina, is a source of bryostatin-1 (from bacterial symbiont); Treatment for lymphoma and tumors
(CH 13) Besides digestion, what are the other functions of the gastrovascular cavity?
Cavity lining secretes digestive enzymes = extracellular digestion It expels waste
(CH 13) "sea wasp"
Chironex fleckeri, commonly known as the sea wasp, is a species of extremely venomous box jellyfish found in coastal waters from northern Australia and New Guinea to Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam.
(CH 16) What is the advantage of a planospiral shell versus a conispiral shell?
Coiling - spiral winding of shell has transitioned from planospiral (whorls in single plan) to conispiral (succeeding whorls to the side to allow more compact shell (shifted up and posteriorly))
(CH 16) conispiral
Coiling in 2 planes causing a tapering effect (cone-shaped)
(CH 16) planospiral
Coiling is in a single plane (cinnamon bun)
(CH 17) ammonia
Colorless gas - extremely toxic, cannot be excreted if terrestrial, and would require a lot of water
(CH 17) metamerism
Condition of being composed of serially repeated parts (metameres); serial segmentation.
(CH 13) coral bleaching
Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues. Normally, coral polyps live in an endosymbiotic relationship with these algae, which are crucial for the health of the coral and the reef.
(CH 13) Why are coral reefs limited to shallow marine waters?
Corals need to grow in shallow water where sunlight can reach them. Sediment and plankton can cloud water, which decreases the amount of sunlight that reaches the zooxanthellae.
(CH 17) parapodia
Each of a number of paired muscular bristle-bearing appendages used in locomotion, sensation, or respiration
(CH 16) Describe kleptoplasty in the gastropod Eysia chlorotica.
Elysia chlorotica photosynthesizes using filamentous green algae chloroplasts = kleptoplasy
(CH 17) List the sense organs that assist motile polychaete worms with finding food.
- Statocyst used for orientation and equilibrium - Chemosensory structures (nuchal organs and tentacle). They're like taste buds. They detect chemicals. Slit in epidermis.
(CH 14) What are the general characteristics of the platyzoan clade of animals?
- They lack circulatory or respiratory systems - Have a small size, flat body, and/or parasitic forms
(CH 15) Describe the feeding behavior of an ectoproct (bryozoan. Describe the structure of a bryozoan colony?
- suspension feed with lophophore - Most are colonial with individual members = zooids; secrete a zoecium (exoskeleton) in which they reside
(CH 13) Scyphozoa
Any of a class (Scyphozoa) of cnidarians (such as the sea nettle) that possess a large, conspicuous, sexually-reproducing medusa typically lacking a velum and a very small, usually funnel-shaped, asexually-reproducing polyp
(CH 14) Acanthocephalans are endoparasites of what vertebrate classes? What invertebrates serve as an intermediate host?
Endoparasites of fish, birds, and mammals. Adults in vertebrate intestines; larvae in arthropod, crustaceans, and insects.
(CH 17) epitokes
Epitoky is a process that occurs in many species of polychaete marine worms wherein a sexually immature worm (the atoke) is modified or transformed into a sexually mature worm (the epitoke). Epitokes are pelagic morphs capable of sexual reproduction.
(CH 17) List the two major clades of annelids and how that classification relates to motility. What taxa are included in each clade?
Errantia - "free moving", motile polychaetes "many hair" Sedentaria - tube and burrow dwellers Polychaetes; clitella clade: oligochaetes, hirudinae
(CH 13) GFP
Green Flourescent Protein
(CH 13) Hydra
Hydra are a genus of small, fresh-water organisms that are classified under the phylum Cnidaria.
(CH 17) What forms the hydrostatic skeleton in annelids? What is the function of the hydrostatic skeleton?
Hydrostatic Skeleton - fluid-filled coelom - All except leeches Fill a coelom/body cavity with more fluid, allows for more body support. Serves as the endoskeleton they don't have.
(CH 14) What role do gastrotrichs play in aquatic food webs?
Important component of aquatic food webs (feed on algae, bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes and prey for invertebrate predators
(CH 15) closed circulatory system
In a closed circulatory system, the blood stays within blood vessels. In this way, blood is kept separate from body tissues. This system has a heart that pumps blood through a continuous circulation pattern.
(CH 16) Contrast an open circulatory system with a closed circulatory system.
In closed circulatory systems, the heart pumps blood through vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body, while in an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in the blood vessels, but is pumped into a cavity called a hemocoel.
(CH 15) Why are brachiopods called lamp shells?
In many the pedicel valve is shaped like a classic oil lamp of ancient Greece and Rome, so that brachiopods came to be called "lamp shells."
(CH 15) rhynchocoel
In nemerteans, the dorsal tubular cavity that contains the inverted proboscis. It has no opening to the outside.
(CH 14) What is the selective advantage of parthenogenesis?
It ensures reproduction because it doesn't require mates.
(CH 14) Describe the structure and function of a lophophore.
It is a ciliated tentacle feeding device. Horse-shoe shaped
(CH 14) Describe the structure of trochophore larvae.
It is top shaped (like the toy) with circlet of cilia
(CH 16) Describe the unique tactic by which pocketbook mussel glochidia larvae "hitch" a ride on fish.
Mantle flap holding glochidia larvae serves as lure (mimicking a small minnow sometimes), in this case a fish on a pocketbook mussel; larval "hitchhiking" The fish will think it's prey, and try to gulp it, and the larvae will attach to the gills/skin and stay on the fish until they drop off. They also feed on the blood of the fish, and eventually settle into the substrate and grow into mature forms.
(CH 14) microtriches
Microtriches (singular microtrix) are the highly specialized microvilli covering the entire surface of the tegument of cestodes. They are fine hair-like filaments distributed throughout the surface of the body, both unique to and ubiquitous among cestodes, giving the body surface a smooth and silky appearance.
(CH 13) cnidocytes
Modified interstitial cell that holds the nematocyst; during development of the nematocyst, the cnidocyte is a cnidoblast.
(CH 14) List the characteristics of Cestodes for a parasitic lifestyle.
Most require two hosts and parasitize vertebrate digestive system, intermediate host is often invertebrate.
(CH 13) Describe the cnidarian nervous system
Nerve net - transmission in several directions -Theres nerve cells and sensory cells - Epidermal cells Bundles of actin & myosin filaments
(CH 13) nerve net
Nerve net, primitive nerve arrangement forming the entire nervous system of many cnidarians and a part of more advanced nervous systems.
(CH 16) tusk or tooth shells
Scaphopoda. Tusk shells are named for their resemblance to miniature elephant tusks.
(CH 16) mantle
Soft extension of the body wall in certain invertebrates, for example, brachiopods and molluscs, which usually secretes a shell; thin body wall of tunicates.
(CH 17) suckers
Specialized attachment organ of an animal. It acts as an adhesion device
(CH 16) adductor muscles
The adductor muscles are the main muscular system in bivalve mollusks, i.e. in clams, scallops, mussels, oysters, etc. In many parts of the world, when people eat scallops, the adductor muscles are the only part of the soft parts of the animal which are eaten.
(CH 13) luciferin
s a generic term for the light-emitting compound found in organisms that generate bioluminescence. Luciferins typically undergo an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with molecular oxygen.
(CH 14) "body snatching" behavior
When an acanthocephala starts to control its host.
(CH 16) How do bivalves escape predation?
When threatened, scallops will swim away from potential predators by clapping the valves of their shell together, propelling themselves forward and away from predators.
(CH 14) corona
ciliated disc on anterior end of rotifers. Used for motility and feeding
(CH 13) What is meant by dimorphic cnidarian body plans?
dual body forms (polyp & medusa) this means that they can change their body forms.
(CH 15) What phyla have a lophophore feeding structure?
ectoprocta, brachiopoda, phoronida
(CH 17) What are the distinguishing characteristics of Phylum Annelida?
little ring", 15k species A.) Lophotrochozoan protostomes with spiral cleavage and trochophore larvae; marine, FW, and terrestrial forms B.) Metameric body (segments) Rings externally, septa (like little walls that separate the animal into compartments) internally 1.) external and internal features are repeated 2.) Independent movement of each body segment
(CH 17) Errantia
"free moving" motile polychaetes
(CH 16) Describe the shell, feeding habits, habitat range, sense organs, gas exchange adaptations, and reproduction of Gastropods.
(1) Largest and most varied class (2) Extensive Habitat Range - marine (littoral and pelagic), freshwater, terrestrial (3) No shell or typically univalve shell often with an operculum (a protective kind of plate) - plate that covers aperture (opening) Extensive cephalization with directed movement (4) Feeding Habits - all involve adaptation of radula - Most gastropods are herbivorous (grazers, browsers, planktonic feeders) - Other gastropods are carnivores or scavengers - Some gastropods are benthic grazers (algae and detritus) (5) Well-developed anterior end with sensory organs 1 or 2 pairs of tentacles Eye is cup-like indentation lined with pigmented photoreceptor cells (6) Gills and lungs (highly vascularized mantle cavity) (7) Monoecious/dioecious/protandry (testes then ovaries); fertilization is internal in most gastropods
(CH 16) Describe the shell, nutritional strategy, reproduction, unique adaptations, and habitat of Polyplacophorans.
(1) ancient mollusks- Resemble Cambrian ancestors (2) 7-8 articulating valves (3) slow moving herbivores, used radula to scrape algae Typically inhibit intertidal zones (4) Dioecious with trochophore larvae that metamorphose into juveniles (5) head and anterior sense organs reduced but have esthetes - photosensitive structures in shell
(CH 15) How do phoronids differ from brachiopods?
(1) small worm-like marine substrate dwellers (2) secretes leathery or chitinous tube and extends lophophore for feeding
(CH 14) Describe the life cycles of the Trematode worms, Schistosoma and Liver Fluke. Note the differences and similarities. What is the geographic range of each of these trematode parasites.
**Trematode:** Some trematode eggs hatch directly in the environment (water), while others are eaten and hatched within a host, typically a mollusc. The hatchling is called a miracidium, a free-swimming, ciliated larvae. The larvae will then grow and develop within the intermediate host. This then gives rise to cercariae larvae. The cercariae then could either infect a vertebrate host or a second intermediate host. Depending on the individual trematode's life cycle, it will then infect the vertebrate host or be rejected and excreted through the rejected host's faeces or urine. - common worldwide **Schistosoma:** If a human is infected, then they urinate eggs into the water, and then the larval form (miracidium) will come out of the egg. Then it penetrates the snail, completing the asexual part of its life cycle. Then cercariae are released in the water, and wading in the water will result in the penetration of skin - common in south america **Liver Fluke:** Humans get liver fluke when they eat fish like sushi that is not properly cooked. They insist in the muscle of the fish, which is then ingested. Eggs are released via the waste material and it goes through the snail like the Schistosoma. - common in asia
(CH 13) List and describe the distinguishing characteristics of the 4 major cnidarian classes
*Hydrozoan* - Life cycles with asexual and sexual stages - Medusa have velum-flap on bell margin that aids in swimming - Feeding polyps (hydranths) and reproductive polyps (gonangia) *Scyphozoa* "cup animal"; true jellies - Medusa dominant (poly reduced) without velum, solitary, all marine - 8 notches on bell edge with rhopalium (sense organ with statocyst and ocellus) - Planktonic drifters but use water-propulsion system for movement *Cubozoa* - Medusa is predominant form, polyp is inconspicuous and in most cases unknown. - Bell-shaped medusa square in cross-section, polyp (reduced/absent), solitary, all marine - Pedalium - muscular pad at corners of canopy with one or more tentacles - Velarium - flap of tissue at margin of bell which allows fast swimming *Anthozoa* "flower animals" - All polyps, no medusae; solitary or colonial; all marine - GV cavity divided by septa (many walls) (increases surface area) - Helps increase surface area for feeding and also for gas exchange Form coral reefs
(CH 16) Describe the shell, nutritional strategy, unique adaptations, and habitat of Monoplacophorans.
- "one plate bearer"- (1) presumed extinct, only known from paleozoic fossil shells (2) Living species discovered in 1952 off west coast of Coasta Rica; deep-sea habitat, benthic feeders (3) small, one rounded cap-like shell, creeping foot (4) serially repeated organs characteristics of annelids, but probably "psuedometamerism" inherited from ancestral form
(CH 16) Describe the shell, habitat, feeding habits, and gas exchange mechanism of the Scaphopods.
- "shovel-foot", 900 spp - Tusk or tooth shells - Benthic marine; tubular shell with 2 openings; lack gills using mantle for gas exchange - Adults buried in sand with head down feeding on detritus and protozoa captured by foot cilia or ciliated adhesive knobs of tentacles (captacula)
(CH 17) Correlate annelid excretory products with habitat. Comment on excretory product toxicity and how that relates to water required for excretion.
- 1 pair of metanephridia per segment (not only to excrete nitrogenous products that are toxic) - Cilliated opening into the coelom - More advanced Aquatic (ammonia exc. Product; more toxic/more water) - Ammonia is extremely toxic, cannot be excreted if terrestrial, and would require a lot of water - Water is usually an excretory product Terrestrial (urea exc. Produce; less toxic/less water) - Terrestrial worms can conserve water by excreting with urea - Urea requires less water to excrete
(CH 16) Describe the shell, habitat, feeding habits, reproduction, nervous system/sense organs, and gas exchange organs or Bivalves.
- 2 shells or valves attached at hinge ligament, strong adductor muscles, no radula or head (no high degree of cephalization) - Mainly marine (FW and brackish)- use highly muscular foot and attach to substrate - Sedentary filter feeders with ciliated gills - "miners canary" of aquatic systems; waters in via incurrent siphon, gills, and out excurrent siphon - Bivalves are mainly inactive animals. They use their gills to breath. Oxygen is absorbed in the hemolymph in the gills. The gills are in the mantle cavity. - Mainly dioecious (separate sexes); embryo develops into trochophore, veliger, and spat (shelled form) - Fertilized eggs can develop within gills and form a glochidium larva stage in freshwater mussels which attaches to host to complete development
(CH 16) Give some examples of some Gastropods and their unique adaptations.
- Aplysia has a wing-like parapodia (modified foot functions like fins), 2 pairs of tentacles for chemoreception and releases ink to deter predators - Moon snail uses radula to drill into prey shells
(CH 15) What are the general protostome lophotrochozoan characteristics with respect to symmetry, tissue layers, and embryonic development?
- Bilateral symmetry - Triploblastic (organ level) - Protostome development
(CH 17) Describe the annelid nervous system
- Brain with ventral solid nerve cord, runs down it's belly - Giant axons for rapid escape movements - Ganglion in each segment
(CH 13) What type of symbiosis is exhibited between clown fish and anemones?
- Clown fish live unscathed within tentacles of anemone - They have a proteinaceous mucus that prevents the nematocyst discharge. - Anemone protects fish from predators - The fish can help ventilate the anemone and clear sediment (mutualistic)
(CH 16) What are the evolutionary advantages of the molluscan shell?
- Discourages predators; protection - Enable colonization of land; prevent water loss
(CH 16) Describe the shell, habitat, feeding strategy and adaptations, motility, circulatory system, nervous system/sense organs, defense mechanisms, and reproduction in cephalopods.
- Most complex, evolutionary advanced mollusks "primates of the sea" (well-developed sense organs) - Habitat - Exclusively marine (most have lost shell or internalized, more mobility) Like the cuttlefish cuttlebone Adapted more of a predatory lifestyle, more agile mobility - Modified foot merged with head into tentacle and arms (can vary with shape and numbers) with a funnel (siphon) for expelling water from mantle cavity (ejects water thru the funnel, causes the animal to reverse/shoot backwards. This helps with predatory escape) Largest invertebrate brain (multi-lobed/millions of neurons) - Well developed sense organs - vertebrate-like eyes with lens, retina, cornea Most are colorblind except bioluminescent firefly squid - tactile and chemoreceptor cells on arm suckers. These play the part of tongues. They serve as a sense organ to locate prey - Veined octopus using coconut shells as shelter lack a sense of hearing - Chromotaphores are epidermal cells with pigment granules used for communication (alarm, courtship, cryptic coloring) - dioecious - males used specialized arm to deposit spermatophore in female mantle cavity; direct development
(CH 17) What adaptations do leeches have for fluid feeding?
- Most fluid feeders: prefaceous, scavengers, or parasitic on vertebrate body fluids; (fish gills, other vertebrates, earthworms, insect larvae, slugs) - Anterior and posterior suckers - Secrete anesthetic and hirudin (powerful anticoagulant) - Hyrudin prevents blood clotting Medicinal leeches have cutting plates (relieve congestion in reattached limbs)
(CH 16) What are the different types of development exhibited my molluscs?
- Open Circulatory system - no small vessels or capillaries Heart -> sinus (hemocoel) -> gills -> heart - Nervous system - Ganglia connected by nerve cords; specialized sense organs - Metanephridia - excretory organs - They can help to excrete nitrogenous waste - Maintain osmoregulatory function
(CH 17) What type of feeding is used by sedentary polychaete tubeworms? What adaptations do many of these tubeworms have for their feeding function?
- Sedentary marine suspension or deposit feeders - A deposit feeder feeds on materials that are in the substrate or sediment - Live in tubes/burrows made of mucus/surrounding materials (like sand) - deposit feeders, many times make a burrow, feed on organic materials within the deposits
(CH 16) List and describe the 4 common features of the molluscan body plan. Which feature is not in bivalves?
1. Visceral mass - organs of digestion, reproduction, circulation, and excretion 2. Head-foot - muscular organ (takes on all different shapes and forms. They extend a muscular organ) locomotion, attachment, feeding, sensory 3. Mantle - lies on either side of visceral mass and encloses a space called mantle cavity (houses gills/lung); mantle also secretes shell and involved in gas exchange 4. Radula - rasping structure with rows of teeth used for feeding (not found in bivalve because they're typically filter feeders)
(CH 16) siphon
A tube for directing water flow.
(CH 17) metanephridia
A tubular excretory organ in many invertebrates
(CH 16) torsion
A twisting phenomenon in gastropod development that alters the position of the visceral and pallial organs by 180 degrees.
(CH 13) septa
A wall between two cavities.
(CH 17) deposit feeder
A Deposit Feeder is an aquatic animal that feeds on small specks of organic matter that have drifted down through the water and settled on the bottom.
(CH 16) Cephalopoda
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda ("head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot.
(CH 16) Nautilus
A cephalopod mollusk with a light external spiral shell and numerous short tentacles around the mouth. Nautiluses swim with the buoyant gas-filled shell upright and descend to greater depths during the day.
(CH 16) chemoreceptor cells
A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a specialized sensory receptor cell which transduces a chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate a biological signal.
(CH 14) Turbellaria
A class of typically free-living flatworms which have a ciliated surface and a simple branched gut with a single opening.
(CH 17) urea
A colorless crystalline compound which is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine. Terrestrial worms can conserve water by excreting with urea Urea requires less water to excrete
(CH 16) ammonite
A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous.
(CH 16) Describe the mutualistic symbiosis of the giant clams and zooxanthellae dinoflagellates.
A giant clam (Tridacna gigas) lies buried in coral rock with greatly enlarged siphonal area visible. These tissues are richly colored and bear enormous numbers of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) that provide sugars and amino acids to the clam. Symbiotic dinoflagellates give them their color.
(CH 16) hinge ligament
A hinge ligament is a crucial part of the anatomical structure of a bivalve shell, i.e. the shell of a bivalve mollusk. The shell of a bivalve has two valves and these are joined together by the ligament at the dorsal edge of the shell.
(CH 17) hydrostatic skeleton
A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called the coelom. The organs of the coelom are supported by the aqueous fluid, which also resists external compression.
(CH 16) metanephridia
A metanephridium (meta = "after") is a type of excretory gland found in many types of invertebrates such as annelids, arthropods and mollusca. (In mollusca, it is known as the Bojanus organ.)
(CH 16) Univalve Shell
A mollusk with a shell consisting of one valve especially
(CH 16) byssal threads
A mussel's byssal threads are produced from within the shell by a byssal gland. They are small proteinaceous "ropes" extending from the muscular foot. A byssus is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusk that function to attach the mollusk to a solid surface.
(CH 17) setae
A needlelike chitinous structure of the integument of annelids, arthropods, and others.
(CH 16) Murex snail
A predatory tropical marine mollusk, the shell of which bears spines and forms a long narrow canal extending downward from the aperture. Used to make a purple dye.
(CH 14) What is the adaptive advantage of a pseudocoelom as compared to the acoelomate body plan?
A pseudocoelom is a body cavity that lies between mesodermal and endodermal tissue and is, therefore, not completely surrounded by mesodermal tissue. It allows for -freedom of movement, organ development/specialization, easier passage of waste-storage for waste
(CH 17) clitellum
A raised band encircling the body of oligochaete worms and some leeches, made up of reproductive segments.
(CH 14) lucunar system
A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two longitudinal vessels in the hypodermis of many acanthocephalins.
(CH 16) CaCO3 shell
A shell typically has 3 layers. the first layer is the periostracum, the outer organic layer The middle prismatic layer is composed of densely packed prisms of calcium carbonate (either aragonite or calcite) laid down in a protein matrix. It is secreted by the glandular margin of the mantle, and increase in shell size occurs at the shell margin as the animal grows. The inner nacreous layer of the shell lies next to the mantle and is secreted continuously by the mantle surface
(CH 13) ocellus
A simple eye or eyespot in many types of invertebrates.
(CH 14) proboscis
A snout or trunk. Also, tubular sucking or feeding organ with the mouth at the end as in planarians, leeches, and insects. Also, the sensory and defensive organ at the an
(CH 15) proboscis
A snout or trunk. Also, tubular sucking or feeding organ with the mouth at the end as in planarians, leeches, and insects. Also, the sensory and defensive organ at the anterior end of certain invertebrates.
(CH 14) strobila
A stage in the development of the scyphozoan jellyfish. Also, the chain of proglottids of a tapeworm
(CH 15) stylet
A stylet is a hard, sharp, anatomical structure found in some invertebrates. For example, the word stylet or stomatostyle is used for the primitive piercing mouthparts of some nematodes and some nemerteans.
(CH 13) What are the distinguishing characteristics of Ctenophorans?
A.) Radial Symmetry/Tissues (2 germ layers) - few cm to 1.5 m in length B.) Warm marine habitat C.) Motility: 8 comb-like plates of fused cilia (ctenes) D.) Bioluminescent - capable of producing light (protein luciferin combines with O2 to produce light E.) Diploblastic with gelatinous middle layer (muscle cells)
(CH 14) What rotifer sister taxon might actually be a highly derived group of rotifers?
Acanthocephala
(CH 14) Acanthocephala
Acanthocephala is a phylum of parasitic worms known as acanthocephalans, thorny-headed worms, or spiny-headed worms, characterized by the presence of an eversible proboscis, armed with spines, which it uses to pierce and hold the gut wall of its host.
(CH 16) chitonesthetes
Aesthetes are organs in chitons, derived from the mantle of the organism. They are generally believed to be tiny 'eyes', too small to be seen unaided, embedded in the organism's shell, acting in unison to function as a large, dispersed, compound eye.
(CH 14) aggressive mimicry
Aggressive mimicry is a form of mimicry in which predators, parasites or parasitoids share similar signals, using a harmless model, allowing them to avoid being correctly identified by their prey or host.
(CH 14) Describe and provide an example of aggressive mimicry.
Aggressive mimicry is a form of mimicry in which predators, parasites or parasitoids share similar signals, using a harmless model, allowing them to avoid being correctly identified by their prey or host. An example would be when a flatworm invades a snails eyestalk, it mimics a maggot or caterpillar, and changes the behavior of the snail so that its easily preyed on so that it'll be ingested and continue the cycle
(CH 16) beak
All extant cephalopods have a two-part beak, or rostrum, situated in the buccal mass and surrounded by the muscular head appendages. The dorsal (upper) mandible fits into the ventral (lower) mandible and together they function in a scissor-like fashion. The beak may also be referred to as the mandibles or jaws.
(CH 17) What is the selective advantage of segmentation in annelids?
Allows for complex movement, independent movement of each body segment, and lessens the impact of injuries
(CH 17) Polychaetes
Also known as the bristle worms or polychaetes, are a paraphyletic class of annelid worms, generally marine. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin.
(CH 17) suspension feeder
An animal that feeds on material (such as planktonic organisms) suspended in water and that usually has various structural modifications for straining out its food.
(CH 15) zooids
An individual member of a colony of animals, such as colonial cnidarians and ectoprocts.
(CH 14) adhesive tubes
Anchors to substrate
(CH 17) Contrast annelid and molluscan circulatory systems.
Annelids have hemoglobin, but no blood cells. Mollusk don't have iron to bind the oxygen, but they have copper and so their blood tends to look blue rather than red.
(CH 13) Ctenophora
Any of a phylum (Ctenophora) of marine animals superficially resembling jellyfishes but having biradial symmetry and swimming by means of eight bands of transverse ciliated plates. — called also comb jelly.
(CH 13) Describe reproductive cnidarian reproductive strategies.
Asexual - budding in polyps forms clones or colonies; some colonies are polymorphic (different polyp types) - Some polyps are just used for reproduction, some are used for feeding Sexual - monoecious or dioecious (separate sexes) form gametes in medusae and some polyps
(CH 13) Aurelia
Aurelia is a genus of scyphozoan jellyfish, commonly called moon jellies.
(CH 17) Beardworms
Beard worm, also called beardworm or siboglinid, any of a group of polychaetes Beard worms live sedentary lives in long protective tubes on the seafloor throughout the world.
(CH 13) How did Cubozoans get the nickname "box-jellies"?
Bell-shaped medusa square in cross-section
(CH 13) bioluminescent
Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction within a living organism.
(CH 13) What is the function of bioluminescence in ctenophores and cnidarians?
Bioluminescent - capable of producing light (protein luciferin combines with O2 to produce light) Most of the time, the bioluminescence is used in defense against predators
(CH 17) How do bone-eating worms make their living? And what is unique about the nutritional strategy of beardworms?
Bone worms burrow into bones of whale carcasses and symbiotic bacteria digest the bone oils. Beardworms live in long tubes and lack any type of digestive organs. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria live in a specialized organ and produce organic compounds from H2S (deep sea hydrothermal vents)
(CH 13) "box jellies"
Box jellyfish (class Cubozoa) are cnidarian invertebrates distinguished by their cube-shaped medusae.
(CH 14) proglottids
Boxlike portion of a tapeworm containing a set of reproductive organs; usually corresponds to a segment
(CH 15) Contrast orientation of brachiopod shell with mollusk shell.
Brachiopods, how-ever, have dorsal and ventral valves instead of right and left lateral valves as do bivalve molluscs and, unlike bivalves, most of them are attached to a substrate either directly or by means of a fleshy stalk called a pedicel. Some, such as Lingula, live in vertical burrows in sand or mud. Muscles both open and close the valves and provide movement for the stalk and tentacles.
(CH 15) Brachiopoda
Brachiopods, phylum Brachiopoda, are a group of lophotrochozoan animals that have hard "valves" on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs.
(CH 16) "mother of pearl"
Calcareous nacre is laid down in thin layers. Very thin and wavy layers produce the iridescent mother-of-pearl found in aba-lones (Haliotis), chambered nautiluses (Nautilus), and many bivalves. Such shells may have 450 to 5000 fine parallel layers of crystalline calcium carbonate for each centimeter of thickness.
(CH 14) Cestoda (tapeworms)
Cestoda is a class of parasitic worms in the flatworm phylum (Platyhelminthes).
(CH 16) chromatophores
Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.
(CH 15) How do brachiopods feed and what is their main food source?
Ciliary water currents carry food particles between the gaping valves and over the lophophore. Tentacles catch food particles, and ciliated grooves carry the particles along the arm of the lophophore to their mouth. Rejection tracts carry unwanted particles to the mantle lobe, where they are swept out in ciliary currents. Organic detritus and some algae are apparently pri-mary food sources. A brachiopod's lophophore not only creates food currents, as it does in other lophophorates, but also seems to absorb dissolved nutrients directly from environmental seawater.
(CH 17) What types of muscles are found in annelids? How do these muscles assist with annelid motility functions?
Circular muscles will constrict the body wall, longitudinal muscles run parallel along the body wall so they get a more complex type of motility
(CH 13) Cubozoa
Class Cubozoa includes jellies that have a box-shaped medusa: a bell that is square in cross-section; hence, they are colloquially known as "box jellyfish." These species may achieve sizes of 15-25 cm. Cubozoans display overall morphological and anatomical characteristics that are similar to those of the scyphozoans.
(CH 13) "true jellies"
Class Scyphozoa
(CH 16) Bivalvia
Class of marine and freshwater mollusks that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. Bivalves as a group have no head and they lack some usual molluscan organs like the radula and the odontophore.
(CH 14) Clonorchis sinesis
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile.
(CH 13) How does the ctenophore digestive tract differ from the cnidarian digestive tract?
Ctenophore have a complete gut, while cnidarians don't (they have an incomplete gut). Extracellular digestion occurs in the pharynx for the ctenophores only, but they both have a gastrovascular cavity
(CH 13) What adaptations do ctenophores have for motility and feeding?
Ctenophores are propelled by beating of cilia on the comb plates. They also have tentacles, and a body wall.
(CH 13) What class of cnidarians are considered some of the most venomous animals?
Cubozoa
(CH 13) What structure in the Cubozoans is analogous to the velum in Schyphozoans?
Cubozoans have velariums, which helps in swimming. Scyphozoans don't have velums, but rather thick gelatinous mesoglea
(CH 15) zoecium
Cuticular sheath or shell of Ectoprocta.
(CH 16) cuttlefish
Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy.
(CH 13) Characterize the cnidarian body plan based on tissue layers.
Diploblastic - 2 embryonic tissue layers, mesoglea (ECM) in between epidermis and gastrodermis
(CH 16) Why is direct development considered an adaptation for terrestrial existence?
Direct development is when the juveniles hatch from eggs. Terrestrial adaptation has egg with a calcified shell from where the baby snail hatches. This is useful because the larval form will not survive in a terrestrial environment
(CH 17) What are castings and how are they beneficial to agriculture?
Earthworms don't have teeth, but they have gizzards, and when they eat food (leaf material.. other vegetative material..,), it gets passed through their gastrointestinal system, and becomes organically rich. That excrement is a casting and it helps fertilize the soil. Earthworms are very important in enriching the soil. Beneficial to agriculture - Break up, enrich, and aerate soil by burrowing - as they burrow using their circular and longitudinal muscle, they make tunnels that help aerate the soil for oxygen and CO2 exchange and water percolation. - Form castings - organically rich excrement (15 tons soil/acre/year)
(CH 15) How does a nemertean worm catch and consume its prey? What are typical nemertean prey?
Eversible Proboscis housed in a sheath/coeolom and will eject it, some have barbs on it, and they can secrete certain types of toxin (tetrodotoxin) which is how they immobilize prey some feed on crabs
(CH 15) What brachiozoan resembles mollusks and was classified as a mollusk until the mid-1800s?
Externally brachiopods resemble bivalved molluscs in hav-ing two calcareous shell valves secreted by a mantle.
(CH 17) radioles
Feathery arms used for feeding/gas exchange in fan worms
(CH 13) Name and describe the functions of the 2 different types of Hydrozoan polyps?
Feeding polyps (hydranths) and reproductive polyps (gonangia)
(CH 17) peristomium
Foremost true segment of an annelid; it bears the mouth.
(CH 13) What is GFP and how is it used in biological and medical research?
GFP (Green Flourescent Protein) from jellies Aequorea victoria in Transgenic pigs - Can produce a protein that's similar to what is in dinoflagallates, and when it combines with calcium, it produces a blue glow, which transfers into GFP. - There was a nobel prize award in 2008 that cloned the GFP which is now used commonly in medicine - The GFP gene is taken, and gets coupled to know a certain gene expression. If the gene is expressed, the tissue will have a green glow.
(CH 17) What type of gas exchange occurs in oligochaetes?
Gas exchange occurs across body wall
(CH 16) giant clams
Have a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates that give them their color. Although larval clams are planktonic, they become sessile in adulthood. The creature's mantle tissues act as a habitat for the symbiotic single-celled dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) from which the adult clams get most of their nutrition. By day, the clam opens its shell and extends its mantle tissue so that the algae receive the sunlight they need to photosynthesize.
(CH 14) pseudocoelom
Having a body cavity formed from a persistent blastocoel and lined with mesoderm on only one side.
(CH 13) dimorphism
Having two different distinct forms of individuals within the same species or two different distinct forms of parts within the same organism.
(CH 17) hirudin
Hirudin is a naturally occurring peptide in the salivary glands of blood-sucking leeches (such as Hirudo medicinalis) that has a blood anticoagulant property.
(CH 17) Compare atokes with epitokes and describe how they are involved in sexual reproduction.
In the worms, the atoke is a sexually immature form, and when the organism is ready to reproduce, it forms an epitoke. They break off and migrate to the water column for reproductive purposes. Forms larger structures for motility
(CH 14) Describe the structure of the Turbellarian gastrovascular cavity, nervous system, excretory organs, and sensory organs.
Incomplete digestive cavity The excretory system consists of protonephridia. These are branching canals ending in so-called flame cells—hollow cells with bundles of constantly moving cilia. Ladder-like nervous system because of the nerves connecting the nerve cords. They have "auricles" that project from the side of the head. These auricles contain chemoreceptors that are used to find food. They also have ocelli that are light sensitive eyespots
(CH 14) Lophotrochozoa
Lophotrochozoa is a monophyletic group of animals that includes annelids, molluscs, bryozoans, brachiopods, platyhelminthes, and other animals that descended from the common ancestor of these organisms
(CH 13) What is the primary habitat of Cnidarians?
Mainly marine, shallow coastal waters
(CH 16) Polyplacophora
Marine molluscs of varying size in the class Polyplacophora, formerly known as Amphineura. Chitons.
(CH 13) medusa
Medusa are motile A jellyfish, or the free swimming stage in the life cycle of cnidarians.
(CH 13) Hydrozoan medusae have a velum. What is the velum and its function?
Medusa have velum-flap on bell margin that aids in swimming - Can help concentrate the water, so when it flows out, its like a siphon allowing the animal to move in the water
(CH 13) hydrocorals
Members of phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, with massive calcareous skeletons.
(CH 16) What are some of the environmental threats for mollusks today?
Mollusks are vulnerable to ocean acidification (1) increased atmospheric co2 lowers ocean ph (2) Reduces available Ca^2+ ions for molluscan shells
(CH 14) Monogenea
Monogeneans are a group of ectoparasitic flatworms commonly found on the skin, gills, or fins of fish.
(CH 16) Monoplacophora
Monoplacophora, meaning "bearing one plate", is a polyphyletic superclass of molluscs with a cap-like shell now living at the bottom of the deep sea.
(CH 14) What are the typical habitats of Turbellarian flatworms?
Most are free-living. Live in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats
(CH 15) Describe the niche of phoronids in the marine ecosystem.
Most live on the substrate below shallow coastal waters, especially in temperate seas. . Each worm secretes a leathery or chitinous tube in which it lies free, but which it never leaves. The tubes may be anchored singly or in a tangled mass on rocks, shells, or pilings or buried in sand. They thrust out the tentacles on the lophophore for feeding, but a disturbed animal can withdraw completely into its tube.
(CH 13) hydranths
Nutritive zooid of hydroid colony.
(CH 14) ocelli
Ocelli (singular Ocellus) are simple photo-receptors (light detecting organs). They consist of a single lens and several sensory cells.
(CH 17) Oligochaetes
Oligochaeta is a subclass of animals in the phylum Annelida, which is made up of many types of aquatic and terrestrial worms, including all of the various earthworms.
(CH 17) What two types of annelids are included in the Clitella clade?
Oligochaetes and Hirunidae
(CH 16) spat
Once oyster larvae permanently attach to a surface, they are known as spat.
(CH 13) rhopalium
One of the marginal, club-shaped sense organs of certain jellies; tentaculocyst.
(CH 13) How does a gastrovascular cavity result in a "sac-like" body plan?
One opening serves as both a mouth and an anus Don't typically have a digestive tract
(CH 16) open circulatory system
Open circulatory systems (evolved in insects, mollusks and other invertebrates) pump blood into a hemocoel with the blood diffusing back to the circulatory system between cells.
(CH 17) Bone-eating worms
Osedax is a genus of deep-sea siboglinid polychaetes, commonly called boneworms, zombie worms, or bone-eating worms. Osedax is Latin for "bone-eating". The name alludes to how the worms bore into the bones of whale carcasses to reach enclosed lipids, on which they rely for sustenance.
(CH 17) What type of structures assist with polychaete motility? What other function do these structures perform?
Parapodia- "beside, foot" - Gas exchange and motility (bundles of setae) - Little hairy structures extending from setae. These extensions of the body wall help increase the surface area for gas exchange
(CH 14) amictic eggs
Pertaining to female rotifers, which produce only diploid eggs that cannot be fertilized, or to the eggs produced by such females; contrasts with mictic.
(CH 14) mictic eggs
Pertaining to haploid eggs of rotifers or the females that lay such eggs.
(CH 14) mastax
Pharyngeal mill of rotifers.
(CH 15) Phoronida
Phoronids (scientific name Phoronida, sometimes called horseshoe worms) are a small phylum of marine animals that filter-feed with a lophophore (a "crown" of tentacles), and build upright tubes of chitin to support and protect their soft bodies.
(CH 14) Planaria
Planarian, (class Turbellaria), any of a group of widely distributed, mostly free-living flatworms of the class Turbellaria (phylum Platyhelminthes).
(CH 13) polyp
Polyps are sessile the sessile form of cnidarian (such as a coral or sea anemone) typically having a hollow cylindrical body closed and attached at one end and opening at the other by a central mouth surrounded by tentacles armed with nematocysts.
(CH 13) Physalia
Portuguese man-of-war hydrozoan
(CH 17) pygidium
Posterior closure of a segmented animal, bearing the anus.
(CH 13) What is the composition of coral reefs? What factors are responsible for coral bleaching?
Primarily stony corals and coralline algae - CaCO3 (along with soft corals and hydrozoan corals) *Factors:* The leading cause of coral bleaching is climate change. A warming planet means a warming ocean, and a change in water temperature—as little as 2 degrees Fahrenheit—can cause coral to drive out algae. Coral may bleach for other reasons, like extremely low tides, pollution, or too much sunlight.
(CH 14) protonephridia
Protonephridia are generally found in basal organisms such as flatworms. Protonephridia likely first arose as a way to cope with a hypotonic environment by removing excess water from the organism (osmoregulation).
(CH 13) How is radial symmetry adaptive for sessile or free-floating animals?
Radial symmetry is advantageous to sedentary (sessile) organisms because sensory receptors are evenly distributed around the body.
(CH 16) radula
Rasping tongue found in most molluscs.
(CH 16) What is the niche of the bivalve "shipworm"?
Referred to as the termites of the sea. They burrow into the wood of ships, have symbiotic bacteria to digest cellulose in wood and fix nitrogen
(CH 17) prostomium
Region of a segmented animal anterior to the mouth
(CH 13) strobilation
Repeated, linear budding of individuals, as in scyphozoans (phylum Cnidaria)
(CH 14) Describe the phenomenon of "body snatching" and provide a specific example.
Resides in small crustacean, the crustacean feeds in ponds/rivers/streams. It's hosts are ducks. The eggs are released in the duck feces or waste material, and theyre ingested by the sall crustacean. Inside the crustacean, the larvae penetrates the guy, and it goes into the body cavity. This is when it takes over and "mind controls" the host. The infected organism has serotonin release, which causes it to go to the surface (when its normally photophobic) It will even cling onto the surface, easily eaten by the predator, duck, and once eaten, the cyst in the body wall will have the worm emerge and attach to the intestinal wall of the duck and the eggs will release through the fecal matter.
(CH 13) What are the specialized sense organs in Scyphozoans?
Rhopalium
(CH 14) Describe the rotifer niche.
Rotifers eat particulate organic detritus, dead bacteria, algae, and protozoans
(CH 14) Schistosoma
Schistosoma is a genus belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is comprised of species commonly referred to as schistosomes or blood flukes.
(CH 13) Give some examples of Anthozoans
Sea anemone, corals
(CH 15) statocyst
Sense organ of equilibrium; a fluid-filled cellular cyst containing one or more granules (statoliths) used to sense direction of gravity
(CH 13) statocyst
Sense organ of equilibrium; a fluid-filled cellular cyst containing one or more granules (statoliths) used to sense direction of gravity.
(CH 17) statocysts
Sense organ of equilibrium; a fluid-filled cellular cyst containing one or more granules (statoliths) used to sense direction of gravity.
(CH 16) sepia ink
Sepia is a reddish-brown color, named after the rich brown pigment derived from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish Sepia. The word sepia is the Latinized form of the Greek σηπία, sēpía, cuttlefish.
(CH 13) gonophore
Sexual reproductive structure developing from reduced medusae in some hydrozoans; it may be retained on the colony or released.
(CH 17) atokes
Sexually immature worm
(CH 16) coiling
Spiral winding of shell has transitioned from planospiral (whorls in single plan) to conispiral (succeeding whorls to the side to allow more compact shell (shifted up and posteriorly)
(CH 16) squid
Squid are cephalopods with elongated bodies, large eyes, eight arms and two tentacles. Like all other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, and a mantle.
(CH 15) What structure allows freshwater bryozoan survival from one season to the next?
Statoblast
(CH 13) nematocysts
Stinging organelle of cnidarians.
(CH 14) What structural feature is responsible for the phylum name Gastrotricha, "stomach hair"?
Surface of their body of their epidermis contains a combination depending on the type of bristles, scales, or spines
(CH 14) Name two cestodes for which humans serve as a host.
T. solium and H. nana. Or like... beef tapeworm and pork tapeworm
(CH 14) lophophore
Tentacle-bearing ridge or arm within which is an extension of the coelomic cavity in lophophorate animals
(CH 16) captacula
Tentacles extending from the head of scaphopod molluscs, used in feeding.
(CH 16) "miner's canary"
Term for bivalves. They are filter feeders so they tell when water is clean to drink and when water is not clean to drink
(CH 17) Clitella Clade
The Clitellata are a class of annelid worms, characterized by having a clitellum - the 'collar' that forms a reproductive cocoon during part of their life cycles.
(CH 16) Gastropoda
The gastropods commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.
(CH 14) Gastrotricha
The gastrotrichs, commonly referred to as hairybellies or hairybacks, are a group of microscopic, worm-like, pseudocoelomate animals, and are widely distributed and abundant in freshwater and marine environments.
(CH 16) operculum
The gill cover in bony fishes; protective plate in some snails.
(CH 16) glochidium larva
The glochidium (plural glochidia) is a microscopic larval stage of some freshwater mussels. This larva form has hooks, which enable it to attach itself to fish (for example to the gills of a fish host species) for a period before it detaches and falls to the substrate and takes on the typical form of a juvenile mussel. Since a fish is active and free-swimming, this process helps distribute the mussel species to potential areas of habitat that it could not reach any other way.
(CH 13) Difference between cnidocyte and nematocyst
The main difference between cnidocyte and nematocyst is that cnidocyte is a type of cell that helps predation of cnidarians whereas nematocyst is an organelle consisting of a coiled, thread-like stinger.
(CH 16) mantle cavity
The mantle cavity is a central feature of molluscan biology. This cavity is formed by the mantle skirt, a double fold of mantle which encloses a water space. This space contains the mollusc's gills, anus, osphradium, nephridiopores, and gonopores. The mantle cavity functions as a respiratory chamber in most molluscs.
(CH 13) How do the medusae of Hydrozoans and Scyphozoa differ?
The meduse in Scyphozoa doesn't have a velum
(CH 16) pseudometamerism
The metameric arrangement of internal organs without external metamerism Monoplacophorans have a pseudometamerism of bilaterally symmetrical repeated organs and muscles
(CH 17) nuchal organs
The nuchal organ is a ciliated pit or groove present at the posterior end of the prostomium of annelid worms
(CH 14) Rotifera
The rotifers commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals
(CH 16) Describe shell formation and shell structure.
The shell of a mollusc, when present, is secreted by the mantle and is lined by it. Typically there are three layers. The peri-ostracum is the outer organic layer, composed of an organic sub-stance called conchiolin, which consists of quinone-tanned protein. It helps to protect underlying calcareous layers from erosion by boring organisms. It is secreted by a fold of the mantle edge, and growth occurs only at the margin of the shell.
(CH 16) shipworms
The shipworms are marine bivalve molluscs in the family Teredinidae: a group of saltwater clams with long, soft, naked bodies. They are notorious for boring into (and commonly eventually destroying) wood that is immersed in sea water. They have a symbiotic bacteria to help digest cellulose in the wood.
(CH 16) visceral mass
The soft, non-muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the body organs.
(CH 16) funnel
The tube from which a jet of water exits the mantle cavity of a cephalopod mollusc.
(CH 16) Scaphapoda
The tusk shells or tooth shells, often referred to by the more-technical term scaphopods
(CH 14) What is the typical host of monogenean flatworms? What adaptations do monogeneans have for parasitism?
Their primary host is fish, on either their skin/scales or gills. However they can be found in other organisms as well. They have opisthaptor (consists of hooks, suckers, and clamps), which is a large posterior attachment organ
(CH 13) What specialized cnidarian structures function in defense and prey capture?
Their tentacles. The cells are used for defense, and capturing prey contain stinging capsules called nematocysts..., "thread bladder"
(CH 13) What are the components of cnidarian venom and based upon this composition, what could be used as a first-aid treatment?
These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. Enzymes include lipolytic and proteolytic proteins that catabolize prey tissues. Cnidarian pore forming toxins self-assemble to form robust membrane pores that can cause cell death via osmotic lysis. Vinegar can be used, because its an acid that helps denature the protein
(CH 14) What adaptation assists with the parasitic lifestyle of acanthocephalans?
They are Bilaterally flattened, 2 mm-1m in length, and sexually dimorphic. Their spiny headed proboscis
(CH 16) Why are bivalves referred to as the "miner's canary" of aquatic ecosystems?
They are filter feeders so they are good indicators of clean water. If there's anything toxic or any pollutants in the environment. They can filter those and concentrate those in their tissues. And if they start to disappear from the system that can indicate that the system is in peril.
(CH 14) How is the life cycle of Monogeneans different than Trematodes?
They are single generation, meaning they have only one host and a direct life cycle.
(CH 14) What strategy to some rotifers use to survive harsh environmental conditions?
They can desiccate during harsh conditions and remain dormant
(CH 17) What are the functional compartments in the annelid digestive tract?
They have a specialized one-way digestive tract due to segmentation, with chambers that are used for different functions. Food goes in to the *mouth*, then through the muscular *pharynx* (helps propel the food, can be used for feeding when its everted), then to the *esophagus* (tube that connects to the mouth with a *crop*. It is thin walled, so it's used for the storage of food). From the crop, it goes into the *gizzard* (helps break it down into smaller pieces. There's no actual enzymatic digestion). The *intestine* is where the absorption takes place, and the waste is expelled through the *anus* basically: Mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> crop -> gizzard -> intestine -> anus
(CH 14) What are the general protostome lophotrochozoan characteristics with respect to symmetry, tissue layers, embryonic development?
They have bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic (organ level) of organization. They also have protostome development (mouth develops from a primary embryonic opening)
(CH 13) What is the mechanism by which Scyphozoa medusae undergo "budding"?
They produce polyps by budding, and then either transforming into a medusa, or budding several medusae off from its upper surface via a process called strobilation. The medusae are initially microscopic and may take years to reach sexual maturity
(CH 14) What structure do rotifers use for both feeding and motility?
They use a corona.
(CH 16) What is the selective advantage of torsion in gastropods?
Torsion - viscera twists so that mantle cavity lies over head - end (allows head retraction into shell) This is exclusive to gastropod. Has to do with an embryonic process. Selective advantage due to number of factors. After torsion, the mantle cavity is anterior. This is better because it prevents clouded water from the foot moving over the substrate, meaning clean water in the mantle cavity. The head can also enter before the foot, protecting the interior from predators.
(CH 14) Trematoda (flukes)
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic flatworms, known as flukes
(CH 14) trochophore larvae
Trochophore, also called trochosphere, small, translucent, free-swimming larva characteristic of marine annelids and most groups of mollusks. Trochophores are spherical or pear-shaped and are girdled by a ring of cilia
(CH 16) What was the source of the purple dye for royals?
Tyrian purple (aka Royal purple or Imperial purple) is a dye extracted from the murex shellfish which was first produced by the Phoenician city of Tyre in the Bronze Age.
(CH 14) parthenogenesis
Unisexual reproduction involving the production of young by females not fertilized by males; common in rotifers, cladocerans, aphids, bees, ants, and wasps. A parthenogenetic egg may be diploid or haploid.
(CH 14) Describe the Gastrotrich niche.
Widespread in aquatic habitats; part of meiofauna (between sand grins) with posterior adhesive tubes to anchor to substrate.
(CH 17) castings
Worm castings are simply undigested material, soil and bacteria deposited by a worm.
(CH 16) zebra mussels
Zebra mussels are an invasive, fingernail-sized mollusk that is native to fresh waters in Eurasia. Their name comes from the dark, zig-zagged stripes on each shell. Zebra mussels probably arrived in the Great Lakes in the 1980s via ballast water that was discharged by large ships from Europe.
(CH 16) What is the history of the zebra mussel introduction into the United States? Why are zebra mussels considered a pest in North America?
Zebra mussels were introduced into the Great Lakes accidentally from ballast water from ships from the Black Sea in Europe by their veliger larvae. These are devastating because they are prolific breeders, and compete with indigenous species for food.
(CH 13) Hydrozoa
a class of coelenterates which includes hydras and Portuguese men-of-war. Many of them are colonial and some kinds have both polypoid and medusoid phases.
(CH 17) Sedentaria
a division of Polychaeta comprising sedentary usually tube-dwelling worms with reduced parapodia and sense organs and typically with highly developed filamentous anterior respiratory organs or gills
(CH 13) Obelia
a genus of marine animals that bear polyps and produce medusae, and that form colonies that attach to rocks or the ocean bottom.
(CH 13) Cyanea
a genus of scyphozoan jellyfishes chiefly of temperate and arctic seas that includes the common red stinging jellyfish (C. capillata) of the North Atlantic coast which reputedly attains a maximum diameter of over seven feet.
(CH 13) true corals (hard/stony)
a hard stony substance secreted by certain marine coelenterates as an external skeleton, typically forming large reefs in warm seas.
(CH 13) Anthozoa
a large class of sedentary marine coelenterates that includes the sea anemones and corals. They are either solitary or colonial, and have a central mouth surrounded by tentacles.
(CH 16) ink sacs
a large gland in most cephalopods, as the cuttlefish, octopus, and squid, that is near the rectum and ejects ink at predators.
(CH 16) veliger larvae
a larval stage of certain mollusks, intermediate between the trochophore and the adult form. A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs and tusk shells.
(CH 13) ctenes
a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused.
(CH 14) Platyhelminthes
a phylum of worms having bilateral symmetry and a soft, usually flattened body, comprising the flatworms.
(CH 13) coral reefs
a ridge of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of coral.
(CH 17) tentacles
a slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs.
(CH 15) Nemertea
a small phylum that comprises the ribbon worms.
(CH 13) zooxanthellae
a yellowish-brown symbiotic dinoflagellate present in large numbers in the cytoplasm of many marine invertebrates.
(CH 14) Explain the difference between mictic and amictic eggs in rotifers.
amictic eggs (diploid eggs without fertilization -> females) or mictic eggs (UF haploid eggs -> males; fertilized hatch into females)
(CH 15) Ectoprocta
another term for Bryozoa, a phylum of sedentary aquatic invertebrates that comprises the moss animals.
(CH 13) sea anemone
any of numerous usually solitary anthozoan polyps (order Actiniaria) whose form, bright and varied colors, and cluster of tentacles superficially resemble a flower
(CH 14) Platyzoa
are a group of protostome unsegmented animals
(CH 14) meiofauna
between sand grins
(CH 14) auricles
contain chemoreceptors that are used to find food.
(CH 13) soft corals (gorgonian/horny)
corals that do not produce calcium carbonate skeletons
(CH 13) gastrovascular cavity
digestive cavity with one opening
(CH 13) velarium
flap of tissue at margin of bell which allows fast swimming
(CH 15) pedicle
fleshy stalk
(CH 15) "lamp shells"
lamp shells, also called brachiopod, any member of the phylum Brachiopoda, a group of bottom-dwelling marine invertebrates.
(CH 16) Why are mollusks economically valuable to humans?
mollusks are important food source worldwide Almost 500 million tons harvested commercially in US in 2006
(CH 13) pedalium
muscular pad at corners of canopy with one or more tentacles
(CH 14) flame cells
one of the hollow cells terminating the branches of the excretory tubules of certain invertebrates, having a tuft of continuously moving cilia.
(CH 17) What are the nutritional strategies of motile polychaete worms?
predatory (jaws) and scavengers.. They have a muscular pharynx and jaws/teeth
(CH 15) What phyla have a trochophore larval stage?
rachiopoda, phoronida, nemertea, mollusca, annelida
(CH 16) head-foot
region containing the head with its mouth and sensory organs and the foot which is the animals organ for locomotion.
(CH 13) gonangia
reproductive member of a hydrozoan colony producing gonophores or medusa buds
How is the clitellum used in reproduction?
secretes cocoon for developing young
(CH 13) What's the difference between soft and true (hard) corals?
soft corals don't form calcium carbonate substrate hard corals live in a hard calcium carbonate cup, which they can retreat into and extend tentacles out of. It's basically protection for when they fear theyre in danger
(CH 16) kleptoplasty
symbiotic phenomenon whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts from algae, are sequestered by host organisms. The word is derived from Kleptes (κλέπτης) which is Greek for thief. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact.
(CH 14) Scolex
the head of a tapeworm either in the larva or adult stage. (adapted for attachment)
(CH 14) opisthaptor
the posterior and usually complex adhesive organ of a monogenetic trematode.
(CH 13) diploblastic
two embryonic tissue layers
(CH 14) What is a lucunar system?
unique system of fluid-filled canals that serves as a circulatory system and is connected to contractible tubed formed by body wall muscles (heart)
(CH 15) What feature suggests that nemertean worms are coelomates?
worms with eversible proboscis (enclosed in sheath) with stylet - lies in rhynchocoel (cavity-homologous with coelom?)
