WGS Unit 3: Gender and the Body!

across, within

Gender encompasses not only the socially constructed, intersecting differences prescribed fro different kinds of humans but also values associated w/ these differences. The effects of gender & understandings of both femininity & masculinity are mediated by other systems of power. Forms of gender-based oppression & exploitation often enforce other types of inequalities. In this way, *ranking occurs both __ gender categories (masculinity is valued over femininity) and __ gender categories*, for example: - economically privileged women over poor women - abled women live different lives than disabled women - African American women may be characterized as promiscuous or matriarchal & African American men may be described as hyperathletic & sexually potent - Jewish women are painted as materialistic & overbearing; Jewish men are shown as ambitious/thrifty - Latinx & Chicanx are oversexed & seen as passionate - Native American women are portrayed as silent & overworked; men are stereotyped as "aloof mystics," close to nature or else as "savages" and drunks. - Asian Americans are portrayed as smart & good at math, with Asian American women said to be delicate.

embedded in culture

Gender is __ _ __ and various forms of knowledge are associated with any given community. What it might mean to be "feminine" or "masculine" may differ from culture to culture. This implies that people growing up in different societies in different parts of the world ( at different historical moments) perform different gender expressions. Gender performances vary around the world.

culturally, historically

Gender is __ and __ *changeable.* There is nothing essential, intrinsic, or static about femininity or masculinity. Rather they're social categories that might mean different things in different societies and in different historical periods.

prison

Gloria Steinem once said, gender is a __ for both women and men. The difference, she explained, is that for men it's a prison with wall-to-wall carpeting and someone to bring you coffee. Understanding the limitations associated w/ masculine social scripts has encouraged some men to transform these scripts into more productive ways of living. Many pro-feminist men & men's organizations have been at the forefront of this work.

ambiguous zone, every possible, language

In "The Five Sexes Revisited" (2000) , Anne Fausto-Sterling also describes the idea of sex & gender in multidimensional space and the lack of diversity in scientific study and thought regarding diverse sexes. - Transsexuals, people who have an emotional gender at odds with their physical sex, sometimes describe themselves in terms of dimorphic absolutes, but still others are content to inhabit a more __ __. - Gender identity presumably emerges from sex at the genetic & cellular level, at the hormonal level, and at the anatomical level via some poorly understood interaction between environment & experience; What's become increasingly clear is that levels of masculinity & femininity may be found in __ __ permutation. - The medical & scientific communities have yet to adopt a __ capable of describing such diversity.

treatment protocol, ethical framework

In "The Five Sexes Revisited" (2000) , Anne Fausto-Sterling also goes into changes in __ __ that should take place regarding transexual/intersex individuals. The first few points she presents come from Laurence B. McCullough's __ __ for intersex treatment. - The various forms of intersexuality should be normal. - Intersexual conditions are not themselves diseases. - Physicians should minimize irreversible assignments (surgical removal/modification of sex genitalia). - Should perform throrough medical workup, disclose everything to parents, including the uncertainties about the final outcome; treatment = therapy, not surgery. - Sterling says reatment should combine some basic med-ical & ethical priciples w/ a practical but less drastic approach to the birth of a mixed-sex child: (1) Surgery on infants should be only to save the child's life or substantially improve child's physical well-being. (2) Physicians may assign a sex but this isn't irreversible. (3) Parents should have full access to information. Sex assignments made shortly after birth are only the beginning of a long journey, says Anne Fausto-Sterling.

gender pronouns

The most important thing is to acknowledge that each of us has the right to name our gender identity & be recognized as that identity. The best way to do this is to simply ask people how they'd like to be referenced. __ __ are a significant way to support gender identity. Always use people's chosen names & pronouns. Using the pronoun "they" as singular has become an increasingly popular way to recognize the variety of people's gender identities.

pervasive theme

A focus on gender assignment, identity, & expression involves 3 ways to understand forces shaping gender & how we experience/express gender as individuals. Gender is a __ __ in our world, shaping social life and informing attitudes, behavior, & an individuals's sense of self. Basically, it's one of the foundational ways that societies are organized.

Genderqueer

A person who is gender nonconformist in challenging accepted constructions and identities. This term is generally used for/by people who are thoughtfully aware of how their gender performance does not fit dominant definitions of masculinity and femininity (not simply people who are perceived as not totally conforming to mainstream masculinity or femininity). You may also see this phrase used to describe a social movement resisting the traditional categories of gender.

Gender performance

A series of repetitive actions, usually performed unthinkingly, that establish & naturalize gender identity (masculinity or femininity). Although it involves some individual agency, it is constrained by social norms. Femininities & masculinities are performed by bodies in a series of repetitive acts that we usually take for granted & tend to see as "natural." As we "do" gender, these practices (such as walking, speaking, or sitting in a certain way) are always shaped by discourses or regimes of truth that gives these actions meaning. It's not merely a theatrical performance. Performativity is constrained by social norms; this means that gender is not only what we "do," it's a process by which we "are" or "become." This concept is derived substantially from the philosophy of Judith Butler.

contemporary femininity

Adjectives associated with traditional notions of __ in __ mainstream North American society include soft, passive, domestic, nurturing, emotional, dependent, sensitive, delicate, intuitive, fastidious, needy, fearful. These are the qualities that have kept women in positions of subordination & encouraged them to do the domestic and emotional work of society. A key aspect of femininity is its channeling into two opposite aspects: (1) the chaste, domestic, caring mother or madonna (2) the sexy, seductive, fun-loving playmate This is sometimes known in popular mythology as the woman you marry & the woman with whom you have sex. These polar opposites cause tension as women navigate the implications of these aspects of femininity.

distinct

Although *genderqueer* focuses on the integration of gender & sexual identities & is so a useful concept in terms of individual empowerment, social commentary, & political change, it's important to understand that these identities (gender & sexuality) are __ from each other even though they're lived simultaneously. Gender performances are associated w/ meanings about femininity & masculinity, whereas sexuality concerns sexual desire, feelings, and practices. A person could potentially combine any combination of gendered performances with sexual identities.

cross-dressing

As a category, transgender also overlaps with cross-dressing, the practice of wearing the clothes of a sex different from that to which a person was assigned in childhood. __ __ is a form of gender expression that's mostly done by heterosexual men & is NOT done for entertainment.

androcentrism

Contemporary ideas abt androgyny tend to privilege the "andro" (masculine) more than the "gyny" (feminine), with the presentation of androgyny looking a more like masculinity than femininity. The trappings of femininity seem to be the first things that are shed when a body is constructed as androgynous. This is related to ___ and the ways masculinity more closely approximates our understanding of (nongendered) "human."

Dictates of Masculinity

Deborah David & Robert Brannon characterized 4 __ __ __ that encompass key dimensions of modern masculinity: (1) "no sissy stuff," the rejection of femininity. (2) the "big wheel," ambition and the pursuit of success, fame, and wealth. (3) the "sturdy oak," confidence, competence, stoicism, and toughness. (4) "five 'em hell," the machismo element. Although these scripts dictate masculinity in a broad sense, there are societal demands that construct masculinity differently for different kinds of men. Of course, masculinity is also experienced through intersections with other identities: -- Middle-class emphasis on "big-wheel" dimension -- White dictates often involve the "sturdy oak" -- Men of color often become associated with the "machismo element" (with the exception of Asian American men, who are sometimes feminized when they're not being portrayed as karate warriors).

variability, away from genitals, coexist

In "The Five Sexes Revisited" (2000) , Anne Fausto-Sterling describes some 21st century efforts to notice the variability of gender & throw out old systems. - At the dawn of the 21st century, when the __ of gender seems so visible, the ideal that human beings are an wholly dimporphic species is hard to maintain. - Since 1993, modern society has moved beyond 5 sexes (like in Sterling's original "The Five Sexes essay) to a recognition that gender variation is normal and, for some, an arena for playful exploration. - We need to turn focus __ _ __ & acknowledge that people come in an even wider assortment of sexual identities & characteristics than genitals can distinguish. - Sometimes ppl suggest that Sterling is arguing for a "pastel world" in which androgyny reigns & men/women are boringly the same; instead, she suggests that "strong colors __ with pastels" and there will continue to be highly masculine people out there, they just might be women, and vice versa for feminine men.

dimporphic species, basic biology varies, 1.7%, genital surgery

In "The Five Sexes, Revisited" (2000), Anne Fausto-Sterling, she analyzes the clear & significant issues associated w/ the "dimorphic ideal" of male/female sex in our society and the hasty & hurtful genital surgeries & assignments of intersexual individuals shortly after birth. - The concept of intersexuality is rooted in the very ideas of male/female; in the idealized, platonic, humans are divided into 2 kinds: a perfectly __ __: (1) Males have XY chromosomes, a penis, and certain secondary sex characteristics (muscular build,facial hair) (2) Females have XX chromosomes, ovaries, a system to support fetal development/pregnancy, and certain secondary sexual characteristics (breasts, large hips). - This idealized story papers over many obvious caveats (women have facial hair, some men have none, etc.) - The ideal of absolute dimorphism actually denigrates even at the level of __ __(chromosomes, hormones, internal sex structures, gonads, & external sex characteristics all __ more than ppl realize). - For every 1,000 children born, 17 are intersexual in some form; __ is a ballpark estimate but still important - Physicians could surgically assign gender (based on what makes the most surgical sense) and encourage parents to raise the child according to this gender. - Many intersex individuals have come forward and said that they've rejected their gender assignments at birth. - Even the aftermath of __ __ can be problematic & leave scars reducing sexual sensitivity.

human production, doing gender, assignment, gender status, treat gender differently

In Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994), she analyzes the performance of gender. - Gender is so much the routine of everyday activities that questioning its taken-for-granted assumptions & presuppositions is like thinking abt if the sun will rise. - Gender's so pervasive that we assume it's in our genes. - Gender is actually constantly created & re-created out of human interaction & social life (and is the texture of that social life); Yet, gender is a __ __. - Gender depends on constantly "__ __," and everyone "does gender" without thinking about it. --- - For the individual, gender construction starts with __ to a sex category on the basis of what genitalia look like at birth (then dressing them that way). - A sex category becomes a __ __ through naming, dress, and the use of other gender markers. - Once a gender is evident, others __ those in one __ __ from those in the other gender, and kids respond to this treatment by feeling & behaving differently. - As soon as they can talk, they start to refer to themselves as members of their certain gender. - Sex doesn't come into play again until puberty, but by that time, sexual feelings, desires, & practices have been shaped by gender norms and expectations. This process constitutes social construction of gender.

basis of gender

In Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994), she presents *gender as an institution* and says that "as a social institution, gender is one of the major ways that human beings organize their lives." - Society depends on a predictable division of labor, a designated allocation of scarce goods, assigned responsibility for children & others who cannot care for themselves, common values & their systematic transmission to new members, legitimate Leadership, & music, art, stories, games, & other symbolic productions. - One way of choosing ppl for the different tasks of society is on the basis of their talent, motivations, and competence--their demonstrated achievements. - The other way is on the __ _ __, race, ethnicity--ascribed membership in a category of ppl. ---- - Although societies vary in extent to which they use either of these ways of allocating people to work & to other responsibilities, every society uses gender. - Every society classifies people as "girl and boy children," constructs similarities & differences between them, and assigns them to different roles. - Personality characteristics, feelings, motivations, & ambitions flow from different life experiences so that the members of diffferent groups become different. - The process of gendering & its outcome are legitimated by religion, law, science, & the society's entire set of values.

social differences, gender order, norms are enforced.

In Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994), she presents gender as a social institution. As a social institution, *gender is a process* of creating distinguishable social statuses for the assignment of rights and responsibilities: - Gender creates the __ __ that define "woman" & "man". - Individuals learn what's expected , see what's expected, act and react in expected ways, and thus simultaneously construct and maintain the __ __. - Gendered patterns of interaction acquire additional layers of gendered sexuality, parenting, & work behaviors in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. - __ _ __ through informal sanctions of gender-inappropriate behavior by peers & by formal punishment (or threat of it) by those in authority should behavior deviate too far form socially imposed standards for women & men.

differential evaluation, dominant, Other, valued more highly

In Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994), she presents gender as a social institution. As part of a *stratification system*, gender ranks men above women of the same race and class: -- The process of creating difference depends to a great extend on __ __. -- The dominant categories are the __ ideals, taken for granted as the way things should be; white is ordinarily though of as race, middle-class as class, men as gender. -- Characteristics of these categories define __ as that which lacks valuable qualities the dominants exhibit. -- In a gender-stratified society, what men do is usually __ _ __ than what women do because men do it, even when their activities are the same/similar. EX: A gathering & hunting society's survival usually depends on the nuts, grubs, & small animals brought in by the women's foraging trips, but a successful men's hunt is the occasion for a celebration. EX: Because they're the superior, group, white men don't have to do the "dirty" work such as housework; the most inferior group does, usually poor women of color.

less power, prestige, economic rewards

In Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994), she presents gender as a social institution. Gender is a major building block in the *social structures* built on unequal gender-stratified statuses. When gender is a major component of structured inequality, the devalued genders have __ __, __, and __ __ than the valued genders. In countries that discourage gender discrimination, many major roles are still gendered: -- Women still do most of the domestic labor & child rearing, even while doing full-time paid work. -- Women & men are still segregated on the job & each does work considered "appropriate." -- Women's work is usually paid less than men's work. -- Men dominate the positions of authority and leadership in government, the military, and the law. - Productions, religions, & sports reflect male interests. -- Men & women spend much of their time w/ people of their own gender because of the way work/family are organized; the spacial separation of women & men reinforces gendered differences, identity, & thinking. In societies that create the greatest gender difference, such as Saudi Arabia: -- Women are kept out of sight behind walls or veils. -- Have no civil rights & often create a cultural & emotional world of their own.

gendered brain chemsitry

In her book The Delusions of Gender, Cordelia Fine addresses the "naturalizing" of gender, which focuses on research in __ __ __. -- Disputes the belief that gendered traits are "hardwired" into the brain. -- Critiques the "biology is destiny" argument that claims innate psychological differences between the minds of women & men.

contemporary masculinity

In mainstream contemporary U.S. society, the "regimes of truth" associated w/ masculinity are constructed from the classical traits of intelligence, courage, honestly, potent sexuality, along with the the machismo element (an affinity for violence, breaking rules, sexual potency contextualized in the blending of sex & violence, and contempt for women & femininity, misogyny) and the provider role (ambition, confidence, competence, and strength). To be a man is to NOT be a woman. Weakness, softness, & vulnerability are avoided at all costs. Boys are often socialized into __ __ through shaming practices that ridicule expressions of femininity. Michael Kimmel's 2013 Huffpost "Let's Talk" explains that boys are relentlessly policing each other & "pressuring one another to conform to a narrow definition of masculinity by the constant spectre of being called a fag or gay." He proposes that we need "to empower boys" in the face of this gender policing; there are more differences between boys than between girls and boys, emphasizing that stereotypes flatten differences.

"The Social Construction of Gender"

In this 19 article, Judith Lorber explains gender as a process that involves multiple patterns of interaction created & recreated constantly in human interaction. -- Because gender is so central in shaping our lives, much of what is gendered we don't even recognize; it's made normal & ordinary & occurs subconsciously. -- The differences between "femininity" (passive, intuitive, and emotional) and "masculinity" (strong, independent, in control, out of touch emotionally) are made to seem natural & inevitable despite the fact that gender is a *social script* that individuals learn.

"Understanding Transgender and Medically Assisted Gender Transition"

In this 2016 essay, Jamie Lindemann Nelson presents: An Early model of Transgender: -- "Gender identity disorder": diagnosis introduced in 1979 regulated access to endocrinal & surgical options for ppl whose gender identity didn't match assigned. -- This model - identifying "gender identity disorder" and facilitating related medical procedures - enabled some trans people to seek gender affirming treatments. -- Though, it's problematic because it frames gender as a strict binary and presents trans identity as a problem to be solved through surgical intervention. Reproductive Control and Childbirth as Medical Model: -- As alternative medical analogy for transgender, Nelson proposes pregnancy, childbirth, & parenting as a better analogy than mental illness or cosmetic surgery. - Has advantage of depathologizing the identity & recognizing it as a weighty aspect of human experience. - Multiple ways of becoming a mother (C-section, IVF or not, vaginal delivery, etc.) All are accepted as valid routes to parenthood, and most require some degree of medical intervention.

"On Being Transnational and Transgender" (2017)

In this 2017 essay, Don Operio and Tooru Nemoto examines the intersection of nationality with transgender identity. They further discuss the stigmas transgender immigrants face in the United States or when trying to seek asylum in the U.S. -- Many transgender women immigrants and asylum seekers bring a history of violence and trauma with them as they resettle in the United States. -- Consequently, they may avoid institutions that require disclosure of their gender history, such as health care and legal support agencies, to protect themselves against the antitransgender stigma that has been well documented in the United States. -- Unhealthy trajectories may continue in the United States for transgender immigrants because of the intersection of antitransgender bias, and racism and because of health systems that traditionally have a myopic view on individual-level determinants of health.

"Performance of a Lifetime..."

In this 2017 essay, Kate Horowitz narrates her experience of seeking medical care for years and having physical symptoms either discounted or ascribed to psychological problems. -- A man in pain waits an average of 49 minutes for treatment in the ER compared to the average woman's wait time of 65 minutes. -- Women's symptoms are more likely to be downplayed, disbelieved, or dismissed. -- Men in pain are generally given painkillers, woman sedatives. -- Women are more likely to be diagnosed with "conversion disorder," a condition called for nearly 2,000 years hysteria. -- "My doctors made it clear that there were 2 kinds of illness: those they could identify, and those that didn't exist. My symptoms were simply shadow puppets cast by a mind that couldn't control itself. I was confused. They were certain. They were wrong." The essay ends with Horowitz describing a dream in which she auditions for a play about invisible illness; the director says "We appreciated your approach, but you just weren't that convincing."

capitalist system, individual men.

It's important to ask *who's benefiting from the new social script* defining the modern woman as a woman who is able to do everything (a superwoman). Women: -- Work in the public world (often in jobs that pay less, thus helping employers & the economic system). -- Still are expected to do the domestic & emotional work of home & family as well as stay fit and "beautiful." In many ways, contemporary femininity tends to serve both the __ economic __ & __ __ better than the traditional, dependent, domestic model.

globalization

Life in the 21st century involves global systems of production, consumption, and communication. This means that patterns of gender in the U.S. are exported worldwide & are increasingly linked to patterns of global economic restructuring. This encourages to consider the ways the social & economic dynamics of ___ *(including economic & political expansion, militarism & colonial conquest & settlement, disruption/appropriation or indigenous peoples and resources, and the exportation of ideas through media and world markets, etc.)* have shaped global *gender arrangements* and transformed gender relations. Whatever our global location, it's important to consider the ways we interact w/ globalized cultures & the ways in which products of world media feature in our lives & shape ideas about femininity & masculinity, particularly.

Key questions

Note these Unit 3: Gender and the body __ __: -- How is embodied sex understood through science and through culture? -- How is gender shaped or experienced through physical activity? -- How do gender identity and sexual orientation shape access to healthcare?

key questions

Note these __ __ in UNIT ONE: Perspective and Practices! - What are the perspectives & practices of WGS? - Why should we "claim" an education as women rather than "receive" it? - How is feminism a DIY? - How do identities intersect and how are race, class, and gender categories of analysis & connection? - What would life be like without first and second wave feminism?

Key questions

Note these __ __ in UNIT TWO: Recognizing and Talking About Privilege and Inequality! - What is structural inequality? - What does it mean to have privilege? - What forms of privilege or lack of privilege are experienced in personal or professional life according to gender, class position, racial ethnic/identity, ability, cis- or transgender, or reproductive status?

Gender expression

Our __ __ is how we perform and express gender to those around us; the ways we present ourselves to the world are our expression of gender.

Gender fluidity in the modern day

People who do not conform to the expected gender binary of society may express themselves as a combination of traditional masculine & feminine characteristics, or they may move along a continuum, some days expressing themselves as more masculine, some days as more feminine. These expressions blur gender binary lines & disrupt hegemonic fem/masc. -- 1/2 of millennials believe gender is a spectrum. -- 12% of mills. identify as transgender/nonconforming In practice, this has meant: -- more babies are being given non-gendered names -- Parents dressing babies in both pink and blue -- People are taking on once-gendered roles in ways that have nothing to do with gender. -- Fashion industry is starting to create ungendered clothes and so are the cosmetic & fragrance industries. Even as some acceptance increases & corporations work to profit from gender nonconformity, the realities of gender discrimination & marginalization still remain.

sex is gendered

Science is a human (and necessarily gendered) product. This is what is means to say that "sex," as in "male/female," has actually been gendered all along. A breakdown in taken-for-granted tight connections between natural biology & learned gender is interpreted as a medical emergency: -- When "intersex" (reproductive/sexual anatomies don't fit the typical binary definitions of male/female) babies are born, families & health professionals often make an immediate sex determination. -- Hormone therapy & surgeries may follow to make a child fit normative constructed binary categories, & gender is taught in accordance with this decision. In other words, physicians & others use gendered norms to construct the sexed bodies of ambiguously sexed infants; sex is not as easy as genetics & genitalia.

Inscribing Gender on the Body

Some of the main topics covered in Chapter 4 , "__ _ __ __ _" are: (1) Gender performance (2) The Social Construction of the Body (3) The "Beauty" Ideal and Objectification (4) Disciplinary Body Practices (5) Eating Disorders (6) Negotiating "Beauty" Ideals -- This has to do with some resisting the cultural norm and the overall point to make conscious & informed choices about our relationships to the "beauty" ideal and to respect, love, and take care of our bodies.

nontarget, mythical norm

The ability for __ groups to remain relatively invisible is a key to maintaining their dominance in society. The fact that being white can be claimed as the __ __ strips whiteness from the historical & political roots of its construction as a racial category. Many problematic constructions are created against the norm of whiteness & work to maintain the privileges of the mythical norm. For example, gender ranking within gender categories: -- Certain women (the poor and women of color) were historically regarded as carrying out appropriate womanhood when they fulfilled the domestic labor needs of strangers. -- Upper-class femininity meant that there were certain jobs these (primarily white) women couldn't perform. -- This demonstrates the interaction of gender with class and race systems of oppression and privilege.

specific color options

The association of color options with gender is a relatively recent phenomenon. Traditionally, pink had been associated w/ males as a diminutive of the reds favored in men's clothing. It wasn't until the 1940s that manufacturers dictated __ _ __ for boys & girls.

superwoman

The modern image of the "ideal woman" has integrated characteristics of traditional masculinity w/ feminine qualities at the same time that it's retained much of the feminine social script. The contemporary woman is essentially to be able to do everything: a ___. On the one hand... -- Strong, assertive, active, and independent -- Out in public world rather than confined to the home. On the other... -- Still maintains domestic, nurturing, & caring dimension & her intuitive, emotional, and sensitive aspects. ^ These attributes are important in her success as a loving & capable partner to a man, as are her physical attributes concerning looks & body size.

Drag

__ performances that involve makeup & clothing worn on special occasions for theatrical or comedic purposes aren't necessarily transgender behavior, although within the genre of drag there are performers who also identify as transgender. In most (although no all) cases, drag queens are men doing female impersonation, and drag kings are women doing male impersonation.

double bind

The polar opposites of the "prostitute" or the "mother" in femininity cause tension as women navigate the implications of these aspects in their everyday lives. -- A woman may discover that neither sexual activity nor sexual inactivity is quite right. -- If she's too sexually active, she will be censured for being too loose and criticized as a "prostitute" of sorts. -- She may similarly be censured for being prude/frigid. -- Notice there are many slang words for both kinds of women: those who have too much or too little sex. ^^ This is the *__ __*: you're screwed if you do and potentially screwed if you don't. These contradictions and mixed messages serve to keep women in line.

Sexism

The system that discriminates and privileges on the basis of gender and that results in gender stratification. Given the ranking of gender in our society, sexism works to privilege men (specifically white heterosexual, cisgender) and limit women. In other words, men receive entitlements and privilege in a society that ranks masculinity over femininity even while they may be limited by virtue of other intersecting identities such as race or social class.

Sports, retail/stores

There are many U.S. institutions that *support gendered practice*. -- __ : Men aren't necessarily better athletes than women. Rather, sports as an institution has developed to reflect the particular athletic competencies of men, even though upper-body strength is only one aspect of athleticism (EX: if long distance swimming or balance beam, activities where women generally outperform men, were popular national sports, then we might think differently abt the athletic capabilities of women & men). -- __/__: There are very different girls' and boys' aisles; what does it mean to get a child-size ironing board instead of a toy gun, and what kinds of behaviors & future roles do these toys help create & justify? Increasingly (and at earlier ages) children are also occupied w/ video, cell phone games, & computerized activities that also teach lessons about gender.

regimes of truth

This discussion clarifies the social norms or shared values associated with the two kinds of human beings our society has created. __ _ __ (accepted standards about what it is permissible to say and possible to believe and do) about gender & other identities provide the standards or parameters through which thoughts & behaviors are molded.

Gender assignment

This is usually given to us at birth and determined by our physical body type to be male or female. This, decided by doctors and parents, is the first classification an individual receives. Corresponding gender performances (behavior, dress, activities that one may participate in, etc.) are usually enforced based on the individuals designation into a category at birth.

any sexual identity

Transgender does NOT imply any specific form of sexual identity. Transgender people may identify as: -- heterosexual -- gay -- lesbian -- bisexual -- queer -- asexual and so on.. It's important not to confuse gender & sexuality here. Transgender identities are about gender performance and might involve ___ __ __. Though, it can be confusing bc on many campuses are LGBTQ+ alliances or centers where trans students are incorporated into a coalition about sexual rights.

umbrella term

Transgender is an __ __ that encompasses gender identities that don't fit within the binary categories of male & female assigned at birth. While many transgender people take hormones & have surgeries to align their bodies w/ their gender identities (some transition fully from the gender assigned at birth; MtF or transwoman, FtM or transman), many do not. Others identify as genderqueer, gender nonbinary, gender noncomforming, gender fluid, or any of another number of gender identity descriptors. Not all gender nonconforming people identify as trans & not all trans people identify as gen. nonconforming.

small steps, boldly moved

Unlike contemporary masculinity, which is exibiting very __ __ into the realms of the feminine, femininity has __ __ into areas that were traditionally off-limits. Today's "ideal woman" (perhaps from a woman's p.o.v.) is definitely more androgynous than the ideal woman of the past. The contemporary ideal might be someone who is: -- Smart, competent, independent. -- Beautiful, thin, athletic, and sexy. -- Yet also loving, sensitive, domestically competent, and emotionally healthy.

dimorphic ideal, gender assignment, genital surgery, treatment protocol, genitals, coexist, variation

What are some of the main points in Anne Fausto-Sterling's "The Five Sexes, Revisisted" (2000)? - Problems with the "__ __" of human sex as a species. - Problems with __ __ and __ __ of babies with ambiguous sex characteristics & the wider implications of this. - The need for more accepting and ethical __ __ in which parents are informed, no unnecessary surgeries are given, and gender assignment is recognized as not the be-all to end-all in one's self identification of gender. - The need to move away from the focus on __ and accept that there's much variation in sexual identities & characteristics that mere genitals can't distinguish. - "Strong colors may __ with pastels" as androgyny exists, but there will still be highly masculine people out there; they just may be women, and the highly feminine people out there may be men. - At the dawn of the 21st century, when the __ of gender seems so visible, the ideal that human beings are an wholly dimporphic species is hard to maintain.

intersection, asylum seekers, avoid institutions, antitransgender stigma, unhealthy

What are some of the main points in Don Operio and Tooru Nemoto's "On Being Transnational and Transgender" (2017)? -- ___ of national identity and transgender identity. -- Many transgender women immigrants and __ __ bring a history of violence and trauma with them as they resettle in the United States. -- Consequently, they may __ __ that require disclosure of their gender history, such as health care and legal support agencies, to protect themselves against the __ __ well documented in the United States. -- __ trajectories may continue in the United States for transgender immigrants because of the intersection of antitransgender bias, and racism and because of health systems that traditionally have a myopic view on individual-level determinants of health.

gender identity disorder, reproductive control, childbirth model,

What are some of the main points of Jamie Lindemann Nelson's "Understanding Transgender and Medically Assisted Gender Transition" (2016)? -- The early model of transgender whereby trans persons were diagnosed w/ ""__ __ __" & said to have mental illness; this facilitated trans medical procedures, but it framed gender as a strict binary and presented trans identity as a problem to be solved by surgery. -- Proposes new model: __ __ and __ __ as a better model than cosmetic surgery or mental illness. This is because there are multiple ways of becoming a mother (C-section, IVF or not, vaginal delivery, etc.) All are accepted as valid routes to parenthood, and most require some degree of medical intervention.

disbelieved, sedatives, scientific neglect, gender biases

What are some of the main points of Kate Horowitz's "Performance of a Lifetime On Invisible Illness, Gender, and Disbelief" (2017)? -- Women's symptoms are more likely to be downplayed, ___ , or dismissed. -- Men in pain are generally given painkillers, woman __. -- Women are more likely to be diagnosed with "conversion disorder," a condition called for nearly 2,000 years hysteria. -- There's a __ __: POTS, hEDS, and MCAS aren't taught in medical school, and there's been little research into their causes or treatments; it's probably not a coincidence that all disproportionately affect women. These serve to further illuminate the *__ __ in medicine*: -- Testable differences in the investigation of & treatment of male/female patients. -- Gender biases occur in medical education, as well. -- Women either presumed to be the same as men or assumed to be different when differences are not there.

gender performance, social institution, interacts, process, stratification, structure

What are some of the main points revealed in Judith Lorber's "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994)? - __ __: Gender, like culture, is a human production that depends on everyone constantly "doing gender." - Gender is a __ __, and one of the major ways human beings organize their lives, labor, and groups. - Gender ___ with other social institutions such as religion, law, science, & a society's entire set of values. - __: Gender is a process of creating distinguishable social statuses for assignment of rights & responsibilities - ___: Gender ranks men above women of the same rank & class and "stratifies" them into unequal categories. - ___: Gender is a major building block in the social structures built on unequal male/female statuses.

Don Operio,Tooru Nemoto

Who wrote "On Being Transnational and Transgender" (2017)?

Kate Horowitz

Who wrote "Performance of a Lifetime: On Invisible Illness, Gender, and Disbeleif" (2017)?

Anne Fausto-Sterling

Who wrote "The Five Sexes, Revisited" (2000)?

Judith Lorber

Who wrote "The Social Construction of Gender" (1994)?

Jamie Lindemann Nelson

Who wrote "Understanding Transgender and Medically Assisted Gender Transition" (2016)?

Judith Butler

Who's philosophy is gender performance or "performativity" derived from?

transgender theory

__ __ has been heavily influenced by *queer theory* & its insistence on fluid identities. Both trans & queer theory emphasize that: -- "Woman" and "man" are changeable, evolving, & contested categories that must not be fixed, static, normalized, & taken for granted. -- Both are interested in the ways diverse notions of personhood are mapped onto the physical body.

femininity interacts

__ varies across cultures & __ with other identities (such as race, class, and sexual orientation). -- African American women may not identify with some aspects more readily associated with white femininity such as passivity. -- Asian American women often have to deal with societal stereotypes that construct femininity very much in terms of passivity and dependence: the "exotic gardenia" or "oriental chick" described by Nellie Wong.

androgyny

___ can be defined as a lack of gender differentiation or a balanced mixture of recognizable feminine & masculine traits. As a concept, transgender is different from androgyny, although in practice, one performance of a transgender identity might be androgyny. The androgynous behavior is an example of transgender behavior because it attempts to break down the binary categories of femininity/masculinity.

Gender nonconformity

having a gender expression that does not fit the masculine/feminine binary in some way.

Gender identity

how one feels internally about one's gender, which may or may not match the biological sex assigned at birth based on physical body type

Intersex

people born with reproductive or sexual anatomies that do not fit typical binary definitions of "male" and "female."

Objectification

seeing the body as an object separate from its context (a consciousness embedded in and informed by social networks). Objectification can include the way one views others and the way one views one's own body. The individual being objectified is denied full agency and subjectivity.

self-objectification

the tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others