WGU D189 Pnw History

Q3: WA territory established in ___?

1853

Q5: Page Act

1st fed law to restrict immigration in US

Q7: Evangelicalism + reform combine to influence US policy to natives in 19th century

Admin are supposed to model Christian virtues + teach natives to farm

R5: What did the Seattle Civic Unity Committee (CUC) and other civil rights groups lobby for after World War II?

Africans allowed to participate in jobs - Boeing forced to hire Africans

C: Centralia Tragedy on Armistice Day (Nov 1919)

Anti-union vs IWW (wobblies) - wobblies want to build union hall which angers anti's (Legionnaire's) > they attack it threaten IWW's bc Un-American Gunfire at Armistice day @ union hall (unsure who started it) > tortured arrested fought > IWW started it found IWW instigated it so IWW outlawed in WA > after time IWW exonerated advocating for Wobblies not being in the wrong after all + that legionnaires union started it

Q3: Protestant vs Catholic missionaries

Catholic more accommodating & Protestant focus on total assimilation rejecting native culture

R3: Which prominent Native leader signed the Treaty of Point Elliot in 1855 as the representative of the Duwamish and Suquamish peoples?

Chief Seattle (Duwamish + Suquamish)

R4: Which issue pressured Congress to pass the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882?

Chinese immigrants worked for lower wages - whites viewed Chinese as competitors stealing jobs for less money, anti-immigration laws

Q7: William Shelton

Collects tribal stories elders + erected carved poles in places like Everett to preserve native culture

Q5: 1863 Oregon Steam Naval Company built

Dalles + Celilo Railroad

R3: Which federal law subdivided Native lands and reservations into private property assigned to individuals and families?

Dawes Act/Allotment Act to those deemed eligible

Q7: tulalip food sources

Deer trout salmon

R3: What did the maritime fur trade bring to the Pacific Northwest that eventually led to an approximately 80 percent decline of Native American populations?

Diseases smallpox, measles, malaria

Dawes Act (Feb 1887) / General Allotment Act

Divide native land + integrate native into European American life > after Dawes Act finished they're competent and get title of land > become citizens as integration (reality is lots won't be citizens) federal law subdivided Native lands and reservations into private property assigned to individuals and families those eligible > Law to assimilate natives by turning into individual farmers Promoted imbalance in agriculture bc reduced acres of native land + opened native land to non-natives w/out compensating natives + made possibility US gov to sell allotments w/out holding land for 25yr + didn't make it illegal to cease land Citizen both state reside & US Repealed by Indian Reorg 1934

Q7: termination policy of 1950

Ends native status as wards of state making them subject to same laws as whites

Q5: Marketing campaign advertised Seattle as one + only gateway to Alaska

Erastus Brainerd

Q3: War of 1812 British seized + claimed this

Fort Astoria

Q3: Robert Gray American captain

Found Columbia River 1792 Tillamook trade w his American ship OR

Q3: Hudson Bay Company (HBC)

Fur company set up as 1st non-native American logging and fish operations in PNW

Q4: Chief Joseph (Nez Perce)

Him and his band of followers caught by US army about 40mi away from Canadian border

C: White River Massacre / Meeker (Oct 1855)

Ignites Puget Sound War > settlers going into Indian lands > Indians attack these settlers families killing all members (3 fam 9+ ppl) Who = White River Indians (Ute's & Muckleshoot) + white settlers + American soldiers Leschi accused of taking part

R4: Which federal act reversed many assimilationist policies, such as allotment, privatization of lands, and boarding schools, and allowed Native peoples an avenue to regain land and ensure tribal self-government?

Indian Reorganization Act -> lower fed control, land back, self gov tribes, edu help, health services

Q7: Boldt Decision (b for bass fish)

Judge decide native had rights to customary fishing grounds based on treaties signed in 19th century Fish catch + harvest tradition on custom grounds + to actually follow thru w fed treaties who said they can fish from river streams and have fisheries partnership State vs federal policies

R3: Which event made it easier for Americans to travel to the Pacific Northwest by land rather than sea?

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

Q7: Yakama tribe one of the first tribes to what?

Make federal case of upholding fishing rights in Columbia River

R3: Which philosophy promoted the belief that the United States had the right to extend its boundary to the Pacific Ocean, including the entire region between California and Alaska as well as British Columbia?

Manifest Destiny 1845

C: Rogue River War (1827-1856)

Miners behave bad to natives Donation Land settlers - violate treaties - RR native pop dropping - remove hunt gun eliminated economic opp - res open to US structure destined to fail -- bad bloody miner vs native conflicts Raped in public others tormented ~ US not honoring ~ no law for racial native trauma help > Table Rock Jackson ville militia exterminator group called Lupton massacre families killed but even after this some native still refuse to fight Chief John (Peace Treaty) fought though >> US wins natives left forced to Grand Ronde res Britain + US - native killed by American so back forth - US get land after a war > Gold Rush starts > Miners fur traders (CA) encroached on Native land in OR on R-River looking for gold + mistreated Indians Natives pushed to other tribe areas > Joe Lane wants negotiation 1853 table rock treaty protect ppl > US promise to teach farm ranch but didn't > Natives resist the US moving them > Race War begins bc more migrants than white + rape attacks > Lupton Massacre end = Indians defeated by miners + army + removed them to distant reservations - US defeat RR confederacy > guns gone + hunt privileges taken + moved to other areas > structural failure for Indians overall who = Takelma, Cjasta, Shasta, Umpqua tribes US not honored promises in treaties + no law to help Native abuse trauma

Q3: Northwest Passage

Mythical passage connect Atlantic to Pacific

Q5: Culture the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition did NOT feature

NOT Nisqually

Q5: NOT a reason Chinese immigrants came to PNW

NOT for religious freedom & NOT for American citizenship promise

Q3: During War of 1812 fur companies did what?

NW Fur Company (Montreal) offered to purchase all holdings of Pacific Fur Company (who didn't have protection during war 1812) + even retained some of their employees

Q3: Nootka Sound Controversy

Nations = Spain + Great Britain

Q3: Marcus Whitman

Natives go to him for healing from measles spreading

R3: Which conflict resulted in around 400 Pacific Northwest Native Americans being imprisoned at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas?

Nez Perce War - captured by Canada taken to Kansas then OK

C: Pig War (1853/59-1872) Great Britain + US

OR treaty vague wording 49 San Juan line Oregon Treaty signed 1846 boundary line San Juan issue of who claims it > Hudson Bay Company (British) makes sheep farm there to claim it more US gets mad June 1859 Cutter kills Pig at his yard from HBC so Britain threatens to evict all US from land + warships > US calls in military > standoff San Juan Island under military occupation years US in war so British petition London for land PNW San Juans belong to US thanks to Kaiser only causality was the pig

Q3: Africans legally forbidden from settling here in early 19th century

Oregon

R3: Which American land-based fur company, established on the shore of the Columbia River in 1811, sold its trading operations to British competitors after being in business for a short time?

Pacific Fur Company (Astor) bought by Northwest Company in 1813

R4: Populist Party (1890-1920)

People's party + came from farmers poor ppl wanting to focus on the working ordinary people and their rights being maximized Oregon System 1902-14 supported by Populism > direct primary law > system of recall Social reform movement calling for gov regulation of railroads + banks

Q4: problems of treaties w US & Natives

Pre-negotiations some tribes promised land but in documents a diff one given & treaties written in trading lang & natives expected to live as if treaties instantly valid but they take years

Q3: George Simpson

Prevent competition from Americans in continental fur trade by adopting a policy to destroy all sea otters that they trapped so then nobody can profit Administrator + colonial gov who brought order, efficiency, diversification to HBC

Q3: Donation Land Act (1850)

Purpose = promote homestead settlement in OR by offering free land go white settlers

Lupton Massacre (Oct 1855) RR

RR -> exterminators Jacksonville militia attack Takelma native village kill girls + kids (James Lupton started it) > Natives still not wanting to fight Chief John of Peace Treaty fought bc US not follow thru peace + promises > R River confederacy defeated by US

Q3: Convention of 1818 (after 1812 war)

Resolution signed after war 1812 that told US + Britain would occupy PNW region jointly for 10 years.... they ended up fighting over San Juan's

C: Yakima War

Result of miners encroaching on Native lands for gold - woman raped > agent killed ~ratification not legit takes years for treaty gov signing Bureau of Indian affairs agent Bolon killed as retaliate for US gov having lack of response to native violence so leads to this war

C: Bellingham Riot (Sept 1907)

S Asians in PNW immigrants mostly seek religion men + whites didn't understand Hinduism vs Seekism so think they're all hindu's They work in the lumber mills + treated hostile poorly right away by white's + white's ban these "hindus" + mobs attack them brutally around labor day think they steal jobs instill fear in hindu's anti-immigration groups lead to create National Origins Act which exclude S Asians citizenship

Q3: American settlers misinterpreted + scared of this native conservation practice in Williamette Valley

Structured fires

Q7: Reformers believed that what?

The allotment program would allow natives to be prosperous

Q3: Nez Perce

Tribal guides for Lewis & Clark

Q3: Thomas Jefferson

Wanted to hire explorers to catalog + claim PNW as the US before president

Manifest Destiny > Puget Sound

Whites >> others should control pacific and Atlantic superior religion too need options Form of ideological justification for US expansion in N America > promoted the belief that the United States had the right to extend its boundary to the Pacific Ocean, including the entire region between California and Alaska as well as British Columbia

C: Treaty of Walla Walla (June 1855)

Who = Nez perce, umatilla, Cayuse Constitutional relationship - guaranteeing confederated umatilla tribe's legal status + its gov-to-gov relationship with US all roads highways railroads have right of way thru reservation & no alcohol & Indians follow US laws & Umatilla + Walla don't want to move + abandon their traditional ways

C: Point Elliot Treaty (1855)

Who = chief Seattle + duwamish + tulalip US Gov promise to establish clinic + agriculture school at Tulalip Bay > Duwamish reject Chief Seattle b/c the treaty results of the gov actions established reservations WA tribes + granted fish rights that were usually restricted

C: Neah Bay Treaty (1855)

Who = makah + nisqually + puyallup Natives not allowed to harvest shellfish rom beds cultivated by citizens AND could not have alcohol -- WHALE + FISH in custom lands 90% land taken but kept 10% which unusual for any land to be kept

C: Point No Point Treaty (1855)

Who = skokomish + chimakum + s'klallam Native nations sign over their land but exchanged hunting fishing rights > Skokomish forbidden from trading on Vancouver Island > Natives not allowed to harvest shellfish from beds cultivated by citizens > US gov promise to build agriculture industrial school at Puget Sound wa tribes vacate kitsap peninsula to small res + had hunt fish rights Hood Canal for $$ also says not allowed alc or trade w non-americans and had to free their slaves... negotiated w Chinook jargon even tho chiefs rejected this lang

C: Rogue River Treaty

Who = takelma + cjasta + shasta Us not honor their promises for natives & now law to help native abuse ...

C: Everett Massacre (Nov 1916)

Who = workers of lumber mills + owners of mills + police + IWW Wobblies workers of lumber mills who strike vs owners > strikers vs strike breakers police intervene > IWW involved now for worker rights and speech rights Wobblies (IWW) try to help the miners but jailed + beaten axed so they send more next time + met w gunfire from police businessmen so a shooting occurs 7+ die deep labor struggle

R4: Which development in the Pacific Northwest was a result of the California gold rush?

a rise in the timber industry in OR + WA to get to CA for gold

Q5: PNW farmers benefit from railroads by

access to bulky equipment + ship over country

Q5: Columbia river fisherman protective union created in reply to

canneries giving fisherman low price salmon

Q5: Result of Salmon overfishing in 19th century

canneries taking more fish than can process + astoria smelt bad + oregon leg appointed special committee investigate fish practices

Q5: Portland established itself as predominant city PNW coast

conduct swift bus extractive industry via river + supply gold prospectors goods services

C: Medicine Creek Treaty (Dec 1854)

contributes to Puget Sound War - surrender land in change for maintain rights to hunt + fish in traditional places > Leschi Nisqually not happy bc force to leave traditional village salmon area Who = Nisqually, Puyallup, Steilacoom, Squawskin, S'Homamish, Stehchass, T'Peeksin, Squi-aitl, Sa-heh-wamish Gave 3 reservation + US land in exchange for fish hunt rights > disputed in Boldt decision > right to more (half) the fish caught on traditional land thru Puget Sound instead of gov/state

R4: How did the U.S. government intervene in the Pacific Northwest to improve working conditions for loggers when the nation entered World War I?

created the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen (4-L) timber laborers company union

Q5: Seattle established supremacy + maintained it by

developing infrastructure, streetcars, canals, electric + closest metropolis for prospectors to and from Klondike

Q5: NOT a major contribution made by PNW during WW1

did NOT provide a site for largest army training in N America + NOT for guns and uniforms

Q5: Seattle Minute Men

drove fed law enforce officers investigating crimes of sedition + folded into American protective league >> vigilantes not military or police negative racist threaten employees for business rough up ppl when hired to scare them - unpatriotic comm conspiracy

R4: What did post-Civil War reformers believe could assimilate Native people into American society?

education w/ boarding schools away from family influences

Q5: Filipinos considered US nationals + Filipinos exempt from Immigration laws

fact

Q5: Many natives served in WW1 NOT US citizens

fact

Q7: Indian Reorganization Act (1934) / Wheeler-Howard Act

federal act reversed many assimilationist policies, such as allotment, privatization of lands, and boarding schools, and allowed Native peoples an avenue to regain land and ensure tribal self-government Less fed control more self gov tribes land back help w edu + health Ended allotment system > natives spiritual practice decriminalized > tribes can make constitution under fed supervision but were NOT citizens Repeal to Dawes + Burke act Ended allotment + empower tribes to form own gov

Q5: Fishing technique damaging and illegal

gang line

R5: Which result of World War II affected the African American population in the Pacific Northwest?

greater opportunity for job arose due to increased production for defense - shipyards + factories paid well

Q5: CA Gold Rush + contributed to PNW development by what?

growth of the timber industry RR relation - US win land after Mexican War CA, NM, NV, UT, WY > find gold so go from E to W coast now to find more few rich tho > move to OR territory RRiver now to hope for better luck than CA > OR Donation Land immigrants claiming land >

R5: How did World War II change the economy of the Pacific Northwest?

increased military contracts - Seattle + WA top cities in US war industry contracts per capita

R5: Which lasting effect did the Cold War have on the Pacific Northwest region?

increased pollution - radioactive waste nuclear developments during Cold War

Q5: Lode mining + timber

industries boom in 19th century due to influence of railroads

R3: Which of the following is a reason that the treaty process in the Pacific Northwest of the United States was particularly cumbersome?

language barriers Chinook jargon

Q5: Immigration Acts of 1921 + 1924

law effectively ending Asian immigration into US

C: Cayuse War (1847-1855)

lead to negotiations b/w US + Native of Columbia Plateau created lots of Indian reservations Who = Cayuse, US Gov, American white settlers Cause = influx of settlers + disease & Whitman massacre & the missionary couple Whitman's pushing Christianity on Cayuse > Cayuse raid settlers End = Cayuse lost > barely any tribe ppl left so shared land w Umatilla + Walla Walla > ruined white settler + native relations

R4: Which statement is true of Native American participation in World War I?

many Native Americans were non-citizens prior to their service in World War I denied basic rights + gained U.S. citizenship after serving WW1

Q5: US built shipyards in Puget Sound because

mild climate + so US ships didn't have to repair in British Columbia

R4: Which type of Native American school emphasized religious education?

mission schools fed funded

R5: Which statement accurately describes tribal sovereignty for Native nations in the United States, according to federal policy?

nations have right/authority to self govern on reservations but still adhere to state + fed law

Q5: Railroad chartered by congress in 1864

northern pacific railroad

R5: Which animal was an indicator of industrial ecological damage in the Pacific Northwest in the 1990s and went on to symbolize an awakening of conservation in the region?

northern spotted owls - homes torn for timber endangering them

Q5: To ensure prospectors come back to Seattle after exploring Yukon by

open assay office to test gold and exchange for paper money

Q5: Hinterlands

provided natural resources to communities

R4: Which industry was the main cause of mass immigration of Chinese immigrants to the Pacific Northwest during the Industrial Revolution in North America?

railroad - Chinese came to PNW to work on railroad during Industrial revolution

C: Puget Sound War (1855-56) >> Medicine Creek Treaty (1854)

rapid migration white settlers land from fed gov - Stevens want white to have more options of land + view white superiority + Christian superior to natives > Manifest Destiny = white being destined to control Atlantic & Pacific Stevens call Nisqually (Leschi) + Puyallup tribes to surrender land in exchange for hunt + fish rights > Leschi attack Seattle in 1 day bc force to not have salmon area fishing traditional > natives leave at the end + makes Natives exterminated from land by Stevens for killing whites Seattle during the war > hung jury result so another trial where Leschi lost to whites for killing in Seattle whites create a new world rapidly for the natives to be forced into

R5: What does tribal sovereignty give Native nations the right to do, according to the United States government?

regulate businesses on their lands

R5: Which statement about Native American reservations is true?

reservation land is federal land held in a trust on behalf of Native nation - fed own land but in native trust

R3: Which incentive was promised to native tribes who signed the Neah Bay Treaty in 1855?

rights to continue fishing and whaling

R3: What was traded between Native Americans and Captain James Cook that led to an economic turning point for the Pacific Northwest region?

sea otter pelts

C: Seattle Strike (1919)

shipyard workers want better pay + safe work conditions after WW1 wages froze and stagnant so went on strike where ppl were attacked, arrested, spied on victory for Americanism over reds (Hanson) over communism but this only started to get fairness for workers union inspiring and successful to people + remained peaceful

Q5: A tech advancing timber industry by loggers cutting big trees and to transport them

steam donkey

R4: How did Idaho, Washington, and Oregon respond to women's suffrage?

they were among the first states to allow women to vote before 19th amend

R3: What was one important goal of the U.S. government when enacting the Dawes Act?

to destroy Native culture + communities - wanted white culture English

Q5: Natives contribute to WW1 by

volunteer military service + offer aux services + serve as code-talkers for encryption

C: Nez Perce War (summer 1877)

who = non-treaty Nez Perce (ones who reject treaty holdings) vs US Army (whites) Non-treaty natives refuse to give up ancestral land so it starts war suffer violations from white settlers + white looking for gold > some Nez Perce signed treaty to reduce their holdings of gold but the non-treaty natives refuse to sign + resisted + Otis moves them to small land > War starts bc June raids against white settlements > US Army defeats Nez Perce + Chief Joseph surrenders but is promised to be able to go back to ID but that doesn't happen they go to Kansas then OK instead end = marks the end of wars as whites + US army conquered region resistance to assimilatory policies must take on other form

Q5: Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition (AYPE) 1909

world fair Seattle UW asian countries most important for trading cosmopolitan city Seattle gateway area Alaska + Hawaii become territories Filipino later fair supposed to represent/display cultures natively thru expos but didn't always promoted development of AL but did NOT increase trade w AL or Pacific just left some UW buildings