wh exam

Compare documents that establish limits on government in response to absolute monarchy (the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights).

-Absolute monarchy means the king's actions aren't restricted by anything. -England's magna carta (1215) was the first time royal authority officially became subject to the law, instead of reigning above it. -Under the Bill of Rights (1689) in England, the monarchy couldn't rule without the consent of Parliament, and the people were given individual rights. -These two laws took away absolute monarchy.

Describe the natural resources and geographic features of Africa, their role in attracting European economic interests, and their impact on global trade.

-Africa has a large quantity of natural resources like diamonds, sugar, salt, cobalt, and cocoa beans-- these are just a few. -Africa has 8 major physical regions. ( the Sahara, the Sahel, the Ethiopian Highlands, the Savannah, the Swahili coast, the rainforest, the African Great Lakes, and Southern Africa.) -The geography impacted where people wanted to live, imported trade resources (gold, salt), and trade routes that helped different civilizations to interact and develop. -Europeans were attracted to Africa's natural resources because they were so abundant.

Describe the persecution of Jews and other targeted groups in Europe leading up to World War II, and explain why many people were unable to leave and their efforts to resist persecution.

-Anti-semitism led to the holocaust which led to world war II. -Jews were kept in concentration camps where they could not escape and were killed if they tried to. -Jews were regularly persecuted and humiliated.

Explain the origins and significance of the establishment of the State of Israel, and describe the reactions by surrounding Arab countries to the United Nations' decision to establish Israel.

-Creations of the state of israel- following the defeat of the ottoman empire in ww1, the british consumed control of palestine. -the british government issued the balfour declaration announcing its decision to faciliate a national home for the jewish people. -The establishment of israel had a significant impact on the Middle east. -Armed conflict began almost immediately. -Arab countries resented the creation of the state.

Explain how the rise of militarism, alliances, imperialistic rivalries, and growing nationalism led to the outbreak of World War I.

-I think of the outbreak of ww1 as M.A.I.N. This stands for militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism. -Militarism led to this because nations were focused on their military and having the strongest army. -Alliances led to this because it made something local go global. -Imperialism led to this because nations were wanting to grow and expand and be the biggest, and this was causing conflicts. -Nationalism caused this because no one wanted to negotiate because they wanted their country to be the absolute best and they got cocky.

Explain the growing influence of western powers on China from the Opium Wars through the Boxer Rebellion.

-In the Opium Wars, popular rebellions, and the Sino-Japanese War, China had fought to resist the foreigners, but it lacked a modernized military and suffered millions of casualties. -Boxer Rebellion was the officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China. -One important long-term effect of the Boxer Rebellion was that it enabled Western powers to maintain a major presence (including a military presence) in China. -The western powers straightened out China, and the Qing dynasty came to an end and China became a republic in 1912.

Compare the major ideas of philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, such as Charles Louis de Montesquieu, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

-Locke wrote the history of the human spirit. -Montesquieu was influenced by Locke. He emphasized the uniqueness and the accidental nature of the legal system of a given nation. -Rousseau wrote many papers and became famous by advocating the society in the state of nature, the society with no class-distinctions. -Hobbes was a political philosopher who wrote about government and law. He believed the best kind of government is organized under one authority. -All these men developed theories of government in which some or even all the people would govern. They valued reason, science, religious tolerance, life, liberty, and property.

Describe the collapse of international economies in 1929 that led to the Great Depression, including the significance of: overproduction, unemployment inflation, restrictive trade policies, post-war economic relationships between the U.S. and Europe

-Major causes of the Great Depression were the stock market crash in 1929, bank failures, over-production and drought. Overproduction- Factories and farms were producing more goods than the people could afford to buy. As a result, prices fell, factories closed and workers were laid off. Unemployment- when the Great Depression reached its lowest point, some 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country's banks had failed. Inflation - the rate of inflation was negative. This could have been a major factor in the collapse of investment which was the immediate cause of the Depression. Restrictive trade policies Other nations increased tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade and worsening the Depression. Post-war economic relationships between the U.S. and Europe The United States essentially out-produced its enemies. To win the Cold War, the United States became a low-savings, high-consumption economy

Analyze the geographic, political, and social factors that contributed to the rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte's empire.

-Napoleon had great success in his military campaigns, losing only 7 of the 60 battles in his career. He was respected for his strategy and how he organized people. When he came to power in France, he fixed many of the nations' problems and won great popularity with the people. He also put out very strong propaganda. However, he pushed his forces too hard when fighting against Russia, and this was his downfall. He was exiled to the Isle of Elba. He escaped from Elba, snuck into France, and raised a new army in the period known as the Hundred Days. In June 1815, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo. Napoleon was again exiled, this time to distant Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died in 1821.

Compare the goals of leading nations (i.e., U.S., France, Great Britain, Italy, and Japan) at the Paris Peace Conference with the outcomes of the Treaty of Versailles and its impact on Germany.

-Paris Peace Conference definition. -The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War. -Nearly thirty nations participated, but Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four" who would dominate the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles write definition. -The Treaty of Versailles officially ended the war between Germany and the Allied Powers. -The controversial War Guilt clause blamed Germany for World War I and imposed heavy debt payments on Germany.

Explain how the entrance of the United States and the exit of Russia affected the course and outcome of World War I.

-The U.S. entering the battle tipped the scales for the allied powers. -It ended the stalemate and led the allied powers to victory because it has so many reinforcements.

Explain the geographic and economic reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in England, including: natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and access to capital.

-The agricultural revolution was a big reason the industrial revolution started in Great Britain. It forced many people to move to Europe who needed jobs, so factories could be opened that required lots of jobs. -Natural resources - Britain's large deposits of coal and iron provided power for new factories. -Entrepreneurship- Britain had developed an economic framework, including banks and a stock market, which could handle increases in economic activity. -Labor- Britain's population boomed and the nation had more people to work in factories and more people to purchase manufactured goods. Also, less farmers were needed. -Access to capital- the government offered financial perks to industrialists and Britain had incredible economic growth with banks and stock. Also, with more workers and more food, food was cheaper so more money was made and saved, and got Silver from the Americas, used in trade with China

Explain how the economic instability, nationalism, and political disillusionment in Germany and Japan led to the rise of totalitarian regimes.

-Totalitarianism is where the government controls every part of public behavior. A totalitarian government gains extensive amounts of control and power over all of their people, and dominate over every aspect of their lives. -The economic problems from WW1 and the depression led people to question whether democratic government could improve their lives. -Totalitarian governments appeared to provide a sense of security and offered a strong direction for the future. -Totalitarianism gave leaders the power necessary to pursue goals without opposition in their own countries. Germany, Italy, and Japan all had totalitarian governments. For the most part, the leaders of these countries were free to do whatever they wanted.

Describe hoe trench warfare, the resulting stalemate, war of attrition, and advances in weaponry (e.g. chemical weapons, machine guns, submarines, tanks) affected the course and outcome of World War I.

-Trench warfare played a big part in ww1. With new technology, soldiers were more at risk, and they needed a place to hide behind and hold their positions, so they made trenches which was how most of the war was fought. Conditions there were AWFUL. -War of attrition and stalemate combined with the trenches made many of the soldiers die of disease and sickness because of the bad conditions for so long. They suffered trench foot and trench fever. They were extremely bored. It smelled so bad with all of the gas and dead bodies, and there was a constant fear of death.

Describe the concept of the divine right of kings as well as the features, strengths, and weaknesses of European absolutism, including: Louis XIV, Versailles, and Peter the Great.

-divine right of kings meant that a monarch was given the right to rule by God alone, and his authority could not be questioned because he ruled in God's name. -Absolutism is when the king has all the power to do whatever he wants. -strengths of absolutism are order, stability, and prosperity. -weaknesses are loyalty, being killed for having a different opinion from the king's, and the nation suffers. -no monarch was more successful in creating the image of monarchy than Louis XIV In 1682 he moved the royal Court to the Palace of Versailles, the defining symbol of his power and influence in Europe. -Peter the Great's reign was considered absolutism. He helped transform Russia into a more modern country.

Identify the major causes of the French Revolution, including the impact of: The American Revolution Conflicting social classes Economic factors Enlightenment political thought Government corruption and weakness

-the way its society was structured; the French did not have to pay taxes, and the poor were left to suffer -the third estate in the society class became their own national assembly -the American Revolution which made France bankrupt

Define total war, and describe its effect on European civilian populations including: Food shortages, industrial production of war materials, naval/submarine blockades, and women as workers.

-total war is a method of warfare where anything connected to an enemy is attacked. -Military targeted civilians. -There were shortages of everything including food. -Women took positions working to build things for the men in the war.

Analyze Japan's abandonment of isolationism, its embrace of technological and political changes, and its consequent rise as an imperial power in the late 19th century.

-when the foreign vessels showed up on their shores, especially U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry's fleet in 1853, to demand that Japan open its ports to trade and restocking of ships from other countries, it was a huge shock to many people just how advanced the technology was, especially in shipbuilding and weaponry. -Japan became an imperial power because of the help of their adaption of Western technology. It helped grow them and expand their industrialization.

Holocaust

6 million Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals and other people were systematically exterminated by Nazi Germany during World War II, was one of the most horrific war crimes ever committed.

"island hopping"

A military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against the Axis powers (most notably Japan) during World War II. It entailed taking over an island and establishing a military base there.

Winston Churchill

An English political leader and author of the twentieth century; he became prime minister shortly after World War II began and served through the end of the war in Europe

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

Thomas Jefferson

Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States

the Napoleonic Code

French civil code established under the French Consulate in 1804.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland; believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society

Charles Louis de Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive andlegislative and judicial powers

Nuremberg Trials

Held for the purpose of bringing Nazi war criminals to justice, they were a series of 13 trials carried out in Germany

Inflation

It is the constant rise in the general level of prices

Hideki Tojo

Japanese army officer who initiated the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Louis XIV

King of France (1643-1715). His reign, the longest in French history, was characterized by a magnificent court, the expansion of French influence in Europe, and the establishment of overseas colonies.

Bolshevik Revolution

They were led by Vladimir Lenin and believed that the new Russian government should be a Marxist (communist) government.

Battle of Verdun

World War I engagement in which the French repulsed a major German offensive.

Adolf Hitler

a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party

Peter the Great

a Russian czar in the late 17th century, who is best known for his extensive reforms in an attempt to establish Russia as a great nation

Militarism

a belief that a strong military force should be maintained and used aggressively to defend or promote national interests

Russian Civil War

a civil war fought from November 1917 until October 1922 between several groups in Russia

Totalitarian

a form of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens

alliances

a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate for specific purposes

Concert of Europe

a group of countries in Europe who worked together and agreed on policies to maintain a steady balance of power which included alliances between the great powers

kamikaze

a member of a Japanese air attack corps in World War II assigned to make a suicidal crash on a target

trench warfare

a method of fighting where opposing armies fought from and defended their territories using a system of dug out trenches or ditches

Unemployment

a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work

Age of Enlightenment

a philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century.

Stalemate

a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

Atlantic Charter

a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the period following the end of World War II

Haitian Revolution

a successful anti-slavery andanti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue

Commmunism

a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed

imperialism

a type of government that seeks to increase its size, either by forcing (through war) or influencing (through politics) other countries to submit to their rule.

Blitzkrieg

a very quick, particularly violent andintimidating attack by one armed force against an enemy

the Marshall Plan

an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe, in which the United States gave over $12 billion in economic assistance to help rebuild Western European economies after the end of World War II.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt

an American politician who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

Benito Mussolini

an Italian political leader who became the fascist dictator of Italy from 1925 to 1945.

socialism

an economic system in which, the vesting of the ownership and control of the production and distribution of capital, land, etc.

nationalism

an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation

military alliances

an international agreement concerning national security in which the contracting parties agree to mutual protection and support in case of a crisis that has not been identified in advance.

the United Nations

an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security

Battle of the Marne

an offensive during World War I by the French army and the British Expeditionary Force

Battle of the Somme

battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire

Declaration of Independence

document that was approved by the Continental Congress and that announced the separation of 13 North American British colonies from Great Britain.

anti-semitism

hatred or hostility toward Jews

Berlin Conference

meetingbetween European nations to create rules on how to peacefully divide Africa among them for colonization.

war of attrition

military strategy in which a aggressive side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and materiel

Capitalism

most means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets

Boxer Rebellion

officially supported peasant uprising of 1900 that attempted to drive all foreigners from China

Versailles

palace of the French kings built by Lous xiv

indigenous populations

people whose historical and current territory has become occupied by colonial expansion, or the formation of a state by a dominant group such as a colonial power.

atomic bombs

powerful weapons that use nuclear reactions as their source ofexplosive energy

Paris Peace Conference

the meeting in 1919 of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

Appeasement

the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict

Isolationism

the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, internationalagreements, etc.

Treaty of Versailles

the primary treatyproduced by the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I

cultural diffusion

the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group of people to another

Armenian Genocide

the systematic killing and deportation of Armenians by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire

Great Depression

the worst economicdownturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939.

Agricultural Revolution

this is the transformation of human (and world) existence caused by the deliberate cultivation of particular plants and the deliberate taming and breeding of particular animals.

Opium Wars

two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1911/12.

Joseph Stalin

was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet politician who led the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until 1953 as the general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

John Locke

was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"

President Harry S. Truman

was the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953, succeeding upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt after serving as vice president.