WHH Chapter 29
Gavrilo Princip
19-year-old member of The Black Hand; He shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
What 2 provinces were returned to France as a result of the treaty?
Alsace-Lorraine and Rhine River
Armistice
An agreement to stop fighting
League of Nations
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Where was the Eastern Front?
Border of Germany and Russia
What region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was located along the Adriatic Sea?
Bosnia and Herzegovina
What caused Russia to withdraw from World War I?
By 1917, 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been injured, killed, or taken as prisoners; Russia refused to keep fighting
In which country was almost all of the war in the West fought?
France
What 5 new nations formed in the Balkan region after the demise of the Ottoman Empire?
Greece, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia
Why was the First Battle of the Marne so significant?
It shattered the Schlieffen plan because Russia had invaded Germany so they couldn't react quickly
What was the war guilt clause?
It was part of the Article 232 which held Germany fully responsible for the war, therefore they had to pay for all preparations. Germany also lost substantial amounts of territory.
Woodrow Wilson
President; asked congress to declare war so that the US could enter World War I
Georges Clemenceau
Representative of France; played central role in politics of the French Third Republic
Where was the Gallipoli campaign? What was the outcome?
Strategy to attack a region in the Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles. This narrow sea strait was the gateway to the Ottoman capital, Constantinople.
What was a major weakness in Russia's war front? Major strength?
Strengths - natural resources and fear of revolution Weaknesses - ethnic tensions with Germany and territorial tensions with Austria-Hungary
Setting the Stage, sec 3
The Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria allied with Germany and the central powers. When the war seemed to have a grim outcome, the central powers looked to each others' allies in search of new balance.
Fourteen Points
A series of proposals in which Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I
Outside of Europe, where was World War I fought?
Africa, southwest Asia
In what ways did the treaty punish Germany?
Germany was stripped of all its colonies, it was forced to pay for all the damage, and it was banned from having any military powers.
Which 6 countries had a rivalry due to nationalism?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France
Allied Powers
Great Britain, France, and Russia; Italy and Japan joined later
How did Herbert Sulzbach's vision of the armistice differ from what actually occurred?
He focused on surrender and an agreement to stop fighting, but that didn't happen and Germany did not surrender.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir of the Austro-Hungarian throne; was shot on his visit to Saravejo, potentially causing World War I
Propaganda
Information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause
Which Central Powers nation appears to have lost the most territory?
Russia
What was the impact of the war socially?
Societies were unified in Europe
What was no-man's land?
Space between opposing trenches; was given its name because of its bombed landscape
Total War
A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort
Trench Warfare
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield; known for brutal living conditions and war mechanisms
What caused the Central Powers to collapse?
After efforts to reach Marne in March, 1918, German troops were exhausted. Allies took opportunity to counterattack. Allies destroy German front lines. Ottomans surrendered first, followed by Germany declaring itself a republic.
Setting the Stage, sec 1
After plenty of wars during the 18th and 19th century, there were many efforts to outkaw wards in order to ensure peace. These efforts were carried out by thousands of peace organizations and congresses.
What were 2 reasons for the hostility between Austria-Hungary and Serbia?
Austria took over Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbian rulers who wanted to rule these provinces, were outraged. There were many tensions between Serbia and Austria steadily rose.
On which nation's former lands were most of the new countries created?
Austria-Hungary
Schlieffen Plan
German battle plan designed by Alfred Graf von Schlienffen to attack and defeat France
Central Powers
Germany and Austria-Hungary; called central powers because of their location in Central Europe
What was the impact of the war economically?
Germany and Great Britain relied on imports to supply the war
Describe the tensions in the Balkans at the turn of the 20th century.
Intense nationalism of Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and other ethnic groups led to demands for independence.
What was the impact of the Spanish Flu?
It affected England and India as well as other parts of Europe, the influenza epidemic killed soldiers and citizens; killed about 12 million in India
Why was the Treaty of Versailles called a peace built on quicksand?
It wasn't very good at keeping peace. In fact, it created a lot of bitterness which caused yet another catastrophic war.
Triple Alliance
Military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding the World War I
Triple Entente
Military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I
Setting the Stage, sec 4
On January 18, 1919, a conference to establish the terms of peace began at the palace of Versailles. The allied powers struggled to solve their conflicting aims in various peace treaties.
What is the main difference between the two excerpts? (Primary Source Document)
One is describing how the war appeared where it did, and the other talks about the end of the war.
What were the 4 new weapons of war?
Poison gas Machine guns Tanks Planes
Militarism
Policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Ruler of Germany; forced Bismarck to resign and took in all power of the army; let nations treaty with Russia lapse in 1890
The Black Hand
Secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule
Self-determination
The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live
Rationing
The limiting of the amounts of goods people can buy- often imposed by governments during wartime, when goods are in short supply
Treaty of Versailles
The peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers after World War I.
The Western Front
The region of northern France where the central and allied powers battled each other
What 2 events caused the US to join the war?
The sinking of the Lusitania, which had hundreds of American citizens in it and the telegram sent from Germany to Mexico, giving instructions to attack the US
What is the impact of the war in politics?
The treaty of Versailles led Germany to make significant territorial concessions
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The use of submarines to sink without warning any ship found in an enemy's waters; used by the Germans in the Atlantic Ocean
Why were alliances a problem in Europe?
These alliances were first created to make things worse for another nation, however these later caused problems in the times of war bringing in and making these problems way bigger
What role did women play in World War I?
They replaced men in factories, offices, and shops. Women built things such as tanks, worked in hospitals, paved streets, plowed fields, and supplied troops with food, supplies, and weapons.
Why did Italy switch alliances?
They switched sides after accusing Germany of unjustly starting the war and the other side continuously trying to get them to join
What geographic disadvantage did Germany and Austria-Hungary face in fighting the war?
They were between France and Russia so 2 war fronts had to be fought
Why did Germany have two fronts of war?
They were trying to defeat France and Russia
Why might Serbia have staked a claim to a Bosnia and Herzegovina?
Trade and sea transport
Which countries were aligned with the European allies?
US, Australia, Japan, India, Canada, Brazil, New Zealand, and Russia
Setting the Stage, sec 2
War between Austria-Hungary and Serbia drew more and more nations due to the Alliance system. Almost all of Europe was involved in this war.
The Great War
War between the allied and central powers, or World War I
