Work Design Mid-Term 2

Because muscles receive plenty of blood supply, injuries to muscles can take a matter of weeks or more than a month to heal. Injury to bones called fractures can take 5 to 6 weeks to heal, and some fractures take even longer. Joints are the most complicated and fragile structures, and injuries to joints can take months or even years to heal. Match the priority order for work design is to avoid unnecessary risk to injuries.

1 Joints 2 Skeleton 3 Muscles

According to the International Labor Organization work related injury and illness costs society what percent of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) on average? 6% 5% 4% 2%

4%

Someone with 95th percentile stature is taller than how much of the population? 90% 5% 100% 95%

95

When designing to accommodate a wide range of users, for example car seats, car steering wheels, office chairs, etc; a good guideline is to design for what? Adjustibility 95 percentile Minimimum Extreme Case

Adjustibility

Anthropometry is a branch of science that deals with human body measurements, usually considered a branch of Anthrosapien Socialogy Anthropology Anatomny

Anthropology

In cases where it is not feasible to design for the extreme individuals, then it may be advised to design for the what? 90 percentils 95 percentile Minimum Average

Average

Fitting the Person to the Job is defining the physical and mental job requirements and then hiring workers that have those attributes.. An alternate approach is to design the job in such a way that it can be accomplished by a greater number of workers, regardless of mental and physical attributes. Ergonomics is more closely aligned with which one? No answer text provided. No answer text provided. Fit the person to the job Design the job for any worker

Design the job for any worker

A number of ergonomic simulation packages have been developed in recent years that use software to simulate and evaluate physical loads, providing data to designers; what is this technique called? Human Anthropometrics Digital Human Modeling Human Differential Modeling Computer Graphics

Digital Human Modeling

All unnecessary physical disability can be avoid by what two steps: Hiring Stronger Workers Evaluating Ergonomic Risks Plan substitutes for workers who get injured Designing work to lessen the strain on the human body

Evaluating Ergonomic Risks Designing work to lessen the strain on the human body

To avoid shoulder injury, the work should be designed so the operator keeps their arms above shoulder level for extended periods. True False

False

The state where Musculo-skeletal structures are loaded to the extent that they can no longer exert sufficient force, speed, precision or motion is called what? Injury Fatigue Hyperextension Failure

Fatigue

What are some techniques that might be used to understand the macroergonomic factors? (select all that apply) Quality Control Focus Groups Interviews Questionnaires

Focus Groups Interviews Questionnaires

In a work environment, moderate cold temperature, even just slightly below the comfort zone, can lead to all of the following except? Frostbite Shivering Decreased performance Decrease in sense of touch Decreased motor function

Frostbite

A visual sensation in which excessive overexposed light impairs vision or makes vision uncomfortable is know as what? Contrast Glare Brightness Indirect Lighting

Glare

Every tissue in the human body has its limit value of stress that it can withstand before failure. In a biomechanical sense, stress is define as what? Safe Loading Force per unit Area Normal Loading Harmful Loading

Harmful Loading

n a work environment, moderate heat, even just slightly beyond the comfort zone can lead to all of the following except? Decreased performance Increased risk of errors and accidents Sweating Heat Stroke Increased hostility Tiredness

Heat Stroke

Some of the reasons body dimensions differ between people is because of (select all that apply) Location Birth Order Heredity Ethnicity Age Diet Sex

Heredity Ethnicity Age Diet Sex

An evaluation method where a workplace or work tasks are evaluated according to a set of accepted principles, or rules of thumb, based on theoretical knowledge of human abilities or physical limitations, alongside past experience of how a design should work effectively, with deviation noted and prioritized is called what? Heuristic Evaluation Qualitative Evaluation Task Based Evaluation Experimental Evaluation

Heuristic Evaluation

A method of ergonomic evaluation where the goal is identified and then the work is divided into tasks, sub-tasks and operations is called what? Work Breakdown Job Analysis Hierarchical Task Analysis Time and Motion Study

Hierarchical Task Analysis

What is not one of the 3 main human components to consider in ergonomics? Human Being Human Effectos Human Senses Human Brain

Human Being

It is usually necessary to quantify the economic benefits of ergonomics investment; which of the following would not be part of the justification? Increase in presenteeism Injury prevention Enhanced customer experience Productivity gains Quality improvement Employee retention Reduced absenteeism

Increase in presenteeism

In an economic justification for ergonomic investment it may be wise to focus on measures companies already measure, which two should you focus on? Increased revenue Stock price Avoidance of loss Quarterly results

Increased revenue Avoidance of loss

A classic model that explains how work psychological demands and the level of a worker's control over their tasks influences their stress levels of work was introduced by who? Maslow Karaske Freud Skiner

Karaske

The NIOSH Lifting equation includes multiple factors but what parameter lists below is not included in the equation? Horizontal Distance of the Load from the Worker Vertical Height of the Lift Frequency of duration for lifting Leg Strength of the Worker

Leg Strength of the Worker

External forces applied to the body occur as a result of what? Lifting Carrying Pulling Lowering Resting Pushing

Lifting Carrying Pulling Lowering Pushing

Which of the following is not an indication of good body posture? Hips directly above knees Long periods holding the same posture Feet firmly planted on ground Shoulders directly above hips Knees directly above ankles

Long periods holding the same posture

Properties of sound essential to analyzing and designing signals and sound environments are? (select all that apply) Noise Loudness Frequency Non audible Vibration

Loudness Frequency

Boredom is the mental state that occurs when (select all that apply) Interesting and engaging work Monotonous enough to stop concentrating Stimuli perceived low Mismatch between task demands and competence

Monotonous enough to stop concentrating Stimuli perceived low Mismatch between task demands and competence

Dynamic measurements are usually developed for normal and maximum range of what? Endurance Hearing Motion Vision

Motion

A heterogenous group of disorders caused by a multitude of potential physical factors are know as what? No answer text provided. Influenza No answer text provided. Musculo Skeletal Disorders

Musculo Skeletal Disorders

In situations where we feel unable to succeed, and especially if this occurs frequently, this is called what? Physical Burden Fatigue Muscular Strain Negative Stress

Negative Stress

As a general rule of thumb, what type of radiation sources can be turned off? Intense Radiation Ionizing Non-ionizing Nuclear decay

Non-ionizing

The discipline of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the the objective of protecting the worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large, is called what? Occupational Hygiene Heuristic Evaluation Methods Engineering Ergonomic Data Collection

Occupational Hygiene

The involvement of people in planning and controlling a significant amount of their own work activities, with sufficient knowledge and power to influence both processes and outcomes in order to achieve desirable goals, is known as what? Participatory Ergonomics Team Development Quality Improvement Circle Psychosocial stress

Participatory Ergonomics

Which of the following is not a symptom of Hand-Arm Vibrations syndromes? Reduced feeling Pinky Shake Loss of Strength Numbness Neurological and Musculo-Skeletal damage Pale white fingers Tingling

Pinky Shake

When we are in a challenging situation but confident of being able to complete the task successfully, the adrenaline-kick is only temporary and serves to increase our alertness and stimulate us with a manageable challenge, this is called what? Motivation Initiative Positive Stress Leadership

Positive Stress

The RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) and REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) Methods have the primary objective to assess what aspect of physical loading? Biomechanical Forces Ergonomic Load Posture Joint Stress

Posture

The body's tissues work together to withstand many different types of biomechanical loading. Exceeding the body's physical ability to handle these loads results in pain and physical injury. From an engineering perspective we needs methods to identify exactly what makes the loading a risk. A useful model is the equation. Physical Loading = A x Forces x Time, what is A? External Forces Posture Muscle Strength Mass

Posture

Workers may be injured but may report for work and their productivity may fall, this is known as what? Workforce quality defects Legal termination Sick Leave on the Job Presenteeism

Presenteeism

There are two main application areas for ergonomics, work design and what? Materials Handling Product Design Project Management Facility Layout

Product Design

In data collection, interacting with people by interviewing them or observing them will provide learning about nuances or variations of an unknown area of knowledge; this is known as what type of evaluation approach? Personal Quantitative Only Ergonomic Qualitative

Qualitative

In different temperature environments, it is likely that heat transfer will be handled differently. In hot environments heat is likely to be transferred from the body as evaporation (sweating) and respiratory evaporation. In cold environments, the dominant heat transfer mode will be what? Respiratory and Convection Radiation and Respiratory Respiratory and Shivering Radiation and Convection

Radiation and Convection

The steps to conduct a heuristic evaluation include (select all that apply) Report the results Evaluate the design based on heuristics Assess the severity of the deficiencies Identify problems and deviations Select heuristics to evaluate

Report the results Evaluate the design based on heuristics Assess the severity of the deficiencies Identify problems and deviations Select heuristics to evaluate

In biomechanical calculations, skeletal bones are considered: Flexible Unidirectional Rigid Bodies Bending

Rigid Bodies

The natural shape of the spinal column, when we are standing, is an S-shaped curve when viewed from the side. What factors influence the compressive loading on the spline. (select all that apply) Sitting straight or slouched Posture Lying Down Standing or Sitting

Sitting straight or slouched Posture Lying Down Standing or Sitting

In work design indicators of good posture are. Slumping Skeletal loading (rather than muscle or joint) Imbalance of legs Asymmetric loading Balance Symmetrical distribution of forces

Skeletal loading (rather than muscle or joint) Balance Symmetrical distribution of forcess

The Musculo-Skeletal System primary structures of human locomotion (movement) are: Digestive Skeleton Joints Muscles Cariovascular

Skeleton Joints Muscles

Which of the following is not a protective measure to reduce the hazardous risk associated with load noise? Sound showers Sound advice Sound Insulation Hearing Protection Devices

Sound advice

Which one of the following is not one of the three broad categories of evaluating physical loading? Combination of Environmental Factors Stress Testing Posture based Analysis Biomechanics based analysis

Stress Testing

In order to design an effective and healthy workplace, there is a need to understand the current state of the workplace and associated tasks. This requires a systematic gathering of necessary information known as data collection, for instance to identify tasks with high chance of injury or where other potential improvements may be possible. Best practice in data collection may include: (select all that apply) Structured Approach Be respectful towards human participants Be ready to analyze data Be ready to present what the data says

Structured Approach Be respectful towards human participants Be ready to analyze data Be ready to present what the data says

Which of the following is not one of the main modes of quantitative date collection? Telephone Survey Sampling Census Experiment or Controlled Study Observation study

Telephone Survey

An effective way to increase awareness is through ergonomic training, which one of the following would not be part of the training program. Empowering workers so that issues are identified and resolved earlier Training workers to identify and ignore ergonomic issues Equipping workers with knowledge about ergonomics Educating decision makers about ergonomics

Training workers to identify and ignore ergonomic issues

Which of the following are example of the risks of being exposed to full body vibration? (select all that apply) Vertical vibration causes nausea Risk to Joints Excessive Low Level Static Muscle Loading Eyes cannot function a resonate frequency

Vertical vibration causes nausea Risk to Joints Excessive Low Level Static Muscle Loading Eyes cannot function a resonate frequency

Static body dimensions are taken when the body is in a fixed position and are more readily available. Dynamic dimensions are body measurements taken while performing some physical activity. Which are probably more relevant in design, static or dynamic? Dynamic No answer text provided. Static No answer text provided.

dynamic

The period of time before fatigue sets in is called what? Endurance Work Cycle Recovery Cycle Resumption Cycle

endurance

If a posture is held near the outer range of motion, the body is probably in a good position for taking external forces. True False

false

The level of economic benefit of ergonomics is higher when ergonomics is considered at the end of he project after all design decisions have been finalized. True False

false

Ergonomics is synonymous with what? Human Factors Time Study Motion Study Work Management

human factors

Extrinsic motivation may cause a person to put up with some discomfort or inconvenience to complete the task, because the end result may bring them closer to an overall goal such as those related to humane needs, which are compelling physiological and psychological drives to survive, thrive and self-actualize - such as the hierarchy of needs proposed by who? Maslow Freud Skinner Taylor

maslow

The mental state where a task or overall goal carries meaning for the person performing it, which increases their willingness to take action to complete specific goals, is called what? Motivation Anxiety Positive Stress Psychosocial Awareness

motivation

Anthropometric data for a homogeneous population usually follows what type of distribution? Lognormal Exponential Binomial Normal

normal

Some companies may be slow to adopt work systems and ergonomics, they wait until the situation becomes bad, which doesn't stop issues from occurring, rather it means a number of people are sacrificed to the poor design before anyone commits to change it, this approach is what? Reactive Remedial Proactive Superior

reactive

Repetitive or monotonous work is potentially most harmful, because like static loading, there is no what? Warn Up Flexing Rest Stretching

rest

Should a worker develop an MSD and no longer be able to carry out their job, the cost to the individuals begin to mount. Which of the following are not costs to the individual? Lost work time Sick pay Reduced job security Adverse effects on family relations Adverse effects on social and community interaction Lost future earnings Home care costs Medical costs

sick pay

Engineers should have a thorough understanding of engineering economics, including techniques such as Return On Investment (ROI) and Cost-Benefit analysis, in order to convince and effectively communicate economic ergonomic proposals to stakeholders. True False

true

In a psychosocial environment, it is recognized that human beings are active in, and react to, their immediate surroundings; insomuch as work processes and work environments affect them, and that human have some level of control and influence over them. True False

true

Injuries inhibiting a person's capacity to work can in some cases lead to cases of depression. True False

true

Macroergonomics is when there is focus and concern on improving the human-machine process and human-machine interfaces on the basis of human needs and capabilities. True False

true

Static anthropometric data is usually provided for both standing and seated positions. True False

true

When designing a workstation identify necessary body dimensions, population of interest and find suitable anthropometric data. If data is not available you may need to collect your own data. True False

true