World History AP Chapter 7

How did Neo-Confucianism differ from traditional Confucianism?

Neo-Confucianism was created to stop the spread of Buddhism and taught people to not only be concerned about the afterlife but the world as well. It also held some Daoist and Buddhist beliefs, while Confucianism was based on beliefs about the spiritual world and was a traditional religion.

What was the effect of European Christianity on the Native American cultures of Latin America?

By 1700 the majority of Native Americans had been baptized and saw themselves as Christians and affiliated with Europeans' god, saints, rites, and rituals. They also contributed to the building of churches, attended services, and embraced saints. However, many women lost their authoritative titles as the Catholic Church was lead by all males.

In what ways did European science affect major civilizations of Asia in the early modern era?

China used European techniques for predicting eclipses, reforming the calendar, and making maps of the empire; they also took interest in European mathematics and assimilated Western science to accommodate them. Japan translated a number of European texts in medicine,astronomy, geography, mathematics, etc. and opened to Western influence. The Ottoman Empire took interest in astronomy and made use of it by making maps and calendars.

What motivated European political and economic expansion in the late fifteenth century?

Christianity motivated Europeans to expand spread their religion by settlements and missionaries.

What kinds of cultural changes occurred in China and India during the early modern era?

Commercial life, urban life, and political change fostered new thinking.

What caused the cultural changes that took place in India during the early modern period?

Cultural changes were the result of the blending of many religious beliefs and traditions together through art, literature, and practices which brought rise to new religions.

Read the bottom of page 324 - page 325. In your own words, summarize the main ideas of this section of the chapter:

Cultural transformations was the result of cultural borrowing from different countries of cultural backgrounds to accommodate towards them and their beliefs.

In what ways did the Enlightenment challenge older patterns of European thinking?

Enlightenment was the act of using your own understanding without another person. Enlightenment thinkers shared a distinct satirical style, were open-minded, and were hostile to political and religious authority; they were often against established religion and created principles for the separation of church and state.

Who was Montesquieu and why was he important?

He was a French political analyst and is important for advocating on the separation and created a philosophy known as "checks and balances"

Who was Bartolome de las Casas and why was he important?

He was an early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary who exposed the oppression of indigenous peoples and supported the abolition of slavery in the Americas

Why were missionary efforts to spread Christianity less successful in China than in Latin America?

In Asia, China had already experienced European Christianity and were not threatened politically and culturally. Missionaries also offered little to what the Chinese wanted and Christianity was based on faith alone.

Compare and contrast the spread of Christianity in the Americas to the spread of Christianity in Asia and Africa:

In the Americans, Christianity was spread from colonial settlers and traders to conquered homelands. While in Asia and Africa, the spread of Christianity was because of missionaries who sought to expand Christianity beyond Europe.

Why did the Scientific Revolution occur in Europe rather than in China or the Islamic world?

In the Islamic world scientific thinking was seen as suspicious and useless so their college studies were based on religious law. In China, studies were focused on preparing for civil service examinations and the moral and humanistic texts of Confucianism. Europe was also able to take in knowledge and information from the Islamic world and China.

Compare and contrast the ways religious changes in Asia and the Middle East parallel those in Europe

In, Asia and the Middle East the blending of different religious backgrounds were accepted, while in Europe forced and voluntary conversion was used. However, syncretism created a divide and conflict between orthodox Muslims and the syncretism of Islam. Protesten Reformation, in Europe, fostered religious individuals as it rejected church authority, thus created a divide in Catholic Christendom and resulted in the Thirty Year War. Chinese and Indian cultural changes weren't as prominent than in Europe and Arabia.

What conflicts did the Scientific Revolution cause in Europe?

It altered ideas about humankind which challenged the teachings and authority of the Church which decreased religious followings. It also challenged social hierarchies and political systems and gave new support for gender and racial inequalities. With the Industrial Revolution it caused destruction and lost touch with European culture.

How was Kepler's idea that "the machine of the universe is not similar to a divine animated being but similar to a clock" different from the Catholic Church's understanding of the universe?

Kepler's idea implied that the universe functioned and regulates on its own by scientific principles instead of supernatural forces by angles or God.

What were the long-term and short-term causes of the Protestant Reformation?

Long-term effects was the permanent schism in Catholicism and a change of view on the church and personal beliefs. Short-term affects were the loss of authority on church leaders and the Thirty Years' War.

Using the chart on page 297, what might be the causes for the appeal of Martin Luther's ideas among many Europeans?

Luther's ideas rejected much of the authority of the Church and focused more on their individual ideas and interpretation of the Bible.

Who was Margaret Cavendish and why was she important?

Margaret Cavendish was the wife of the Duke of Newcastle; her marriage allowed her to join in conversations with philosophers and she wrote six scientific texts as well as the only woman of the 1600 to attend a session of the Royal Society of London. She also fostered scientific learning.

Lookin ahead - how did 19th century developments in the sciences challenge Enlightenment ideas and principles?

Marx and Darwin believed in progress as well but they emphasized conflict and struggle rather than reason and education as the driving force of progress. The Freduian psychology go against Enlightenment misconceptions on human rationality and instead emphasizes the core of each person were primal impulses held back by social conscience.

Explain how Islam changed as it spread:

On the northern tip of Sumatra, authorities enforced dietary codes and almsgiving practices of Islamic law after a while later women were forbidden from exercising political power, with the exception of women on Muslim Java, who served in royal courts. Ordinary Javanese, kept spirit worship and merchants were more drawn to an orthodox version of Islam with Middle Eastern traditions. Religious syncretism became highly offensive to orthodox Muslims overtime and eventually leaders of renewal and reform movements departed from traditional patterns and the Quran. Religious wars took place in West Africa with intentions to corrupt Islamic practices and rulers which increased tensions between traditional and blended Islam. The Wahhabi movement brought limitations on certain products and taxes and women receive more rights and eased previous restrictions.

In what ways did the Protestant Reformation transform European society, culture, and politics?

Protestant Reformation created a permanent divide in Catholic Christendom while princes and kings found justification for independence and an opportunity to receive lands and taxes from the Church. Urban middle classes role in society grew and stimulated female literacy and education. Differences in religion lead to violence and war as well as fostered religious individualism.

To what extent did the cultural changes of the early modern world derive from cross-cultural interaction? And to what extent did they grow from within particular societies?

Religious and scientific cultural changes derived from the interactions between Europeans and how countries of the early modern era accepted, rejected and transformed Christianity and science. Competition between Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism and Christianity limited its expansion but took shape in early modern era. Asians, Africans, and Native American peoples.

Who was Rousseau and why was he important?

Rousseau was one of the most influential philosophers and he pushed the idea that women are inferior to men; he was also known for his idea of social contract and the importance of individual freedom.

Compare the cooperation and conflict between science and religion in Christian Europe to the cooperation and conflict between science and religion in the Islamic world:

Scientists and philosophers who were involved and cooperated in scientific thinking were seen as threats to the teachings and authority of the Catholic Church. However, the early scientists were Christian and wrote many works about the Catholic Church and its leaders to accommodate religion; overtime conflict between science and religion dissolved. In the Islamic world, even though they had generated advance scientific discoveries, they developed a negative view on science as it was seen as useless and suspicious and mostly focused on religion instead.

What effect did Dutch learning have on Japan?

The Dutch brought in European books in scientific advancements which were translated to Japanese and were used their learning culture.

What was revolutionary about the Scientific Revolution?

The Scientific Revolution was a major point in history where Europeans discovered the function and placement of the universe and the human body based on science and reason.

What is the significance of the Thirty Years' War and the Peace of Westphalia?

The Thirty Years's War was the result of growing European religious conflict between Catholics and Protestants. Although it began in the Holy Roman Empire, it spread to most of Europe and 15-30% of the German population suffered from violence, famine, or disease. The Peace of Westphalia was the changing of boundaries and an agreement that each state could control religious affairs which brought the end to religious conflict and unity.

How did the spread of the Wahhabi movement displayed in the map on page 309 influence the practice of Islam in Arabia?

The Wahhabi movement traveled to important cities in the Ottoman Empire to reach and influence more people.

Compare the "blended" forms of Afro-Asian Christianity with those developed by native believers in Latin America:

The blended forms of Afro-Asian Christianity was less accepted by Europeans as it was seen as devil worship while the natives assimilated Christianity into their lives by using traditional religious practices. They both incorporated religious beliefs and practices and maintained their past traditions.

How were cultural transformations during the early modern period the result of interactions among non-Western cultures and not solely the result of European domination?

The interaction between native peoples and Europeans and if they were accepted, rejected, or transformed determined the spread of Christianity as well as the emergence of science on an international level. Christianity was also a rival against Islam and other religions maintained their hold in Asia and Africa. Europeans were also affected by new worlds and new religions.

What factors led to greater success for European missionaries in Spanish America and the Philippines than in Africa and Asia?

The political context lead to greater success for European missionaries as the people of Spanish America were defeated and their societies were disrupted as well as their culture.

Analyze the impact of the printing press on the spread of Protestantism and the divisions within it.

The printing press made it easier for Luther's pamphlets to be printed and distributed in large amounts allowing his ideas to spread and reach to more people across Europe. People who were against the Catholic Church divided the religion and broke of into a variety of Protestant churches.

How was the role of Guru Nanak [depicted in the image on page 311] similar to the role Martin Luther played in the Reformation?

The role of Guru Nanak was to spread and influence a new version of Hinduism and divided the Hindu world in the process.

What accounts for the continued spread of Islam in the early modern era and for the emergence of reform or renewal movements within the Islamic world?

The spread of Islam depended on Sufis, Islamic scholars, and itinerant traders as they were useful to local rulers and village communities. They offered educational opportunities, served as advisers, healers, and intermarried, and did not force full conversion. Muslims offered a connection to the world of Islam. Their support for other religious practices caused the emergence of new movements.

What features of Sikhism created a distinct religion community?

They developed their own book of teachings, created a central place of worship and pilgrimage, and set clothing requirements for men. They also had strong military skills and disregarded the caste system and treated everyone as equals.

Explain how the rise of universities contributed to the Scientific Revolution:

Universities allowed scholars to study freely away from the authority of the church and state and natural order gained a distinct identity apart from theology and philosophy. The lectures and teachings were scientifically based which fostered major figures in the Scientific Revolution

Who was Voltaire and why was he important?

Volatile was a French writer and was a deists. He was important because he published a number of works against the Catholic Church and advocated for freedom of religion, expression, and the separation of church and state.