World History Chapter 11

Germany at a strategic disadvantage when World War I broke out

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Schlieffen Plan

A cornerstone of Germany's military policy developed by General Alfred Schlieffen. It was designed to avoid a war on two fronts because of Germany's location-France in the west and Russia to the east.

Lusitania

British luxury ocean liner bombed by the German U-Boat killing 128 Americans, one of the events leading to the U.S. entry into World War I.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Gavrilo Princip assassinated him in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia in June 1914.He was a member of the Serbian terrorist group known as the Black Hand.

Central Powers (3 countries)

Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

Triple Alliance

Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary (Central Powers)

Country that suffered the most casualties in World War I

Germany- 2.2 million. Russia-1.9 million, France-1.4 million, Britain-900,000.

Allied Powers (6 countries)

Great Britain France Russia Italy United States Japan

Great Britain entering World War I

Great Britain entered the First World War in response to the German invasion of Belgium. Only when Germany invaded Belgium, whose neutrality was guaranteed by Great Britain, did Britain enter the war.

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, and Russia (Allied Powers) (Italy eventually switched from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente which made up the majority of the world power)

Paris Peace Conference

January 1919 in Paris The Three Main Allied Leaders " The Big Three" United States-Woodrow Wilson France-Georges Clemenceau Britain-David Lloyd George The initial purpose was to ensure a world war would never happen again.

Main Causes of World War I

M -militarism (a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests) A -alliances (an agreement between 2 or more countries to help financially or militarily in order to advance common goals and secure common interest) I -imperialism (strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, economically) N -nationalism (strong supporter of the rights and interests of one's country, believing it is superior and needs are more important)

One Country Exited Early

Russia

Russia

Russia was not prepared to fight when WWI broke out because it had its own internal conflict, the Russian Revolution.

Franz Ferdinand assassinated

Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia in June 1914

New weapons widely used in WWI for the first time:

Tanks Tear Gas Mines to blow up trenches Advanced artillery machine guns Trench warfare-strategic way to fight

The Front that suffered the most casualties

The Allies (The Entente Powers) lost about 6 million soldiers. The Central Powers lost about 4 million.

General Citizen Morale during WWI

The effect that World War I had upon civilians was devastating. Economic-shortage of produce and food Living standards dropped Population losses through injury and death Women-changing role-working for a living

Poland

The new country of Poland became an independent country with a 'route to the sea', a corridor of land cutting Germany in two. It was created after the Treaty of Versailles.

Joins Alllied Powers Later (3 countries)

United States Italy Japan

Trench warfare in the Western Front of World War I

Western Front-the area of military operations during the First World War which ran from Belgium, through Northern France, and to the Swiss border. Deadlocked region in Northern France where German and allied armies faced off.

President of the United States during World War

Woodrow Wilson, After World War I, he sought to reduce the risk of war by writing the Fourteen Points that influenced the creation of the League of Nations.

Trench Warfare

a long, deep, and narrow hole in the ground, with the earth thrown up in front, dug to protect soldiers from bullets and other projectiles. Infantry-improvised weapons, rifle, shotgun, hand grenades, bayonet, flame throwers. Machine Guns-British and German, used to defend Tanks-British innovation, Battle of Somme, at first ineffective, but later essential. Artillery-essential for attack Gas-mustard, chlorine, phosgene

Armistice

a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms; an agreement to stop fighting, not a treaty, a ceasefire.

Rhineland

an area in eastern Germany which was made into a demilitarized zone as a condition of The Versailles Treaty.

U-Boat

an underwater boat, a German submarine, taken from "Unterseeboat".Germany used them to create a blockade around the allied powers.

World Wide Flu epidemic

deadly influenza pandemic kills more than 20 million people.

Conscription

draft/required enrollment in the armed services

Reparation

financial compensation for the cost of a war.

Franz Ferdinand

heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. Franz Ferdinand decided to visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovnia to make an inspection of Austria-Hungarian troops there.

American Policy when World War I broke out

initial response was that the United States must, at all costs, remain uninvolved in the conflict-American neutrality. Once the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, however, public opinion on the conflict underwent a complete reversal, and Americans embraced the war effort.

Nationalism

love of one's country and willingness to sacrifice for it. Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation.

Zimmerman Note

secret note written by Arthur Zimmerman that proposed a German-Mexican alliance and promised that if war with the United States broke out Germany would support Mexico in recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The discovery of the note ultimately gave Wilson and Congress into declaring war against Germany and the Central powers (the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies) the Zimmermann telegram, perceived as a direct threat to American security.

Treaty of Versailles

the Treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and to pay billions of dollars in reparations to the allies; also had to disarm completely and give up all its overseas colonies and some territories in Europe. Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles: 1)stripped Germany of all military 2)Germany had to repair war damages $33 billion 3)Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4)Germany could not manufacture any weapons

Militarism

the policy of developing weapons and military forces to be used in defense or attack. It is the political orientation of a people or government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.