World History Chapter 16 Review
What two major empires did conquistadors encounter in the Americas? Which conquistadors led these expeditions?
Aztec - expedition led by Hernan Cortez Inca - expedition led by Francisco Pizarro
How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and animals?
As contact increased between Europe and the Americas, plants, animals, and disease traveled from one part of the world to another
What drove explorers from England, France, and the Netherlands?
A desire for a shorter route to Asia; new trading partners; a search for a Northwest Passage
What kind of colony did the Portuguese establish in Brazil?
A farming colony
What did English, French, and Dutch explorers hope to find?
A shorter route to Asia
What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration was built?
A spirit of discovery and innovation during the Renaissance; technology was borrowed from other cultures
What was the encomienda system?
A system in which a Spanish colonist was given land and Native Americans to work the land, in exchange for this the colonist was supposed to teach the Native Americans about Christianity; a system used to encourage Spanish people to leave their homes in Spain and settle in the New World
What is capitalism?
A system in which most economic activity is carried on by private individuals or organizations in order to seek a profit
Which rulers from what nation financed Columbus's voyages?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
How did European monarchs restrict economic activities in their colonies to make sure that the colonies benefited only the home country?
By forbidding them to sell raw materials to any nation other than the home country; by forcing colonies to buy manufactured goods only from their home countries and forbidding them from manufacturing goods themselves
What did Magellan accomplish?
Circumnavigated the earth
What changes in technology helped improve navigation?
Compass to determine direction; astrolabe to determine distance from the equator; new ships (caravels)
How did the Columbian Exchange work?
Europeans transported plants, animals, people, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres
What land did the Treaty of Tordesillas give to Portugal?
Everything to the east of an imaginary lien in the Atlantic; Portugal ended up with Brazil
What was the main resource in France's colonies?
Furs
What did Columbus accomplish?
Landed in the Americas
What role did Henry the Navigator play in launching the Age of Exploration?
He brought together people interested in exploration and navigation and financed expeditions
According to Las Casas, how did the Spanish mistreat Native Americans?
He said the Spanish deprived them of freedom and made them slaves; mistreated them when they were ill and dying
Why did Sir Francis Drake end up sailing completely around the world?
He sailed to explore the coast of South America for England and the weather became too cold to return the way he came, so he had to continue sailing west.
What made farming and mining difficult in Brazil?
Heavy jungles
Why did few colonists originally move to Brazil?
Heavy jungles made farming and mining difficult
Why did Columbus believe he had reached Asia?
His figures about the size of the earth were wrong; he did not know the Americas lay across the Atlantic
How does exploration lead to migration and the diffusion of ideas?
It causes new lands to become available for settlement; causes different cultures to come into contact and share ideas
What was mercantilism and how did it push the drive to establish colonies?
It was a system based on the idea that a nation's strength was based in its wealth; colonies helped provide the wealth
Why do you think the French did not enslave the Native Americans?
Native Americans were important allies to the French and they helped the French hunt and trap animals
What were the results of the Columbian Exchange:
New economic activities grew up and national cuisines changed. Diseases brought to the Americas by Europeans wiped out much of the native population.
How did advances in technology spur exploration?
New ships were faster and more maneuverable; ships could better handle sea voyages; navigational instruments allowed for voyages of exploration
What did Da Gama accomplish?
Reached India by sea
How did Spain build an empire in the Americas?
Spain introduced the encomienda system; conquered the Aztec and Inca empires; and appointed viceroys to govern the land
What series of events led to the French and Indian War?
The English attempted to settle in the Ohio River valley, tensions grew between the English and French and Native Americans allied with each side
What were the effects of the French and Indian War?
The French lost nearly all of their territory in North America, including Canada; England had a huge amount of debt and they decided to tax the colonies to recoup their finances
How did French explorations to the Americas differ from those of the Spanish and Portuguese?
The French sent small groups of traders, not large groups of colonists
What discoveries were made by explorers from Portugal and Spain?
They learned about the coastline of Africa; found a sea route to India; landed in the Americas; and circumnavigated the world
What made the trip across the Pacific so difficult for Magellan's sailors?
They ran out of fresh food and water; they had problems on board with rats and worms; they were plagued by sickness and death
Under mercantilism, why did wealthy nations build strong militaries?
To protect themselves and expand their influence
Why did mapmakers name America after Amerigo Vespucci and not Christopher Columbus?
Vespucci was the first to conclude the Americas were a new land and not part of Asia
What were the motives that drove the Age of Exploration:
Wealth, fame and glory, the spread of religion, and curiosity