World History Chapter 23: War and Revolution

outlined by president woodrow wilson to the us congress, his basis for peace settlement that he believed justified the enourmous military struggle, proposed reaching peace agreements openly rather then privately, and reducing military forces and weapons (armaments)

14 points

urged arab princes to revolt against their ottoman overlords in 1917

Lawrence of arabia

turned the bolsheviks into a party dedicated to violent revolution (believed it was the only way to destroy the capitalist system)

V.I. Lenin

the desire to suppress internal disorder may have encouraged various leaders to take the plung in the the war in 1914

according to some historians, how might internal disorder have been one of the causes of world war 1

after emperor william 2 expressed concern that america may provide food to england he responded with "i give your majesty my word as an officer that not one american will land on the continent"

admiral holtzendorff

was the head of the provisional govenment who decided to carry on the war to preserve russia honor

alexander kerensky

married to czar nicholas 2, who fell for grigori rasputin and believed he was holy because he stoped her son from bleeding

alexandra

was the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, until gavrilo princip (a 19 yo bosnian serb shot both him and hsi wife when the members of the black hand (serbian terrorist organization) failed)

archduke francis Ferdinand and gavrilo princip

began as a small faction of a marxist party called the russian social democrats, eventually came under the leadership of V.I. Lein

bolsheviks

military draft in all European nations (except Britian, US)

conscription

ordered partial mobilization of the Russian army against austria-hungary

czar Nicholas 2

an autocratic ruler who relied on the army and bureaucracy to hold up his regime

czar nicholas 2

prime minister of britian who wanted to make the germans pay for the war

david lloyd george

responded with a "blank check" saying ausrtia- hungary could rely on germany's "full support" even if "matters went to the length of war between austria- hungary and russia

emperor William 2

wanted the germans to be stripped of all weapons and pay reperations to france

georges clemenceau

their success in the east would enable the germans to move back to the offensive west

how did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front

women started strikes over bread prices increasing, the strike shut down all factories in the city, a plethora of soldiers joined the protest, established the provisional gov, Nicolas 2nd stepped down on 3/15

make a sequence of events leading to the March revolution

process of assembling troops and supplies and making them ready for war

mobilization

systems directed by government agencies

planned economies

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause

propaganda

councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers, made up by socialists, represented radical interest of lower classes

soviets

a war invading a complete mobilization of resources and people

total war

kept both east and west front virtually in the same positions for 4 years

trench warfare

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (1882)

triple alliance

france, great britian, Russia (1907)

triple entente

grigori rasputin

uneducated, siberian peasant who claimed to be the holy man

government controlled banks and industries, the seizing of grain from peasants, and the centralization of state administration under communist control (communist used this policy to translate their revolutionary faith into practical instruments of power)

war communism

war based on wearing the other side down by constent attacks and heavy losses

war of attrition

the allies power claimed war on the ottoman empire

what caused the widening of the war

a group of radical socialists, unhappy with the moderate policies of the social democrats formed the german communist party (a month later they tried to seize power in berlin)

what happened whithin germany after the armistice

to maintain the soviets of soldiers, workers, peasants were ready-made instruments of power, believed bolsheviks should work toward gaining control of these groups and use them to overthrow the provisional gov

what was lenin's plans when he arrived in russia

the plan called for a two-front war with france and Russia, who had formed a military alliance in 1894, eventually all world powers were at war with each other

what was the Schlieffen plan and how did it complicate the events leading to world war 1

it doubled European armies between 1890 and 1914

what was the effect of conscription on events leading to world war 1

put women to work until the war ended where most of the women were pushed out of the working industry, women who still had jobs got wages lowered, wealthier women owned personal apartments and showed their new independence

what was the effect of the total war on ordinary citizens

russia gave up eastern poland, ukraine, finland, and the baltic providences

what was the impact of the treaty of brest-litovsk on russia

people who were loyal to the czar, liberals, and anti-leninist socialists, and people who were concerned about a communist take over

who opposed the new bolshevik regime

in retaliaton of britian placinga blockade on them

why did the germans resort to unrestricted submarine use

the red army was well disiplined, european countries reinstated the draft

why did the red army prevail over the white army

little damage but frightened people, german enimes foundzeplins were filled with hydrogen (turned into infernos when shot by antiaircraft guns)

why were military leaders baffled by trench warfare

said the men and women "who remain to till the soil and man the factories are no less a part of the army than the men beneath the battle flags"

woordrow Wilson