World History Chapter 5
What effects did the Enlightenment philosophers have on government and society?
The spread of Enlightenment philosophers' ideas sparked changes in governments and society throughout Europe. Encouraged by ideas such as natural law and social contracts, people challenged the structure of governments and society in existence since the Middle Ages.
How did the American Revolution influence the French Revolution?
Adopted in 1789, the Constitution became a symbol of freedom to European and Latin American reformers.The leaders of the American Revolution were inspired by ideas spread during the Enlightenment. The success of the American Revolution influenced the revolutions to come in France in 1789 and in Latin America and much of Europe in the 1800s.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Created operas, symphonies, and religious music that defined the new style of composition
Johann Sebastian Bach
Created religious works for organ and choirs.
Franz Joseph Haydn
Developed the string quartet and the symphony
Diderot
Edited and published the Encyclopedia to "change the general way of thinking"
True or False: By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that you were able to go beyond the reach of the human mind.
False
Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan:
Favored absolute monarchy. People formed social contracts because only a powerful government can ensure social order.
John Locke wrote Two Treatises of Government:
Favored limited government. Only governments with limited power, which are accepted by all citizens, protected the natural rights of the people.
philosophes
French thinkers who believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society
social contract
Hobbes' proposal for an organized society in which people enter into an agreement accepting a powerful government in exchange for their freedom
natural rights
Locke's view of the rights belonging to all people at birth, including the right to life, liberty, and property.
As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and political changes took place?
The Enlightenment brought cultural changes as writers, artists, and musicians spread new ideas. Even absolute monarchs in Europe became enlightened despots by granting greater freedoms in their realms.
How did the ideas of the Enlightenment lead to the independence and founding of the United States of America?
The ideas of the Enlightenment spread to the American colonies. The leaders of the American Revolution were profoundly influenced by these ideas and used them to create the structure of the government of the United States.
True or False: By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind.
True
True or False: Most government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order of divine-right rule and strict social classes
True
True or False: Voltaire was imprisoned and forced into exile. His books were banned.
True
True or False: Writers fought back by disguising their ideas in fiction.
True, and an example would be Montesquieu's "Persian Letters" which mocked French society
George Frideric Handel
Wrote pieces for King George I, as well as 30 operas
Could human reason be used to better understand social, economic, and political problems?
Yes, and this approach had been used to understand natural forces such as gravity and magnetism. In this way, the Scientific Revolution led to a new revolution in thinking, known as the Enlightenment.
Mary Wollstonecraft
an English writer, called for equal education for girls and boys in her book A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
enlightened despot
an absolute ruler who uses power to bring about political and social change
Catherine the Great
became empress of Russia in 1762; believed in the Enlightenment ideas of equality and liberty
salons
informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophies, and others exchanged ideas
Frederick the Great
king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, an enlightened despot
baroque
ornate style of art and architecture popular in the 1600s and 1700s
rococo
personal, elegant style of art and architecture made popular during the mid-1700s
Montesquieu
philosophe who believed in protecting liberty by dividing the various functions and powers of government among three branches; proposed a system of checks and balances. Published The Spirit of Laws.
Voltaire
philosophe who used his writings to fight ignorance, superstition, and intolerance. Defended freedom of thought through his writings.
censorship
restrictions on access to ideas or information
Natural Law
rules discoverable by reason.
Thomas Hobbes
seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Leviathan.
John Locke
seventeenth-century thinker who wrote Two Treatises of Government.
Adam Smith
supported laissez faire, he also believed that the government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works
Joseph II
the most radical of the enlightened despots; ruled Austria and worked for religious equality and an end to censorship
