World History Chapter 7 "The Modern Era"

Identify 3 causes of the population explosion in Europe

1. Declining death rates due to a reduced risk of famine. 2. Healthier women and stronger babies. 3. Reduced risk of disease due to improved hygiene, sanitation, and medical care.

What are 4 factors that helped bring about the industrial revolution in Britain?

1. Large supplies of coal, iron, and workers. 2. Many new technologies and mechanics willing to develop new technologies 3. Accumulations of capital and increased demand. 4. Political and Social conditions that facilitated business and economic growth

How did the population explosion help contribute demand for consumer goods in Britain?

A population explosion helped to contribute to a increase in the demand for goods by providing a large number of people who could serve as workers in factories and as consumers if certain conditions were met.

John Stuart Mill

Argued that actions are right if they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain. Reexamined the idea that unrestricted competition in the free market was always a good thing

List 3 reasons why the industrial revolution began in Britain

Because Britain was coal-rich, home to a surplus of skilled mechanics, and had a stable government that encouraged economic growth, it was the first nation to industrialize.

Explain the link between Britain's natural resources and its rise to an industrial nation

Because Britain was rich in coal, it was able to experiment with this new energy source in a way that other nations that did not have access to large coal reserves were not. English engineers and scientists tinkered with coal-powered engines and power generators, giving Britain the lead in the race to industrialize.

What new source of energy helped trigger the industrial revolution?

Coal

George Stephenson

Developed steam powered locomotives to pull carriages along iron rails. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods over land

Communism

Form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable

John Wesley

Founder of the Methodist Church. Stressed the need for a personal sense of faith, urging christians to improve their lot by adopting sober, moral ways

Explain the impact of improved iron

Higher quality and cheaper iron made the development of things such as railroads and large buildings easier and cheaper.

How do you think increased population contributed to the industrial revolution?

I think that an increased population contributed to the Industrial Revolution by both creating a large group of people able to be used as workers and a large group of consumers for who the factories and companies manufactured.

How did transportation improve in the early 1800s?

In the early 1800s, transportation improved as new roads and canals were built and as new methods of transportation, such as the railroad and the steamship, developed

John Kay

Invented a flying shuttle, beavers that worked so fast that they soon outpaced spinners

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame, which used water power to speed up spinning still further

List the Government reforms sought by John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill wanted the government to intervene to improve the lives of the working class. He also called for women's and workers' suffrage.

What was life like in industrial cities?

Life in the industrial city was fairly grim for most people: they were cramped into tight, unsanitary quarters blanketed with the fumes from factories. However, others lived in better areas more reminiscent of modern cities and sometimes were able to take advantage of new forms of entertainment and other such things made available by their growing wages and decreasing costs of living.

How did the enclosure movement affect people?

Lots of farmers lost their jobs. Small farmers lost their land because they couldn't compete with big landowners. Large fields needed less workers so jobless farmers started moving to towns and cities

What geographical feature did many of the industrial centers share and why?

Many of the industrial centers in the map are near rivers. This is because the movement of river water was used as a powers source in factories until the development of effective stand-alone steam and coal power

tenements

Multi story buildings divided into crowded apartments. These buildings had no running water, only community pumps

Factory

Places that brought together workers and machines to produce large quantities of goods

turnpike

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

John Hargreaves

Produced the spinning Jenny in 1764, which spun many threads at the same time

Iron Law of Wages

Ricardo policy that pointed out the poor had too many children and when wages were high, families had more children. But more children meant a greater supply of labor, which led to lower wages and higher unemployment

Luddite

Rioters who rested the new labor saving machines that were costing them their jobs, smashing machines and burning factories

Utopians

Self sufficient societies in which all work was shared and all property was owned in common Karl Marx- German philosopher that condemned the ideas of utopians as a unrealistic idealism. Put forward a new theory, which claimed was based on a scientific study of history

Explain the impact of steam

Steam power would both contribute to more advanced developments in transportation, manufacture, etc. and contribute to a cycle in which it made coal mining easier, which, in turn, made the use of steam power easier

What were the immediate and long term effects of the agricultural revolution?

The Agricultural Revolution, in the short term, caused a displacement of poor farmers, an aggregation of land, and improved harvests. In the long term, it helped shape the urban lifestyle that would predominate in industrialized nations and contributed to a great growth in population.

How did the Industrial Revolution change daily life and become a turning point in history?

The Industrial Revolution changed the lives of all people due to the fact that many of the changes that occurred during it were in the most basic methods of action, energy, etc. The development of steam energy, changes in the nature of farming, and new rise in population led to changes in so many existing things that they would touch the lives of almost everybody.

How did the industrial revolution transform the textile industry?

The Industrial Revolution transformed the textile industry by radically increasing its productivity and by ending the old cottage industry system

how did the conditions of the early industrial age improve?

The conditions of the early industrial age improved as more and more attention was brought to them, as legislation and regulations limiting some of their excesses were passed, and as people's wages increased and their costs of living decreased

How did the general economic prosperity help contribute demand for consumer goods in Britain?

The general economic prosperity helped to make a large amount of the population able to consume goods, thus generating demand.

Utilitarianism

The idea that the goal of society should be "The greatest happiness for the greatest number" to all of its citizens

compare the life of a farm worker with that of an early factory worker

The life of a farm worker was dependent on agriculture and the performance of his or her crops, rural, and less regimented than that of a factory worker. Factory workers, on the other hand, worked hours for a set wage, depending less on nature and more on how much he could sell his labor from. He or she would also be subject to a heavily regimented work life and would be predominantly urban

Urbanization

The movement of people to cities. Change in farming, soaring population growth and an ever increasing demand for workers led millions to migrate from farms to the cities

Socialism

The people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production, which included farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods

How might the rise of Methodism and workplace reforms alter Marxist predictions of world revolution?

The rise of Methodism and reform movements might alter the Marxist view of world history by providing alternative, nonviolent methods through which worker/owner tension could be resolved

Methodism

Tried to inspire hope among the poor, set up Sunday schools where followers not only studied the Bible but also learned to read and write. Helped channel workers anger away from revolution and towards social reforms

Capital

Wealth to invest in enterprises such as shipping, mining, railroads, and factories. Many in Britain were ready to risk capital investing in new ventures

Contrast the approaches of utiltarians and socialists to solving economic problems

While the utilitarians tried to work within the boundaries of capitalism to reform the system and bring as much happiness to as many people as possible, the socialists proposed a completely different economic system, one in which the workers owned the means of production, to replace capitalism.

Labor Unions

Workers organizations that bargained with employers for better wages, hours, and working conditions. Eventually working class men gained the right to vote, which gave them political power

Proletariat

Working class workers

Thomas Malthus

Writings on population helped shape economic thinking for generations. He predicted that population would outpace the food supply

anesthetic

a drug that prevents pain during surgery.

How did 1800s thinkers disagree about the role of the government in helping the poor?

a) In the 1800s, many thinkers believed that J.S. Mill believed that government intervention was often good and necessary in order to protect and lift up the working class. Jeremy Bentham, Mill's mentor and the progenitor of utilitarianism, believed that while individual freedom was important to maximize happiness and limit pain, government action also had a role to play. David Ricardo, the British economist, believed that the working class would never escape poverty, and that the market regulated both prices and the population. Malthus, similarly, thought that poverty and misery were unavoidable because the population was increasing too fast. According to both these thinkers, then, government could do nothing to mitigate the plight of the poor. Karl Marx, the German philosopher, lawyer, and sociologist, developed the theory of "scientific socialism" (communism). According to communist doctrine, the ongoing historical conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat required that the proletariat organize in order to bring about a revolution in the world of labor. In Marxist thought, it was not the government but the workers themselves who were meant to improve their own lot. b) The debate over how (or if) government should intervene to assist the poor continues today. For instance, the debate over Medicaid, food stamps (SNAP), and unemployment benefits continues to vex people on both sides. Those against such programs believe that the government should not spend money to help the poor. Those in favor of such programs believe that the weakest and most vulnerable members of society deserve help

How did the industrial revolution affect size of population, cities, working and living conditions, and women + children?

a) The Industrial Revolution caused the population to grow. b) The Industrial Revolution caused cities to grow. c) The Industrial Revolution caused working and living conditions, in most cases, to decline. Compared with farm work, factory discipline was strict and working hours were long. d) The Industrial Revolution led to widespread exploitation of women, who were preferred to male workers because they were thought of as more malleable and compliant. Plus, bosses could pay women less than men. Children, too, were often exploited by factory bosses, who were also paid substandard wages and were given dangerous jobs

What countries did Britain export its cotton cloth and how did advances in transportation contribute to Britain's global cotton trade?

a. Britain exported its cotton to Africa, North America, Europe, and Asia. b. Advances in transportation contributed to Britain's global cotton trade by both allowing them to tap into distant markets more efficiently and by allowing them to physically ship the cotton safely for long distances

What were the main characteristics of factory work and what new special problems did factory work create for women?

a. Factory work was generally hard, lengthy, poorly paid, highly regimented, and unsafe. b. Factories put more pressure on women by forcing them to work for more than twelve hours at a time, which kept them away from their families and their other duties

Describe Karl Marx's view of history and how have events challenged that view?

a. Karl Marx viewed all of history as a class struggle between the haves and the have-nots, a struggle that the have-not proletarians would eventually win. b. The reform movements in Europe and America that resolved tensions between the working and ruling classes proved that conflict was not the only way problems could be resolved. Furthermore, the failure of ostensibly Communist states showed how Communism was impossible to apply practically and on a large scale, along with its failure to provide the same level of economic benefit as did free-market economies

Describe the views of Adam Smith

believed strongly in laissez-faire capitalism and a open and free market; he thought that these two things would contribute the most goods to the world economy, thus benefiting the largest number of people

Describe the views of Thomas Malthus

believed that the growth of populations would outstrip the growth of food supplies, leading to eventual large-scale destitution. He thought that people had to be left alone so that their numbers would drop naturally through war and starvation, thus keeping at bay, if only temporarily, the untenable growth in population that was to occur

Describe the views of David Ricardo

believed that the poor had too many children and that they would never escape poverty due to his "iron law of wages", which worked against families that had too many children

Thomas Newcomen

had developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines

James Watt

improved on Newcomen's steam engine

Jethro Tull

invented a new mechanical device, the seed drill, to aid farmers

enclosure

the process of taking over & fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers.

smelt

to separate iron from its ore

Charles Townshend

urged farmers to grow turnips , which restored exhausted soil

Abraham Darby

used coal to smelt iron, or separate iron from its ore.