World History II Finals
Toussaint Louverture (1743-1803) Died at 59
- African Nobility born in San Domingue - Eldest son of Gaou Guinou - Father was a prince in the Aranda tribe - Godfather, Pierre Baptiste, was a free black living in LaCAp; taught Toussaint geometry, French and Latin
What was the Cotton like in Britain?
- In 1760 Great Britain imported 2.5 million lbs of cotton to be spread out in the countryside (all work done by hand) - By 187 ( one generation later) consumption of new cotton is now 22 million lbs-- most machines (some small shops, some cottages) - By 1830-18366 million lbs-- almost all work done in mills under factory discipline.
Saint Domingue
- It was a French colony that was the first latin American territory to free itself from European rule. - It occupied the western island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea.
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Toussaint Louverture?: Revolution has arrived Stage
- Military genius, administrative genius - 1799 T. takes control of Haiti - 1801 declares himself governor for life - 1801 Haiti declared its independence → T. writes the first constitution - Restricted privilege - Military regime/ desire to be part of the world economy - Captured and sent to France on Créole - 1791-- May Decree; Free gens de couleur - Toussaint uncommit, but sends wife and Bayon de Libertad to safety.
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Toussaint Louverture?: Freedom Stage
- Sometime in the 1770s he is freed - Changes his to L'ouverture - Bought a slave-- freed 1777 - Married Suzanne SImon
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Toussaint Louverture?: Plantation Life Stage
- The manager of the plantation, Bayone de Libertad; allowed Toussaint unlimited access to the plantation library - By the time he was 20, he spoke French, Creole and Latin - Handled horses and knew about herbs and plants.
Congress of Vienna
- They were a series of meetings in Vienna, that were called to set up policies to achieve this goal. - was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815
Vincent Ogé (1755-1791)
- Wealthy educated free man of color - Quadroon: ¼ African, ¾ French - Educated in Bordeaux - Owned slaves
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Napoleon?: Moderate Phase (1789-1791)
1) 1st phase 2) Constitutional monarchy 2) NATIONAL CONVENTION → Radical Phase (1792-4 → Reign of Terror) escalating violence. 3) Sans-cuoltte gains support (1793 King + Queen are executed) 4) 5 man directory + 2 house legislative → Appointed Napoléon as general (Successful)
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Napoleon?: Radical Phase
1) 2nd phase - Escalating Violence - Sans culottes gain power - Committee for Public Safety - France declared a republic - Reign of Terror
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Napoleon?: September 1792-1795
1) 3rd phase 2) National convention
What were the stages of the French Revolution that led up to Napoleon?: Directory 1795-1799
1) 4th phase - Moderates produce a constitution - 5 men + 2 house legislature (bicameral legislature) - Appointed Napoleon to lead an army fighting Prussia
Guerrillas
1) A member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger regular forces. 2) A band of Spanish peasant fighters.
What were the longterm causes of the Industrial revolution regarding: The Agriculture revolution 1500-1600s.
1) Agriculture - Increased invention in Britain; Jethro Tull-- seed drill - Enclosure process of taking land from farming and replacing crops with sheep-- wool prices go up 2) Population Increase
What were the Coal and Water like of the industrial revolution?:
1) Because coals mines were being driven deeper more power was needed- 1712 Thomas Newcomen - Cheated a steam pump 2) In 1759, the duke of Bridgewater who owned land with coal on it wished to find a more economical way of bringing the coal to Manchester; He invited James Brindley (self-taught engineer) to find a way to do this; Brindley suggested building a canal and buried over the river 3) James Watt (1769) improved the steam engine and converted the reciprocating motion of the prison into rotary. 4) Cheap coal is good for the iron industry. 5) Railroads and ships (all using coal) were the primary mode of transportation.
What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Gens de Couleur.
1) During the French Revolution, they wanted equal rights like their white counter-parts. 2) Pro-slavery
What was Napoléon's childhood like?
1) Family: born in 1769 → Napoleone di Buonaparte: Was born on the Mediterranean Island of Corsica and was born into nobility. → Father involved in independence movement → France invaded and took Corsica as a French province 2) He went to Paris for schooling at École Militaire
What were the three goals that Klemens Von Metternich had for the Congress of Vienna?
1) First goal: He wanted to prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries. 2) Second goal: He wanted to restore a blance of power, so that no country would be a threat to others. 3) Third goal: He wanted to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had held before Napoleon's conquests.
What was the order of the social class in San Domingue?
1) Grands-blancs 2) Petits blancs 3) Gens de couleur 4) Slaves
Coup d'etat
1) It is a French term that translates into "to blow the state." 2) It is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.
Who were the slaves during the French Revolution in Haiti?
1) Kongo 2) Ibos 3) Nagos 4) Bamberra 5) Arroda (allado) 6) Hausa 7) Senegalese
Why was Haiti's France's richest colony?
Because of the sugar cane industry.
What were the before and after affects during the Industrial revolution for: A Worker
Before: - For many machines implied a separation from their skills and worth-- "hand" - New disciple of the machine. After: No longer at home with individual time clock; now in unison under a disciplinary eye; start, stop, pause; clock is a new jailer; factory; new prison.
What were the before and after affects during the Industrial revolution for: An Entrepreneur
Before: - Pre- Industrial Revolution → They had flexibility, when a down turned lowered prices, he could halt production After - Industrial Revolution → Costs are fixed in the plant in times of depression on down turn, could not halt production: a prisoner of his investment.
What happened in the end with Toussaint Louverture?
Captured by the French-- sent into exile in France and put on the ship Creole-- 1802
Manhattan Project
Code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II.
What was with the Unification of Germany? What were the important dates? Who were involved? What were the General Strategy?
Dates - 1866 → Austria declared war on Prussia after being provoked. July 19, 1870 → The French declare war on Prussia. September 1870 → The Prussian army surrounded the main French force at Sedan. 1871 → South German states joined Prussia forming a German empire. 1871 → France was conquered. Names involved - Wilhelm I - He elected Otto Von Bismarck, which would lead to the unifying of the German states. Otto Von Bismarck - He was the prime minister who was also a realpolitik which factored into the unifying of the German states. General Strategy - 1) Otto Von Bismarck then caused border tensions with Austria because of Schleswig and Holstein. 2) That led to the Seven Week's War which led to Prussia taking over northern Germany and Austria losing badly. 3) The last point of the German unification was the Franco-Prussian war, which caused the people to have nationalistic fever, and for them to finally accept Prussia as their leader.
Elba
In April 1814, he accepted the terms of surrender and gave up his throne. The victors gave Napoleon a small pension and exiled, or banished, him to Elba, a tiny island off the Italian coast.
Impressionism
It is a form of art that instead of showing life "as it really was," they tries to show their impression of a subject or a moment in time.
Realism
It is a form through art through literature and visual arts, that tries to show life as it was, not as it should be.
Laissez faire
It is a policy that allows business owners set their own rules and condition for working people. The owners can do this without any interference by the government. The phrase is french and means "let do." This phrase is significant, because this allow business owners to set their own rules and they can practically create horrible working conditions for the workers.
Plebiscite
It is a vote of the people.
Nationalism
It is the belief that people's greatest loyalty should not be to a king or an empire but to a nation of people who share a common culture and history.
What does Gens de couleur mean?
It means free people of color.
Realpolitik
It was a German term that means "the politics of reality." The term is used to describe tough power politics with no room for idealism.
Romanticism (1790s-1840s)
It was a movement that reflected deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual.
Continental System
It was a policy made by Napoleon that was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient. Napoleon also intended it to destroy Great Britain's commercial and industrial economy.
Russification
It was a policy that forced Russian culture on all the ethnic groups in the empire. This policy actually strengthened ethnic nationalist feelings and helped to disunify Russia.
The Balkans
It was a region that included all or part of present-day Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and former Yugoslavia.
Waterloo
It was a village in Belgium where the British army, led by the Duke of Wellington, prepared for battle.
Concordat
It was an agreement.
Nation-state
It's when a nation has its own independent government. It defends the nation's territory and way of life, and it represents the nation to the rest of the world.
Benito Mussolini
Italian fascist dictator
What was the mortality rate for the slave population in Haiti?
Mortality Rates: a) Average - ½ of Africans arriving died within 1 year b) 5-6% of slaves died each year c) 3% birth rate → Midwives would kill children so they wouldn't have to live as slaves → Short term gain was the focus - made more sense to work slaves to death then to buy new → The majority of African enslaved person had been born in Africa → Expenses were cut on food, clothing, and medical care (all decisions money driven)
Liberal
Mostly middle-class business leaders and merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments, but only the educated and the landowners would vote.
What was the reaction towards the "1789 declaration of the rights of Man" by these people?: Gens de Couleur.
Negative Reaction
What was the reaction towards the "1789 declaration of the rights of Man" by these people?: Grand Blancs.
Negative Reaction
What was the reaction towards the "1789 declaration of the rights of Man" by these people?: Petit Blancs
Negative Reaction
Bourgeois
Owners of the means of production.
What was the reaction towards the "1789 declaration of the rights of Man" by these people?: Slaves/Africans.
Positive reaction from Slaves
St. Helena
That was the second place Napoleon was imprisoned there in exile by the British.
Battle of Guadalcanal
The Japanese decided to build an airbase on the island of Guadalcanal. The Allies wanted to react quickly to this news, so they also got help from Australia. There was six months of fighting. This battle was significant, because the Allies beat the Japanese in this battle.
Lycées
They are government-run public schools.
What did Technological development rely on?
They relied on new materials found in remote place.
Napoleonic Code
They were a comprehensive system of laws made by Napoleon.
Maroons
They were run aways; Tens of thousands of runaway slaves living in the hills or mountains re-creating african villages.
Junkers
They were strongly conservative members of Prussia's wealthy landowning class.
Battle of Waterloo
This Battle was in response to the newly regained power of Napoleon. After Napoleon escaped from Elba and landed in France, The European allies quickly marshaled their armies. The British army, led by the Duke of Wellington, prepared for battle near the village in Belgium.
Battle of Trafalgar
This battle took place in 1805 off the southwest coast of Spain. The British commander, Horatio Nelson, was as brilliant in warfare at sea as Napoleon was in warfare on land. This was the only major battle that Napoleon lost.
Czar Alexander I
This man was involved with Napoleon's want of invading Russia. Although he was Napoleon's ally, this russian czar refused to stop selling grain to Britain. In addition, the French and Russian rulers suspected each other of having competing designs on Poland. Because of this breakdown in their alliance, Napoleon decided to invade Russia.
Peninsular War
This war all started because, in an effort to get Portugal to accept the Continental System, he sent an invasion force through Spain.
Scorched-earth Policy
This was a policy practiced by Russians. This involved burning grain fields and slaughtering live-stock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat.
Balance of Power
This was created by Klemens Von Metternich to make sure that no country would be a threat to others.
Hundred Days
This was the last defeat that ended Napoleon's last bid for power.
Conservatives
Usually wealthy property owners and nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe.
What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Slaves/Africans.
Wanted to abolish slavery.
What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Grand Blancs.
a) In favor of revolution; want independence from France; want representation to be released from the "exclusif" in the French trading restrictions; b) in favor of government; wealth/social position rested on labor + possession of slaves c) Pro-slavery
What was the attitude towards the French revolution by these people?: Petit Blancs.
a) Less revolutionary, more loyal to France. b) Pro-slavery
During the Reign of Terror, who was safe from the guillotine? a) No one b) The nobility c) Known revolutionary d) Only Maximilie Robespierre
a) No one
Who were the Grand Blancs?
a) These were the plantation owners and the elite. b) white, wealthy landowners c) Wanted independence from France d) Trade restrictions would be lifted - "exclusif" e) Resented having no representation in France's legislative body. f) A group of French grand blancs demanded colonial representation in the assembly.
Who were the Gens de couleur?
a) They were the products of white plantation owner fathers and slave mothers. What's interesting is that they had their freedom, and they were recognized by their fathers, and sent by their fathers to be educated in France. Then they would come back to Haiti and own plantations and slaves of their own. b) They looked like the grand blancs, they dressed like them, and for the most part they lived like them, but there were still restrictions on the work they could do, and even on the way that they could dress. c) They still had a pretty good life, but they still wanted the rights and privileges of their planter parents. d) ½ former black slaves - either purchased their own freedom or were freed c) All were often wealthy (more than petit blancs) → Owned plantations, owned slaves, educated, spoke French, devout Catholics d) free people of color militia that was responsible for controlling the slaves; many of them were well to do (wealthy) e) Sumptuary laws applied to them → Law prevented them from dressing in certain fabrics → 1764 - theater at Ar Cap Francais forbid attendance by people of color
Blockade
A forcible closing of ports.
Creoles
A person of mixed European and black descent, especially in the Caribbean.
Legitimacy
Agreeing that as many possible of the rulers whom Napoleon had driven from their thrones be restored to power.
King Louis XVIII
Also, known as "The Desired", was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1814 to 1824, except for a period in 1815 known as the Hundred Days.
Kaiser
An emperor in German
Douglas MacArthur
He was the commander of the Allies in the Pacific. He came up with the island-hopping strategy. He was significant, because of his strategies to advance the Allies.
Klemens Von Metternich
He was the most influential of these representatives was the foreign minister of Austria.
Louis-Napoleon
He was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and he won the presidential election.
Alexander II
He was the son of Nicholas, who was a Czar.
What did Vincent Ogé do?
1) Led revolts against the white colonial authorities in Saint-Domingue. 2) Approached a group of grans blancs in Paris to propose that racial law in colony that discriminated against gens de couleurs regardless of wealth + education be changed - Rejected by grans blancs 3) Oge started to attend meetings of the Societe Rose to become leading member of the Societe 4) He wanted to pressure the French National Assembly to give them representation and to force the colonists to allow voting rights for wealthy free men of color. - Like others of his class, he owned slaves in Saint-Domingue, and claimed he did not intend to weaken slavery. - Instead, he said, making free men of color equal to whites in political rights would strengthen their devotion to France and make the system of slavery more secure. - Oge and Chavannes raised an army of 250-300 men to attempt a coup d'etat - He refused to have slaves join the movement - Ogé became an important symbol of the injustices of a colonial slave society that wanted to restrict the benefits of the French Revolution to whites only.
What were the Technological advances of the industrial revolution?
1) Machines - Substitution of machines for humans - Faster - Do not resist - Tireless - Less expensive 2) Man - Slow - Will resiste - Have to pay - Fatigue
Napoleon Bonaparte
1) Napoleon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. 2) - Family: born 1769 - Napoléone di Buonaparte was born in Corsica, Italian, as a nobility. - Father involved in independence movement. - He went to military school in Paris. - When the Revolution broke out, Napoleon joined the army of the new government. - 1796, he was appointed to lead a French army against the forces of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia. - Military genius, administrative genius - In 1799 he takes control of France - In 1802 he sent a ship to Haiti to reinstate slavery - 1804 declares himself Emperor for life - Sent to Elba by the French and he escapes. - After 100, he is exiled to the island of St. Helena in 1815 - He was a "Cynic who forgave his closet betrayers" 3) (1769-1821) Died at 52.
What was the reaction to the declaration rights of man?
1) Negative reaction from grands blancs, petits blancs, gens de couleur 2) Positive reaction from slaves
May Decree 1791
1) Oge's death shocked the french 2) Gives citizenship (vote) to all free coloreds born fo free parents in San Domingue.
What were the causes of Romanticism?
1) Radical concepts of politics + society accompanied by comparable charges in literature and arts 2) It was used as a revolt against classicism + Enlightenment - Classicists believed Greeks and Romans had discovered eternally valid aesthetic rules - Revolt approach to life/order restraint 3) Rousseau was influential because he believed in emotion, freedom, feeling, and natural goodness
What were the characteristics of Romanticism?
1) Raw emotion 2) Inner feelings 3) Supernatural 4) Imagination 5) Grotesque 6) Heros 7) Folk tradition 8) Dramatic expression 9) Mystery 10) Valued common man
The Societe des amis des Noirs (The Friends of the blacks)
1) Society of the Friends of the Blacks 2) It was a group of French men and women, mostly white, who were abolitionists. 3) Talked of emancipation- formed by Brissot, Condorcet + Lafayette 4) They sent letter to every district to verge a vote for emancipation, but they wanted to retain the rich colonies.
Who were the Petit Blancs?
1) These were tradespeople: shopkeepers, merchants, overseers, the former indentured servants who had gotten their freedom and now worked in smaller aspects of the economy. 2) They were poor white people.
What were the affects of Romanticism in Germany?
1) Young romantics--" Sturm und Drang"-- a movement in German literature and music that occurred between the late 1760s and the early 1780s. 2) duels , suicides, strange illnesses 3) Beethoven 4) Carl Caspar, David Friedrich
What percent of the 100 National assembly member either owned colonial property or were involved in colonial trade?
15%
About what percentage of France's population belonged to the Third Estate?
98%
What was with the Unification of Italy? What were the important dates? Who were involved? What were the General Strategy?
Dates: 1858 → Napoleon III agrees to helping Italy with driving Austria out of the northern Italian provinces. 1860 → Led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italy finally captured Sicily 1870 → The papal states became the final territory that the Italian forces took over. Names involved: Camillo di Cavour: He had a lot to do with gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia by using expert diplomacy and making smart alliances. Napoleon III: He helped drive out Austria from northern Italian provinces. Giuseppe Garibaldi: He was an Italian Nationalists and a soldier who led the capture of Sicily. General Strategy: Realizing that Austria was blocking northern Italy, Cavour had Napoleon III agree to help drive Austria out of northern provinces. Cavour then pushed the Austrians into starting a war with the Italians. This led to the French-Sardinia army having two victories and Sardinia having northern Italy, without Venetia. During the process of Cavour taking over Northern Italy, Cavour also started to help rebels in southern Italy who were nationalists. With the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Cavour ended up gaining Sicily. While in Sicily, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his soldiers crossed towards the Italian mainland and marched north. Giuseppe Garibaldi combined areas he had conquered in the south of Italy with the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
Ascetic
Denying yourself of riches
What was the Haitian Revolution like (Early stages)
Early History: 1) "Haiti" occupied by the Pre-Columbian (1492) people which are the Tainos tribe, one of the Apawak people on the island Mispanta - (gone by 1600) 2) By 1550, the Taino people's champion, Bartolome de las Casas, suggests that Africans be imported to be slaves instead of the Taino people. 3) Island was a spanish colony 1670s by 1675 French moved in + taken the western end of the island 4) 1685 Louis XIV published the code Noir (black code) → Specific laws that slaves had to follow.
Radical
Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution—liberty, equality, and brotherhood.
Aesthetic
Having to do with looks.
Otto Von Bismarck
He was a conservative Junker who was chosen by Wilhelm to be prime minister. Bismarck was a master of what came to be known as realpolitik.
Camillo di Cavour
He was a prime minister that elected by Sardinia's king, Victor Emmanuel II. He used skillful diplomacy and well-chosen alliances he set about gaining control of northern Italy for Sardinia. He was important, because he wanted to bring more power to Sardinia. His exploitation of his rivalries turned into the unification of Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
He was an Italian nationalists and a visionary soldier that led his army to capturing Sicily. He fought in many military strategy plans which led to Italian unification.
