World History Semester 2 Final Exam 10th Grade Epic

Zionism

a form of nationalism that supports the creation of a Jewish national state in the territory of Israel and advocates for upholding a Jewish identity and culture.

China following WWII

emerged as a communist power following a civil war that ended in 1949.

India following WWII

new Hindu state created in former British colonial territory.

Pakistan following WWII

new Muslim state created in former British colonial territory.

Mobutu Sese Seko

military dictator and president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1965-1997.

Indochina

(1884-1954) name for the region consisting of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, which was controlled by the French.

Pope John Paul II

(1920-2005) the second-longest-serving pope in history. he was known for his strong stance against communism and for improving the Catholic Church's relations with other faiths.

Indian National Congress

(1885-present) a political organization founded to assert India's right for self-governance while it was under British rule. Today, it's a major political party in India. AKA INC.

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857) a revolt by Indian soldiers against the rule of the British East India Company which ultimately led to the dissolution of the company in 1858.

Mohandas Ghandi

(1869-1948) a leader of the Indian nationalist movement who used nonviolent civil disobedience to help India win independence from the British Empire.

Ho Chi Minh

(1890-1969) a Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader who led the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from 1945 to 1965. he also led the Viet Minh independence movement in 1941, defeated the French in 1954, and was a key figure in the foundation of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

(1890-1969) the 34th president of the US. he's best known for his military leadership in WWII throughout the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Germany. during his presidency, the Korean War ended, the Cold War continued, and the Interstate Highway System was started.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and the ruler of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976. his style of communism, Maoism, focused on rural farmers rather than industrial workers.

Nikita Khrushchev

(1894-1971) leader of the Soviet Union following the death of Stalin in 1953. best known for reversing Stalin's more repressive policies and investing in the Soviet space program. he was removed from power in 1964.

Golda Meir

(1898-1978) the 4th prime minister of Israel and the 1st woman to hold that office. she was known as the "Iron Lady" of Israel.

Kwame Nkrumah

(1909-1972) a leader who helped Ghana gain independence from British and became the new nation's first president. he was also an early leader of the Pan-African movement.

Ronald Reagan

(1911-2004) the 40th president of the US. his presidency saw large tax cuts, reduced government spending, and less government control over business. he was aggressive toward the Soviet Union and used US military power to combat the spread of communism throughout the world.

Richard Nixon

(1913-1994) the 37th president of the US. he resigned, or quit, in 1974 because of the Watergate Scandal. he ended US involvement in Vietnam and started relations with China.

John F. Kennedy

(1917-1963) the 35th president of the US (1961-1963) Kennedy's administration was involved in some of the tensest moments of the Cold War, including the Bay of Pigs invasion under the Cuban Missile Crisis. he was assassinated in 1963.

Indira Ghandi

(1917-1984) the first female prime minister of India. She was known for her ruthless style of politics, including suspending democracy in order to enact certain reforms. she was assassinated by her bodyguards in 1984.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

(1918-1970) army officer, prime minister (1954-1956), and the president of Egypt (1956-1970). he's remembered for his strides toward social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, anti-imperialist efforts, and his ambitious attempt to modernize Egypt and create a secular Arab empire in northern Africa and the Middle East.

Nelson Mandela

(1918-2013) an anti-apartheid activist in South Africa who was imprisoned for many years for his protests. he became South Africa' first black president and worked hard to reconcile blacks and whites through a variety of initiatives.

Jimmy Carter

(1924-present) the 39th president of the US. he created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. he helped Egypt and Israel end the war and sign a peace treaty. he has been involved in many human rights activities since he left office.

Margaret Thatcher

(1925-2013) the British prime minister during the 1980s; she was known for her tough stance against communism and her implementation of conservative politics, which became known as Thatcherism.

Chinese Civil War

(1927-1950) a military conflict between the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Communist Party of China. after the war, the communists controlled mainland China, and the Chinese Nationalist Party was pushed back to the island of Taiwan.

Yasser Arafat

(1929-2004) a Palestinian leader, chairman of the PLO, president of the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), and leader of the Fatah political party. he spent most of his life fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination.

Desmond Tutu

(1931-present) a South African human rights activist, opponent of apartheid, and the first black South African archbishop of Cape Town. he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 and has authored numerous books and speeches.

Mikhail Gorbachev

(1931-present) the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until its collapse in 1991. he instituted social reforms that sought to make Soviet society less oppressive and more transparent.

Lech Watesa

(1943-present) a Polish labor leader and politician who founded Solidarity, a labor union that resisted Soviet rule. he became Poland's first president in 1990.

Cold War

(1945-1991) the ideological, political, and economic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union following WWII.

Berlin blockade

(1948-1949) an effort by the Soviet Union to force the Allied Powers out of West Berlin by refusing to allow supplies through. in response, the Allied Powers organized an airlift to supply West Berlin.

apartheid

(1948-1994) a policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in South Africa.

Natan Sharansky

(1948-present) a Soviet Jew who was imprisoned as a spy in 1977. he later emigrated to Israel and became a politician and human rights activist.

Israel

(1948-present) the democratic Jewish state established on British colonial territory in the Middle East. today, the nation borders Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Egypt.

Korean War

(1950-1953) a military conflict between the Republic of Korea (supported by the US) and the Democratic Republic of Korea (supported by the Soviet Union and China). the war ended with no clear victor, and Korea was divided into 3 two separate countries.

Vietnam War

(1955-1975) a civil war between American-backed South Vietnam and Chinese and Soviet-backed North Vietnam. after the US pulled out in 1975, South Vietnam fell to North Vietnam.

Osama bin Laden

(1957-2011) a radical Islamic leader born in Saudi Arabia. he founded Al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for 9/11.

Great Leap Forward

(1958-1961) an economic campaign led by Mao Zedong in the People's Republic of China. the aim of the campaign was to use industrialization to rapidly transform the country from an agriculture-based economy to a communist society with a command economy. the campaign, which eliminated private ownership, failed.

Cultural Revolution

(1966-1976) a social-political movement started by Mao Zedong in the People's Republic of China. the revolution's goal was to enforce communism and remove any foreign, capitalist, or traditional cultural elements from Chinese society. in the end, the revolution had a negative impact on China's economic, political, and social growth.

Tiananmen Square Protests

(1989) protests by Chinese students against the Chinese Communist Party over government corruption and political oppression. the Chinese government violently crushed the protests by deploying military troops and tanks.

Cuban Missile Crisis

(October 1962) a 14-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the US on the other. the crisis is widely considered the moment when the Cold War came closest to turning into a nuclear conflict.

where did Cold War proxy wars occur?

Afghanistan, Angola, Korea, Vietnam, the Middle East, and Latin America.

Abdelkader El Djezairi

Algerian military leader.

Muslims went to where, and Hindus went to where?

Pakistan, India.

Mohandas Ghandi led the _______________ to protest ____________ policy in India.

Salt March, British.

what is the mystical branch of Islam?

Sufism.

Atlantic Charter

a 1941 agreement between Roosevelt and Churchill, which stated that they believed the world should be more democratic after WWII.

Bay of Pigs

a 1961 attempt by Cuban exiles who were sponsored by the CIA to invade Cuba. the aim of the invasion was to start a revolution to remove Fidel Castro from power. the attempt wasn't successful.

Hamas

a Palestinian Sunni organization. Israel, the US, Canada, the European Union, and Japan classify this as a terrorist organization , while Iran, Russia, Turkey, and Arab nations do not.

African National Congress (ANC)

a South African political party formed in 1912 to fight the oppression of black citizens. the party and its most famous leader, Nelson Mandela, later successfully fought the apartheid system in the country.

Oscar Romero

a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador who actively spoke out against El Salvador's military-controlled government. he was assassinated in 1980 during a civil war in El Salvador.

Viet Minh

a communist national independence coalition in Vietnam. formed initially in 1941 to seek independence from France, this later opposed Japanese occupation during WWII and the US in the Vietnam War.

Non-Aligned Movement

a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. founded in 1961, the movement supported a middle course between the Western and Eastern blocs of the Cold War.

West Bank

a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of western Asia. more than 80% of the people living here are Palestinian Arabs, and approximately 500,000 are Jewish Israelis. the international community considers Israeli settlements in here, including East Jerusalem, illegal under international law.

Pan-Africanism

a movement to unite native Africans and people of African descent into a single community. it recognizes the shared struggles of African people against slavery, racism, and the colonial attitudes of the past.

Muslim League

a political organization established to advocate for a separate Muslim-majority nation-state in British India. its advocacy led to the partition of India into the separate states of India and Pakistan in 1947.

Arab League

a regional organization of Arab countries formed in Cairo in 1945 with 6 members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. currently, this had 22 members.

arms race

a rivalry between countries that try to obtain more and better weapons more quickly than the other.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

a set of negotiations between the US and the Soviet Union resulting in an agreement to limit the number of nuclear weapons in each country.

tribalism

a strong loyalty to one's own social group.

one-party system

a system in which a single political party controls all levels and branches of government through constitutional means. all other parties are either banned or allowed only limited participation in government.

proxy wars

a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly.

Camp David Accords

agreements signed in 1978 by the leader of Egypt and Israel. the leaders had been brought to Camp David in Maryland by President Carter. the accords led to a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a year later.

containment

an American policy to prevent the spread of communism during the Cold War. this policy is strongly associated with President Truman.

Taliban

an Islamic political group that controlled Afghanistan and helped terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda. this was removed from power when the US attacked Afghanistan in 2001 in response to the 9/11 attacks.

Asociacion Madres de Plaza de Mayo (Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo)

an association of mothers in Argentina who demanded that the Argentinian government reveal the location of their children abducted by the military dictatorship in the 1980s.

Radio Free Europe

an international news organization that transmits uncensored news and information to audience in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and the Middle East. started during the Cold War, this played a significant role in the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe.

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

an organization created in 1964 with the purpose of establishing an independent State of Palestine. this has observer status at the UN and is officially recognized as the representative of the Palestinian people.

what are three types of Algerian nationalists?

assimilationists educated by the French who worked for the French government and advocated gradual change, Muslim reformers promoting Muslim Algerian national identity, and more radical nationalists.

How did European nations make native Africans dependent on them?

by taxing them one or two months' wages.

developing nations

countries that are relatively poor and non-industrialized but are trying to become more socially, economically, and industrially advanced.

what did the Soviet Union believe in?

communism and having an authoritarian government.

British Raj

direct British rule over the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.

Germany following WWII

divided into a western democratic nation and an eastern communist nation.

Convention People's Party (CPP)

founded by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949. popular with farmers, workers, and young people. created to help the Gold Coast achieve independence.

Kemal Ataturk

founder of Turkey.

Hasan al-Banna

founder of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Vietnam independence facts

led by Ho Chi Minh. achieved independence in 1954. part of French Indochina.

Ghana independence facts

led by Kwame Nkrumah. achieved independence in 1957. part of the British Empire.

Algeria independence facts

led by Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action. achieved independence in 1962. part of the French Empire.

guerilla warfare

nontraditional military actions used by a small group of independent forces.

Afrikaners

people living in South Africa who are descended from Dutch settlers of the region.

assimilationists

people who favor the integration of one culture into another.

Leninism

philosophy of government developed by Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union) that emphasizes the need for Communist Party elites to lead the proletariat (working class).

Soviet Union following WWII

primary communist superpower.

the United States following WWII

primary democratic superpower.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

signed by the British and French. this finished the process of colonialism and divided Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iraq, and Jordan into a number of protectorates and mandates.

Korea following WWII

split into southern democratic nation and a northern communist nation.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

supreme leader of Iran.

how did the US and the Soviet Union go from being allies during WWII to rivals following the war?

the US and the Soviet Union have extremely different political and economic systems.

Truman Doctrine

the US policy for dealing with the Soviet Union, laid out by President Truman in a speech in 1947. the policy was intended to slow the spread of communism, which Truman believed put the US and other democracies in danger.

detente

the easing of the tense Cold War relationships between the US, the Soviet Union, and China.

Contras

the name given to the rebel groups who fought the government of Nicaragua during the 1980s. the CIA secretly supported these, believing that the Nicaraguan government was being supported by the Soviet Union and Cuba.

passive resistance

the nonviolent opposition to authority.

Arab-Israeli conflict

the political tension and the military conflicts between the Arab League and Israel. the roots of the modern conflict lie in the rise of Zionism and Arab nationalism toward the end of the 19th century.

decolonization

the process of undoing or getting rid of colonialism; freeing a country from dependence on another country.

mandate system

the system set up by the League of Nations that gave control of certain territories to its members. in return for this control, the member nation was supposed to develop the territory so that it could one day become a free and independent nation.

terrorism

the use or threat of violence to achieve an objective.

how did the Soviet Union spread communism and keep communist regimes in power?

they built an arsenal of weapons, including nuclear missiles.

disenfranchise

to prevent a person or group of people from having the right to vote.