World History Study Guide Multiple Choice

Which of the following was essential to Harappan economic power? a) Control of salt deposits in the Indus River basin b) Control of the extraction and trade in gemstones c) Control of trade routes d) A & C e) B & C

Control of the extraction and trade in gemstones and Control of trade routes

Which of the following contributed to increased agricultural productivity during both the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China? a) Reforestation to provide fuel for farmers b) Peasants bound to the land as serfs c) Crop rotation and oxen-pulled iron plows d) Decrease in warfare permitted farmers to work in peace

Crop rotation and oxen-pulled iron plows

Why was Egypt said to have been the most river-focused of the early cultures? a) Egyptian religion focused exclusively on the role of the Nile in sustaining life. b) Egypt relied heavily on its strong navy to conquer territory along the Nile. c) Egypt had many internal divisions as the Nile River created multiple isolated geographical regions. d) Egypt had limited fertile land outside of the Nile River Basin, thus settlement was limited to the narrow Nile flood plain.

Egypt had limited fertile land outside of the Nile River Basin, thus settlement was limited to the narrow Nile flood plain.

Which of the following was a long-lasting cultural impact of Qin rule? Granting teachers the right to present any material they chose Establishing a uniform written script Encouraging Daoist art and scientific studies Encouraging private publication and ownership of books

Establishing a uniform written script

Which of the following was Emperor Justinian's most enduring legacy? a) Selecting Byzantium as the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire b) Instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law c) Establishing fiscal responsibility by frugally controlling his personal expenses d) Conquering the Sasanian Empire

Instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law

Which of the following characterized Roman social structure? a) The emperors were expected to focus on military issues, leaving the care of the poor to lesser officials. b) The wealthy fulfilled their public obligations through their political offices rather than through private charity. c) Men and women of wealth and high social standing acted as patrons, protecting lower-class clients. d) The wealthy rarely sponsored construction of civic buildings such as libraries, bath houses, or theaters.

Men and women of wealth and high social standing acted as patrons, protecting lower-class clients.

Which of the following gave the Vedic people military superiority over the Indus dwellers? a) The Vedic people used their simpler written language to send messages during battles. b) The Vedic people were horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy. c) The Vedic people had mastered iron metallurgy and the use of the phalanx. d) The Vedic people brought large flocks of cattle with them, which consumed the crops of the Indus Valley people.

The Vedic people were horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy.

In return for protecting allies from invaders, the Shang expected tribute in the form of: a) silk and bronze b) foodstuffs, soldiers, and workers c) precious metals and gems d) horses and cattle

foodstuffs, soldiers, and workers

Which of the following led to upheavals during the axial age in China, South Asia, and Greece? a) Invasions from the sea b) Population loss in urban centers c) Incessant warfare d) Millenarian movements

Incessant warfare

What was the physical and social center of a Mediterranean city-state? a) Palace of the king b) Marketplace c) Temple to the city's god d) Administrative offices of the city officials

Marketplace

Which of the following accurately describes an environmental cause and effect for riverine societies around 2200 BCE? a) Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites. b) Cooling temperatures led to the destruction of crops needed to support urban populations. c) A series of earthquakes leading to the destruction of walled cities such as Troy and Jericho. d) Excessive monsoon rains flooded many of the fields needed to produce food, which led to the downfall of ruling elites.

Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites.

What was the context for the foundations of early Christianity? a) A direct confrontation with Roman imperial authority b) A conflict between the Jewish people and their Islamic neighbors c) A rejection of Southeast Asian polytheism d) The waning influence of Zoroastrianism

A direct confrontation with Roman imperial authority

Which of the following is evidence of the economic growth of the Mediterranean city-states? ***think this question through*** The establishment of large bureaucracies A new aristocratic culture featuring public displays of wealth Rapid population increase The use of paper money to facilitate commercial exchanges

A new aristocratic culture featuring public displays of wealth

Where did hominid groups first migrate to out of Africa? a) Australia b) Europe c) Asia d) The Americas

Asia

Which of the following was an innovation in Greek art that derived from the ways axial age thinkers perceived the place of humans in the cosmos? a) Rejecting decorative arts in favor of intellectual pursuits b) Creating idealized art to reflect the theoretical realms created by philosophers c) Creating elaborate mosaics of mythical creatures d) Representing naturalistic views of nude human figures

Representing naturalistic views of nude human figures

Which of the following was a consequence of the reforms implemented by government minister Shang Yang during the Warring States period in China? a) "Superior men" were excluded from government. b) The Qin became the dominant state in China. c) The power of the military was weakened by excessive punishment for failure. d) The Wu became the dominant state in China.

The Qin became the dominant state in China.

This early sculpture is most likely depicting an emphasis on a) asking the gods for a blessing of female fertility b) asking the gods for forgiveness c) a burial ritual d) entertainment after hunting and gathering

asking the gods for a blessing of female fertility

Amenemhet I's elevation of the minor god Amun to prominence: a) was criticized after several poor rainy seasons led to drought conditions. b) contributed to greater unification of the kingdom and power for the pharaoh. c) angered the priestly class and caused a civil war that destroyed the Twelfth Dynasty. d) raised the standing of the merchant class, who had adopted Amun as their patron.

contributed to greater unification of the kingdom and power for the pharaoh.

Which of the following demonstrated that diplomatic communications took place between the rulers of Egypt, the Babylonians, and the Hittites? a) Inscriptions in Babylonian tombs b) A cache of 300 letters found near Amarna in Egypt c) Reports from merchants who traded between states d) Hittite epic poetry

A cache of 300 letters found near Amarna in Egypt

What characterized the Code of Hammurapi? a) The role of the king as the kind but firm father figure b) The role of the priestly class to represent divine order c) A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments d) Equal punishments for all social classes

A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments

What was a major consequence to communities as a result of the agricultural revolution? a) A large increase in human population b) The extinction of hunter-gatherer societies c) A wider variety of foods for humans d) Greater diversity of plants and animals

A large increase in human population

In what way did Chinese philosophy change under the rule of Emperor Wu? a) A new view of Confucianism turned Confucius into a lawgiver and uncrowned monarch. b) A new view of Daoism advocated looking to natural omens to direct state policy. c) A new view of Confucianism emphasized the authority of the ruler to set unbending moral law for all his subjects. d) A new view of Legalism justified the role of the ruler in deciding and implementing law and morality.

A new view of Confucianism turned Confucius into a lawgiver and uncrowned monarch.

Which of the following accurately describes societies in the Aegean world? a) Political centralization was quickly established due to the large common plain that dominated the landscape. b) There was little trade, as all valued commodities were close at hand. c) A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper. d) Polities struggled to recover lost grandeur after the droughts of the second millennium BCE.

A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.

Which of the following typifies Mesopotamian urban design? a) King's palace at city center, representing permanent secular, military, and administrative authority b) A ziggurat at city center, with neighborhoods marking different occupational specialties on both sides of a central canal c) Houses showing little distinction between social classes d) A strong defensive wall encircling the entire population

A ziggurat at city center, with neighborhoods marking different occupational specialties on both sides of a central canal

Which of the following identifies a political accommodation that followed the sudden death of Alexander the Great? a) The opportunities for women to exercise power diminished as the male warrior ethos of Macedonia prevailed. b) His son took over the army immediately and continued to expand the borders of the empire. c) His wife Roxana assumed rule of Alexander's empire for ten years until his son came of age. d) Alexander's generals carved out regional kingdoms modeled on those of the rulers the generals had defeated.

Alexander's generals carved out regional kingdoms modeled on those of the rulers the generals had defeated.

Who, according to the Shi'a (Shiites) should succeed the Prophet? a) Individuals with impeccable religious credentials b) Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali's descendants c) The four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties d) The direct descendants of Muhammad's sons

Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali's descendants

Which of the following accurately compares Greek philosophers, such as Socrates, and other axial age thinkers, such as Confucius and the Buddha? a) All stressed the importance of honor and integrity over wealth and power. b) All described a vision of a perfect city ruled by philosopher-kings. c) All believed that ideas were perfect models of abstract concepts that were imperfectly copied in the real world. d) All believed that true freedom of mind only came after ascetic renunciation of the flesh.

All stressed the importance of honor and integrity over wealth and power.

Which of the following reflects a way that the Persians integrated their multiethnic empire? a) Local provinces were allowed to keep their own currency and standards of weights and measures in order to promote trade. b) All subject peoples were required to convert to Zoroastrianism, in order to create a common religion throughout the kingdom. c) All subject peoples were required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king. d) Persian administrators taught Old Persian to the local populations in order to create a common language for governmental affairs.

All subject peoples were required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king.

What was one of the most important factors that led to establishment of one-man rule of the Roman Republic? a) Ambitious generals whose rivalry led to a series of civil wars b) Lands seized from poor Roman citizens by Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus c) The massive number of deaths inflicted upon Romans by the Gauls d) The sudden de-urbanization of Rome, as city dwellers migrated into the countryside

Ambitious generals whose rivalry led to a series of civil wars

On what did day-to-day operations and control of the Tang Empire rely on? a) A rejection of foreign cultural and religious influences b) An efficient, loyal civil service versed in Confucian political culture c) A shared spiritual commitment to monastic Buddhism d) A common spoken language that united the Chinese people

An efficient, loyal civil service versed in Confucian political culture

Aristotle's philosophical approach differed from that of Socrates and Plato in which of the following ways? a) Socrates and Plato were more deeply interested in experimentation and mathematics, while Aristotle studied theoretical physics. b) Aristotle tried to create an ideal state for humans to imitate, while Socrates sought to understand natural law. c) Socrates and Plato were more influenced by Egyptian science, while Aristotle followed Mesopotamian scientific thought. d) Aristotle believed that to understand the world, one must collect as much evidence as possible and then deduce patterns from that data.

Aristotle believed that to understand the world, one must collect as much evidence as possible and then deduce patterns from that data.

Which of the following was a major difference between Greek city-states such as Athens and Hellenistic cities such as Alexandria? a) Athenians became citizens of the Ptolemaic Empire, while Alexandrians became citizens of the Seleucid Empire. b) Athenians were citizens of and loyal to their city of birth, while Alexandrians were citizens of the "whole world" of Hellenistic states. c) Athenians were cosmopolitans, conquerors of the "whole world," while the people of Alexandria were subjugated by Greek armies under Alexander the Great. d) Athenians continued to speak Greek, while Alexandrians spoke demotic Egyptian.

Athenians were citizens of and loyal to their city of birth, while Alexandrians were citizens of the "whole world" of Hellenistic states.

Which of the following describes an effect of the Bactrian kingdom on Eurasian culture? a) Bactria abandoned Persian religions as its rulers adopted Hellenistic influences. b) Bactria served as a bridge between South Asia and the Mediterranean. c) Bactria rejected trade with outsiders, believing that foreign contact would undermine their culture. d) Bactria withdrew from South Asia to concentrate on its territories in central Asia.

Bactria served as a bridge between South Asia and the Mediterranean.

In Mahayana Buddhism, what were the enlightened demigods who helped individuals obtain nirvana, called? a) Asvaghosas b) Bodhisattvas c) Kushans d) Amithabas

Bodhisattvas

In South Asia circa 500 BCE, what factor led to the development of specialized social groups called jati? a) Booming agriculture allowed for greater variety of occupations b) Increased intermarriage between groups c) Increased social mobility d) Vedic migrants forced local inhabitants into lower castes

Booming agriculture allowed for greater variety of occupations

Which of the following is a consequence of the first agricultural revolution? a) Social stratification b) Religious works c) Division of Labor d) Both Social stratification and Division of Labor

Both Social stratification and Division of Labor

In what way were the Abbasid rulers similar to the Roman emperors? a) Both empires ultimately relied upon a single ethnicity for support. b) Both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies. c) Both located the center of religious devotion inside their imperial capital city. d) Both effectively balanced the center and the periphery in imperial administration.

Both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies.

Which of the following is a valid comparison between Mahavira and Siddhartha Gautama? a) Both believed that prayer rituals to the gods must be strictly observed so that the gods would intercede to aid the believer. b) Both believed that soley asceticism is the path to permanent bliss. c) Both believed that by strict adherence to caste rules one might be reborn into a higher caste. d) Both were former Kshatriyas who spent part of their lives practicing asceticism.

Both were former Kshatriyas who spent part of their lives practicing asceticism.

In what ways did the societies of the Aegean initially resemble those of Polynesia? a) Both failed to develop craft specialization. b) Both were fragmented and decentralized. c) Both were conquered by the territorial states. d) Both integrated chains of islands into mainland culture.

Both were fragmented and decentralized.

Which of the following changes in the Brahmanic tradition in South Asia began during the reign of Chandragupta? a) Animal sacrifice became essential to Brahmanic practices. b) Buddhist and Jainist practices were rejected. c) Brahmanic practices became increasingly centered in urban culture. d) Brahmanic beliefs about ideal behavior became major literary topics.

Brahmanic beliefs about ideal behavior became major literary topics.

Which of the following are innovations brought to Egypt by migrants such as the Hyksos? a) New agricultural products such as hemp, rice, and barley b) Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel c) New deities such as Amun, Aton, and Isis d) Bow and arrow, donkey-pulled chariots, and use of slings

Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel

Which of the following accurately demonstrates the cosmopolitan nature of Tang China? a) Buddhism and new ideas in medicine and mathematics were imported from India. b) Chinese methods of governance reflected Abbasid influence. c) Buddhism was imported into China from Japan through Korea. d) The Inner Asian state of Annam sent tribute in the form of women and blood horses to China.

Buddhism and new ideas in medicine and mathematics were imported from India.

Which of the following statements concerning Buddhism in the third and fourth centuries CE is accurate? a) Buddhist thought found little support due to the violence and chaos of constant war. b) Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the competing Chinese capitals of various Warring States. c) Buddhism had been outlawed as an example of negative foreign influence. d) Buddhism had already been widely adopted and would now develop its Chinese forms without continued influence from South Asia.

Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the competing Chinese capitals of various Warring States.

In what way did ancient Egyptian villagers learn to exploit the Nile River? a) By building irrigation systems that stored water in underground cisterns for use during dry seasons. b) By building basins that trapped rich silt as the Nile overflowed its banks. c) By developing elaborate trade networks along its many western tributaries d) By building irrigation systems that limited the supply water for less wealthy individuals

By building basins that trapped rich silt as the Nile overflowed its banks.

How did priests monopolize communication with spiritual powers and the people in ancient Egypt? a) By creating a special divine language that only they could use b) By creating elaborate rules for selecting and training priests (priest monopoly), and by forbidding non-priests from entering the temples' inner sanctuaries c) By undercutting the ceremonial role of the local rulers d) By using the tithes sent by worshippers to launch a campaign against practitioners of competing religions

By creating elaborate rules for selecting and training priests (priest monopoly), and by forbidding non-priests from entering the temples' inner sanctuaries

How did the Han solve the problem of staffing a competent bureaucracy? a) By establishing institutions of learning, including an imperial university b) By drawing heavily on the expertise of religious officials c) By requiring noble families to designate one son for bureaucratic work d) By selecting promising young military officers to work in bureaucratic offices

By establishing institutions of learning, including an imperial university

How did Wang Mang attempt to remedy the crisis in rural areas? a) By creating new canals to irrigate more farmland b) By moving the poor from the cities onto empty farmland c) By forcing free peasants into serfdom d) By redistributing land and establishing communal plots to grow crops for trade

By redistributing land and establishing communal plots to grow crops for trade

In the first few centuries BCE, which of the following best describes the reaction of Carthage to the spread of Hellenistic culture? a) Carthage adopted Hellenism only after bitter struggles with a priestly class that saw its position threatened. b) Carthage rejected Hellenism as a foreign influence that undermined the authority of local elites. c) Carthage rejected Hellenistic economic culture and focused its attention on domestic trade routes in Africa. d) Carthage adopted Hellenistic culture on economic grounds, as it facilitated communication and exchange.

Carthage adopted Hellenistic culture on economic grounds, as it facilitated communication and exchange.

After their recovery from drought in the second millennium, in what way did China's social and political system start to diverge from those of other Afro-Eurasian societies? a) China's political and social system was hierarchical. b) China's political and social system emphasized an idealized past and tradition c) China's political and social system relied on strong female rulers as well as males. d) China's political and social system was not centralized.

China's political and social system emphasized an idealized past and tradition

Which two faiths in particular aspired to universality in the period between 300 and 600 CE? a) Hinduism and Confucianism b) Islam and Hinduism c) Christianity and Buddhism d) Buddhism and Hinduism

Christianity and Buddhism

Which of the following is true for cities in South Asia around 500 BCE? a) Civic authorities gave specific attention to issues of sanitation. b) City planning was carefully organized. c) Cities were occupied exclusively by wealthy elites and the priests who served them. d) Cities served primarily as administrative centers.

Civic authorities gave specific attention to issues of sanitation.

Where did Austronesian-speaking people originate? a) The Philippines b) The Japanese islands c) Coastal South China d) Southeast Asia

Coastal South China

Which of the following is true for cities in South Asia as well as for cities in Greece and China around 500 BCE? a) Population declined because of warfare and invasion. b) Accounting and financial record-keeping had not yet emerged, which limited the growth of financial transactions. c) City dwellers, compared to rural peasants, had less material wealth. d) Coins came into use around this time, which improved commerce in urban areas.

Coins came into use around this time, which improved commerce in urban areas.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Confucianism and Daoism? a) Confucian scholars believed that gentlemen should enter government, but Daoists sought refuge from political life. b) Daoism criticized Confucianism for teaching an unnatural social equality. c) Both required acts of charity to effect positive change in the world. d) Both taught that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things.

Confucian scholars believed that gentlemen should enter government, but Daoists sought refuge from political life.

Which of the following was a source of strength for the Sasanian Empire under Khusro I Anoshirwan? a) Control of the Silk Roads and other land routes between east Asia and the Mediterranean region b) The long era of peace that he established, allowing trade and agriculture to develop c) Religious conformity with the Sasanian empire d) Control of sea lanes in the Indian Ocean to dominate trade between east Asia and the Mediterranean

Control of the Silk Roads and other land routes between east Asia and the Mediterranean region

Which of the following demonstrates Cyrus the Great's policy toward conquered peoples? a) Cyrus the Great instituted a bureaucratic system based on central control in order to unify his realm. b) Cyrus the Great relocated the Jews from Jerusalem to Babylon. c) Cyrus the Great forced Persian traditions and customs on subject peoples. d) Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings.

Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings.

Around 1200 BCE, which of the following was an effect of environmental change in the lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean? a) The Mycenaean Greeks used the warmer weather to increase exports of wine and olives. b) Decreased Nile flooding forced pharaohs to secure food supplies and repel invaders such as the Sea Peoples. c) Desperate farmers in the Indus River valley migrated westward, settling in Mesopotamia. d) The Hittites prospered because they controlled the rich agricultural region along the Tigris River.

Decreased Nile flooding forced pharaohs to secure food supplies and repel invaders such as the Sea Peoples.

During the New Kingdom in Egypt, the groundwork was laid for what type of political innovation? a) Rule by a divine king b) Priestly rule as pharaonic control diminished c) Diplomacy with states in Mesopotamia and Anatolia d) Decentralized rule with more power to local nobility

Diplomacy with states in Mesopotamia and Anatolia

Which of the following political effects emerged following the death of Alexander the Great? a) States were short-lived and did not have long-lasting impact in the region. b) Diverse people were united under powerful regional monarchs. c) Modest-sized states were formed that could be better regulated. d) Generals sought to establish neighboring societies as tribute states.

Diverse people were united under powerful regional monarchs.

Which of the following accurately describes the early integration of Vedic society in South Asia? a) The early Vedic people refused to include indigenous peoples in their lineages. b) Early Vedic political life was organized through kin and clan structures. c) The early Vedic people established a central monarchy that organized the regions by appointing provincial governors. d) Early Vedic society remained socially unified in order to survive among the indigenous peoples.

Early Vedic political life was organized through kin and clan structures.

Which of the following did Confucius think led to a harmonious existence? a) Ethical behavior based on family and filial duty b) Clear laws and punishments to maintain order c) Unfettered individual freedom d) Carefully studying the natural world

Ethical behavior based on family and filial duty

Which of the following describes an effect of the mastery of fire for Homo erectus? a) Fire created a focus for new religious ideas, leading to new cultural development. b) Fire helped hominids to expand their diets, leading to still larger brain size. c) Fire provided a gathering point for small communities, leading to more complex social structures. d) Fire permitted the creation of bronze tools, allowing the hunting of large animals.

Fire helped hominids to expand their diets, leading to still larger brain size.

Which of the following was used to integrate the Neo-Assyrian Empire? a) Soldiers of different ethnic groups mingled together b) Forced labor and relocation of large numbers of conquered peoples c) Required work from all families on monumental architecture d) Internal trade to supply military resources

Forced labor and relocation of large numbers of conquered peoples

What led to European social development being dominated by warfare? a) Lack of sufficient agricultural resources to support urban life b) Need to control stone resources for the construction of megaliths c) Religious emphasis on ritual combat d) Fragmentation of the region's peoples and the type of agriculture they pursued

Fragmentation of the region's peoples and the type of agriculture they pursued

In the ancient Aegean world, why was urban development slow, despite contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia? a) Crops from the Fertile Crescent did not produce surpluses in the Aegean world. b) Everyday life was dominated by weaponry rather than writing and palaces. c) Geographical obstacles led to scattered settlements. d) Societies were dominated by priests and sages.

Geographical obstacles led to scattered settlements.

Which of the following is true of culture in the Seleucid Empire? a) Greek populations adopted the local languages and abandoned the use of the Greek language. b) Greek populations established institutions familiar to them from the polis. c) Greek populations maintained a separate residence and identity from the local population. d) Greek cultural influence did not survive subsequent political changes.

Greek populations established institutions familiar to them from the polis.

Which of the following characterized the garrison towns founded by Alexander and Seleucus Nictator in south and central Asia? a) The influence of Hellenism vanished when the Hellenistic regimes collapsed. b) Architecture followed local styles. c) Greek soldiers married local women, but established institutions familiar from Greek city-states. d) By the second generation, most people spoke and wrote only koine.

Greek soldiers married local women, but established institutions familiar from Greek city-states.

The rule of the Mauryan emperor Aśoka is characterized by which of the following? a) He carved stone pillars with dhamma, the moral guidelines of his rule. b) He rejected Buddhism as a foreign religion. c) He ruled over a small region of South Asia near the Gangetic plain. d) During his reign, he refused to undertake military offensives.

He carved stone pillars with dhamma, the moral guidelines of his rule.

Which of the following represents one of Qin Shi Huangdi's techniques of governance? a) He required regional and local officials to answer directly to the emperor, who could dismiss them at will. b) He ruled directly over the massive new state he had conquered, not trusting any advisers or bureaucrats. c) He placed all provinces under the rule of a military governor, who had absolute power to keep the peace and collect tribute. d) He eliminated the nobility as a distinct designation of status in society to prevent possible opposition to his rule.

He required regional and local officials to answer directly to the emperor, who could dismiss them at will.

Which of the following accurately describes the reign of Abd al-Rahman III? a) He unified his kingdom politically and religiously by forcing all non-Muslims to convert or die. b) He used an even-handed approach to governance that facilitated friendly relations among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. c) He increased regional instability by waging constant war against nearby Christian states. d) He instituted a simple and austere life in the royal court to prevent corruption.

He used an even-handed approach to governance that facilitated friendly relations among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

Which of the following is the primary cause of the collapse of the Qin Empire? a) Peasants refused to allow their sons to be conscripted into the army, which became too small b) The Xiongnu invaded the center of the Qin Empire and released the Qin's imprisoned rivals. c) Shi Huangdi's son and eldest grandson joined together to stage a mutiny against the emperor. d) Heavy taxation and reliance on conscripted labor led desperate workers to rebel against the government.

Heavy taxation and reliance on conscripted labor led desperate workers to rebel against the government.

Which of the following was an important cultural effect of Hellenism? a) Hellenism was a Greek-based cultural system that linked disparate regions. b) Hellenism was rejected in Egypt, where there was a strong local culture. c) Hellenism eradicated local cultures as it moved into new regions. d) Hellenism was not able to spread into India or China due to linguistic differences.

Hellenism was a Greek-based cultural system that linked disparate regions.

Which of the following was among the new elements that the Shang added to Longshan culture? a) Walled towns built on a grid b) Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods c) Divination using pottery shards d) A copper metal industry

Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods

Which of the following characterized Charlemagne's rule? a) His empire incorporated much of the old Byzantine Empire. b) His empire was smaller in both population and wealth compared to regimes of the Islamic world. c) He ruled for fewer than twenty years but managed to halt the slave trade. d) He introduced to Europe an urban-based culture that valued educated citizens over warriors.

His empire was smaller in both population and wealth compared to regimes of the Islamic world.

What was a consequence of dualism in Zoroastrian beliefs? a) Humans' choices between good and evil determined their reward or punishment in the afterlife. b) Many different gods fought with each other for human followers. c) One god, Ahura Mazda, was worshipped by Persians, another, Ahriman, was worshipped by the conquered peoples. d) Corpses had to be buried in bare earth so that they would decompose quickly and be reunited with the mother goddess, the consort of Ahura Mazda.

Humans' choices between good and evil determined their reward or punishment in the afterlife.

What was the evolutionary survival trait shared by all successful early hominids? a) Completely upright posture b) Intelligence and ability to adapt c) Opposable thumbs d) Continuous fertility

Intelligence and ability to adapt

What undermined Etruscan power on the Italian peninsula? a) Trade wars with the Carthaginians b) Invasion by the Gauls c) Superior Phoenician naval power d) Lack of natural resources

Invasion by the Gauls

Which technological innovation allowed the Bantu to become successful agriculturalists in different ecological zones? a) Digging sticks b) Iron smelting c) Ox-drawn plow d) Crop rotation

Iron smelting

In the first millennium BCE, which of the following technologies aided the rise of regional empires? a) Improved riverine vessels b) Improved ox yoke c) Iron weapons d) Wood block printing

Iron weapons

Which of the following accurately describes central Asia between 400 and 600 CE? a) It became the hub of a system that linked eastern and western Afro-Eurasia, as well as South Asia. b) Unusually warm weather destroyed pasturelands required by horse and camel caravans. c) The Sasanian Empire brought it under its control. d) The Huns prevented trade from following traditional routes.

It became the hub of a system that linked eastern and western Afro-Eurasia, as well as South Asia.

Which of the following most accurately describes the Mahayana School of Buddhism? a) t rejected the influence of outsiders and returned to the original teachings of the Buddha. b) It rejected the divinity of the Buddha. c) It created a diverse and pleasant idea of the afterlife. d) It was primarily adopted by a sect of Buddhist monks in the mountains of Nepal.

It created a diverse and pleasant idea of the afterlife.

What was a consequence of the development of cuneiform? a) It replaced graphic arts in religious architecture and ornamentation. b) It helped kings take control from priests. c) It created an upsurge in literacy among all social classes. d) It enhanced urban elites' ability to control trade, property, and sacred and political ideas.

It enhanced urban elites' ability to control trade, property, and sacred and political ideas.

The Qin dynasty used which of the following techniques to consolidate state power? a) It promoted as the guiding political idea the notion of "greater flexibility," which allowed individual regions to establish customs suited to their own traditions. b) It abandoned territory in the south and northeast of China to concentrate on its remaining land. c) It established clear laws and regulations with harsh punishments that applied to everyone regardless of rank or status. d) It embraced the ideas of Confucianism such as emphasizing rituals and ethics to create order within society.

It established clear laws and regulations with harsh punishments that applied to everyone regardless of rank or status.

What was a change to human language when humans spread out of Africa? a) It expanded into 19 separate language families. b) It was unchanged, as the vocal chords of humans were unchanged. c) The number of phonemes became more limited. d) It differed only marginally from the language systems of other primates.

It expanded into 19 separate language families.

Which of the following is an accurate description of life in the Tang capital Chang'an? a) The population reached nearly one hundred thousand. b) It was one of the most dangerous cities in the world. c) Inhabitants were free to roam the city streets at all hours of the day and night. d) It had a large foreign population, including Christians, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.

It had a large foreign population, including Christians, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians.

What indicated that the citadel in Mohenjo Daro was a center of political and ritual activities? a) It was built of sun-dried brick. b) It lacked fortification and was open to all people. c) It housed well-made public facilities, such as the great bath. d) It contained long inscriptions describing rituals performed there.

It housed well-made public facilities, such as the great bath.

Which of the following did the Northern Wei dynasty pursue after it took control of part of the old Han territory? a) It maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft. b) It abolished the practice of forced labor for large, public projects. c) It refashioned the Chinese military traditions to emphasize the military practices of the nomadic tribes. d) It worked to systematically destroy all evidence of previous dynasties, especially the Han.

It maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft.

How did Kushan rule affect central Asia? a) It stabilized the trading routes through central Asia, allowing for the spread of Buddhism b) It adopted urban life and abandoned nomadic symbols such as equestrian culture. c) It undermined the Hellenistic influences in central Asia. d) It destroyed the religious shrines of Zoroastrian, Vedic, and Buddhist cults.

It stabilized the trading routes through central Asia, allowing for the spread of Buddhism

Why did universalizing religions fail to arise in sub-Saharan Africa or Mesoamerica? a) People in these areas were concerned with pragmatic issues of survival and had no opportunity to create religious systems. b) Religious beliefs in these areas were too closely tied to local caste and kin structures to be able to diffuse outside of a limited region. c) It was difficult for ideas, peoples, or institutions to circulate broadly because of geographical barriers. d) People in these areas had not yet developed urban life.

It was difficult for ideas, peoples, or institutions to circulate broadly because of geographical barriers.

Why was copper one of the most sought-after raw materials imported into riverine cities from the hinterland? a) It was easy to smelt and shape, and could be used to create bronze. b) It was used in the making of pottery. c) It was needed to make plows. d) It was considered to be the "tears of the sun," a sacred metal.

It was easy to smelt and shape, and could be used to create bronze.

Why might Ghana have been known in Baghdad as the land of gold? a) It was set in the golden sands of the Sahara, which provided much of the city's building material. b) It was the site where the so-called "golden" scholarship originated. c) It was the site of the famous gold mines of King Solomon. d) It was the terminus of major trans-Saharan gold-salt trade routes.

It was the terminus of major trans-Saharan gold-salt trade routes.

Why was the capital of the Byzantine Empire established at Constantinople? a) Its strategic location on the Bosporus, which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean. b) Its strategic location on the strait of Gibraltar, which controlled western Mediterranean sea lanes. c) Roman culture was strongest in Anatolia. d) Constantine's birthplace was here, providing religious significance.

Its strategic location on the Bosporus, which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean.

What spurred Islam's remarkably rapid territorial expansion under the "rightly guided" caliphs? a) Its unique dictate to convert nonbelievers combined with tolerance of diverse beliefs, which permitted it to adapt to many different societies b) Access to trade routes that allowed rapid military movement c) Its creation and observance of the Five Pillars, which required the forced conversion on Christians and Jews d) Its warriors driven by religious enthusiasm and a desire to acquire the wealth of conquered territories

Its warriors driven by religious enthusiasm and a desire to acquire the wealth of conquered territories

What was the impact of koine in the Hellenistic world? a) Koine was the Greek catapult that was central to the military success of the growing territorial states. b) Koine became the model of the Greek marketplace that served as the center of civic life. c) Koine was the Greek literature and philosophy that became popular across the Hellenistic world. d) Koine Greek became the international language of the Hellenistic world.

Koine Greek became the international language of the Hellenistic world.

The greatest opposition to Brahmanic claim to moral authority arose in which part of South Asian society? a) Rajas b) Sudras c) Manu d) Kshatriyas

Kshatriyas

What hampered the Han military's effort to expand the empire in southwestern China? a) The army was too disorganized to defend the northern frontiers b) Lack of immunity to southern diseases, such as malaria c) Insufficient cavalry to repel nomads in southern deserts d) Long supply lines that could not be adequately defended

Lack of immunity to southern diseases, such as malaria

What was the most important consequence of the large-scale ecological changes in Africa two hundred thousand years ago? a) Australopithecines survived by building structures to store water. b) Retreating ice sheets created the savannas, which favored Homo habilis. c) Neanderthals and other hominids fought a war over resources which led to the extinction of all but homo erectus d) Larger-brained, quicker, more adaptable Homo sapiens survived and spread out of Africa.

Larger-brained, quicker, more adaptable Homo sapiens survived and spread out of Africa.

The Sogdians were responsible for which of the following achievements? a) Adopting the techniques of siege warfare from Alexander's heirs b) Blending Christian and Jewish beliefs to create a new religion c) Linking the two ends of the Silk Roads through their oasis cities d) Organizing the caravan trade across the Sahara Desert

Linking the two ends of the Silk Roads through their oasis cities

Which of the following were first domesticated in the Americas? a) Wheat, barley, and horses b) Rice, millet, and chickens c) Sorghum, bananas, and cattle d) Maize, potatoes, and guinea pigs

Maize, potatoes, and guinea pigs

For what reason did monasticism (monks) take rapid hold in northern Europe? a) Warrior monks helped conquer land from Germanic pagans. b) The monastic life-style offered similarities between the lives of Christian clerics and those of Jewish and Muslim religious leaders. c) The charitable works of monks and nuns among the urban poor brought popular support to monastic life. d) Many believed that those whose lives had little in common with laypeople could best mediate between the believer and God.

Many believed that those whose lives had little in common with laypeople could best mediate between the believer and God.

The growth of early Christianity coincided with the appearance of what central figures in matters of faith? a) Prophets b) Martyrs c) Disciples d) Priests

Martyrs

Which of the following is an accurate description of Mecca before the introduction of Islam? a) Mecca contained a revered sanctuary with high amounts of trade and where polytheistic Meccans worshipped. b) Mecca was a kind of paradise, with flowing rivers, lush grasses, and bountiful fruit trees. c) Learned men gathered there to debate the doctrines of Zoroastrianism and Judaism. d) The Roman and Ptolemaic empires had already influenced the city and its surrounding region.

Mecca contained a revered sanctuary with high amounts of trade and where polytheistic Meccans worshipped.

Which of the following best explains the relative lack of communication between the people of the Americas and Afro-Eurasia after around 12,500 BCE? a) A new Ice Age created massive impassable glaciers separating the Americas from Afro-Eurasia. b) Melting glaciers covered the land bridge between East Asia and the Americas with water, physically separating the continents c) The peoples of these two regions pursued fundamentally different strategies for finding food, so they had little desire for communication. d) The peoples of Afro-Eurasia refused to adapt to changing environments.

Melting glaciers covered the land bridge between East Asia and the Americas with water, physically separating the continents

With whom did the Amorite kings in Mesopotamia ally themselves in order to bolster their political power? a) Merchants and nobles b) Priests of Marduk c) A council elected by influential members of the community d) Tribal and clan leaders

Merchants and nobles

How did the role of merchants change under Han rule? a) Merchants enjoyed the right to charge whatever price they liked for their goods, thus maximizing their profits. b) Merchants adopted the habit of living modest lifestyles to avoid incurring the wrath of less-wealthy-state officials. c) Merchants used their financial resources to purchase land so they could abandon less-honorable merchant activity. d) Merchants found some of their independence undercut by the creation of state monopolies and price controls.

Merchants found some of their independence undercut by the creation of state monopolies and price controls.

How do modern scientific understandings about the origin of the universe compare with traditional creation narratives? a) Modern science indicates that the origin of the universe was much longer ago than do traditional creation narratives. b) Modern science indicates that humans first appeared suddenly as do traditional creation narratives. c) Neither modern science nor traditional creation narratives have an answer for how the universe began. d) Creation narratives and modern science indicate that divine beings had a role in creating all life.

Modern science indicates that the origin of the universe was much longer ago than do traditional creation narratives.

Which of the following is a way new territorial states differed from city-states? a) Large territorial states were in constant conflict with each other. b) Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes. c) Once the state was established, monarchs ceased ambition for further expansion. d) States were linguistically and ethnically homogeneous.

Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes.

Which statement best characterizes the average Mesopotamian family? a) Egalitarian relations between husbands and wives b) Polygamous, with most men having several wives as well as concubines c) Monogamous (one spouse) and patriarchal d) Equal inheritance of property between sons and daughters

Monogamous (one spouse) and patriarchal

Which of the following is an example of the shift away from the city-state's domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia? a) New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes and allowed them to keep a portion of tax revenues for their profits. b) New rulers forced individuals to donate large amounts of labor to support the maintenance of the city's defensive walls. c) New rulers allowed their generals to control all long-distance trade. d) New rulers allowed farmers to purchase land from the state in order to obtain economic independence.

New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes and allowed them to keep a portion of tax revenues for their profits.

Which of the following characterized innovations in warfare during the Warring States period in China? Territorial states could produce armies of up to one thousand men. Siege warfare was less successful because of innovations in defensive fortification. Armies were led by family members of the king in order to ensure the loyalty of the military. Nobles fighting from chariots were replaced by massed infantries of peasants bearing iron-tipped lances.

Nobles fighting from chariots were replaced by massed infantries of peasants bearing iron-tipped lances.

Which of the following reactions to climate change by both pastoral and transhumant nomads impacted riverine societies around 2200 BCE? a) Nomads withdrew from population centers in search of better grazing, leaving cities without supplies of meat. b) Nomads descended on river valley population centers in large numbers to find food and water for their drought-stricken herds. c) Impoverished nomads, who had lost their herds to drought, developed new types of boats and turned to piracy. d) Nomads were unable to provide trade links between urban centers because of prolonged rain and flooding.

Nomads descended on river valley population centers in large numbers to find food and water for their drought-stricken herds.

Which of the following is a way that pastoralist nomads helped contribute to the rise of new territorial states in Afro-Eurasia around 2000 BCE? a) Nomads introduced new ways to recruit and train bureaucracies. b) Nomads introduced military technologies such as faster horse-drawn chariots. c) Nomads introduced new siege technologies for attacking walled cities. d) Nomads introduced writing, which was essential to record-keeping in larger, territorial states.

Nomads introduced military technologies such as faster horse-drawn chariots.

What issue brought Christians into a Mediterranean-wide debate on the nature of religion? a) The idea of salvation and eternal life b) Obedience to God rather than to human rulers c) The nature of God d) The source of evil in the world

Obedience to God rather than to human rulers

What technique did the Romans use to create their military might? a) Developing a series of new weapons that gave the Romans a decisive technological advantage over their adversaries b) Building a naval fleet that permitted them to use the Mediterranean as a rapid transport route for the army c) Forming a special contingent of slave-soldiers to serve as support personnel for the regular army d) Organizing communities they conquered on the Italian peninsula into a system that provided a huge reservoir of manpower for the army

Organizing communities they conquered on the Italian peninsula into a system that provided a huge reservoir of manpower for the army

Which of the following was a major cause of the Roman Empire's fall in the West? a) Mismanagement and corruption among the Roman elite b) Byzantine invasions of the Italian peninsula c) Overextension of the empire, leading to high taxes and constant demands for more manpower d) Slave uprisings occurring after Christian missionaries taught slaves the ideal of brotherhood among all believers

Overextension of the empire, leading to high taxes and constant demands for more manpower

What important effect of environmental change led to the collapse of urban societies and administrative centers around 1200 BCE? a) Pastoralists from peripheral societies migrated because of prolonged drought b) Invaders arrived from the Indian Ocean fleeing increased monsoon activity c) Famine caused by heavy rains and floods d) Militant, expansionist religions developed following solar eclipses

Pastoralists from peripheral societies migrated because of prolonged drought

Which of the following is a part of the teaching of the Epicurean school of philosophy? a) Living a good life required understanding the rules of the natural order and being able to control one's passions. b) One should reject society's norms because they are human inventions, not laws of nature. c) One should do nothing because fate has more sway over a person's life than any actions or beliefs. d) Peace could only be found by seeking pleasure, avoiding pain, and not caring about life's worries.

Peace could only be found by seeking pleasure, avoiding pain, and not caring about life's worries.

Which of the following was the main source of slave labor in the Mediterranean region? a) Sub-Saharan Africans b) Women sold off to pay debts such as taxes c) People captured in warfare d) Offspring of people already enslaved

People captured in warfare

What was one effect of agricultural surpluses on early riverine urban societies? a) People relied on councils of elders to organize complex societies. b) People became isolated from those living in the countryside. c) People could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others. d) People abandoned trade as they were now self-sufficient.

People could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between people in the Americas and those in Afro-Eurasias? a) Populations in the Americas were more widely scattered and isolated from each other. b) People in the Americas were unable to adapt to local environments. c) People in the Americas did not develop refined agricultural techniques. d) Populations in the Americas did not create villages and settled life.

Populations in the Americas were more widely scattered and isolated from each other.

Which of the following represents Hellenistic influence on Buddhist art? a) Depicting the Buddha as an ornately dressed prince b) The recurring use of militaristic imagery c) The exclusive use of Greek-style clothing on figures d) Presenting the Buddha and bodhisattvas in realistic human form

Presenting the Buddha and bodhisattvas in realistic human form

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the role of women in Middle Assyrian society? a) Prostitutes were forbidden to wear veils so that their naked faces would signal their disreputable status. b) Veiled women were less restricted than in earlier Mesopotamian cultures and enjoyed special privileges protected by law. c) Women who served as support troops in the military were granted special privileges. d) Queens wielded considerable power behind the throne due to the independence granted to them.

Prostitutes were forbidden to wear veils so that their naked faces would signal their disreputable status.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats? a) The ziggurat of Marduk was larger than the Great Pyramid. b) Pyramids were primarily tombs for the semi-divine pharaoh, while ziggurats were temples. c) Both were created to project the might and grandeur of the territory's secular ruler. d) Both were designed as temples, and housed an elaborate bureaucracy.

Pyramids were primarily tombs for the semi-divine pharaoh, while ziggurats were temples.

Which of the following Persian innovations was most closely linked to improving agricultural production? a) A canal linking the Red Sea to the Nile River b) Harnesses for water buffalo allowed new plowing techniques c) Qanats increased the water supply for irrigation d) Satraps directly oversaw grain production

Qanats increased the water supply for irrigation

What suggests to scientists that Harappan civilization was centralized and structured? a) Regional uniformity in urban planning as well as standardized weights and measures for trade b) The royal palace was an administrative center for entire realm. c) Royal tombs contained frescos and records that showed the existence of regional laws. d) Written language was used to provide a common culture throughout the Indus valley.

Regional uniformity in urban planning as well as standardized weights and measures for trade

Which crops formed the basis of village agriculture in China? a) Millet and sorghum b) Maize and potatoes c) Rice and millet d) Wheat and rice

Rice and millet

What ecological change contributed to the development of agriculture in Japan? a) The cooling climate froze out the fishing societies spread out along the coasts and rivers. b) Rising sea levels created islands and limited the range of large game animals, leading to their extinction. c) Sinking sea levels meant that there was more land available for settled agriculture. d) A land bridge from the Korean peninsula allowed the migration of agriculturalists to Japan.

Rising sea levels created islands and limited the range of large game animals, leading to their extinction.

In the first few centuries BCE, how did Rome respond to Greek culture? a) Roman elites immersed themselves in Greek culture in order to appear "civilized." b) Romans rejected Greek-style temples as a violation of their own religious traditions. c) Cato the Elder became the chief spokesperson for rejecting Hellenism. d) Roman elites promoted the use of Latin and refused to adopt any elements of Greek written culture.

Roman elites immersed themselves in Greek culture in order to appear "civilized."

Which of the following was a long-term effect of Hyksos rule on New Kingdom rulers? a) Rulers could no longer rely upon deserts as barriers and had to maintain armies to watch their borders. b) Rulers began to build elaborate pyramids to prepare for the afterlife. c) Rulers used new writing systems created by the Hyksos. d) Rulers learned to use bronze as part of their regalia.

Rulers could no longer rely upon deserts as barriers and had to maintain armies to watch their borders.

What distinguished government in Warring States China from other societies in Afro-Eurasia? a) Rulers rejected advice from and persecuted provincial rulers. b) Rulers believed they were free of society's ethical rules. c) Rulers valued spontaneity instead of structure and order. d) Rulers forged an alliance with scholarly elites.

Rulers forged an alliance with scholarly elites.

Which of the following accurately characterizes the acceptance of Hellenistic culture? a) Ruling elites were attracted to Hellenism because of its powerful modes of thinking and behaving. b) Romans rejected Hellenism because it conflicted with their militaristic culture. c) Jewish populations merged Hellenism with their monotheistic religion. d) Carthage rejected Hellenistic culture because Carthage had an established indigenous culture.

Ruling elites were attracted to Hellenism because of its powerful modes of thinking and behaving.

Which of the following facilitated the spread of Brahmanism in south and Southeast Asia? a) Sanskrit emerged as a common language of the elites. b) Brahmans abandoned the strict rules of caste in order to appeal to more people. c) The Vedas were translated into the vernacular languages of Southeast Asia. d) The Gupta Empire conquered Southeast Asia.

Sanskrit emerged as a common language of the elites.

What led to the development of Shang writing? a) Merchants needed to communicate over long distances in order to trade goods. b) Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones. c) Rulers needed to record laws and edicts. d) Bureaucratic officials needed to find a method to record tribute payments.

Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones.

Which is an accurate comparison about the development of scribal cultures in both Mesopotamia and Egypt? a) Scribes' status was increased by the small number of people who were literate. b) Scribes at first had little concern with trade and commerce. c) Scribes were usually members of lower artisan classes. d) Literacy immediately became important for all members of society.

Scribes' status was increased by the small number of people who were literate.

The Buddha understood which of the following to be a way to reach nirvana? a) Encyclopedic knowledge of the Vedas b) Seeking a middle path between self-indulgence and self-denial c) Embracing desire instead of asceticism d) Rituals to placate Brahmanic deities

Seeking a middle path between self-indulgence and self-denial

In contrast to most other societies in Afro-Eurasia, the second-generation societies on the borderlands of the eastern Mediterranean developed which of the following political organizations? a) Merchant oligarchies b) Self-governing city-states c) Elected monarchies d) Theocracies

Self-governing city-states

Which of the following stemmed from Empress Wu's attempts to secure her rule? a) She sought to ban Buddhism from China because Buddhist monks rejected her authority. b) She expanded the military and recruited her administrators from the civil examination candidates. c) She destroyed the Confucian schools because they taught that women should be subordinate to men. d) She ordered scholars to write epic poems comparing her to military heroes from the past.

She expanded the military and recruited her administrators from the civil examination candidates.

Which of the following was one of the main impacts of the circulation of money in the Mediterranean basin and Europe in the first few centuries BCE? a) Gold became scarce, raising prices significantly. b) Societies could import cultural items from elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. c) Borderland people outlawed the use of coins to try to maintain control over their barter economies. d) The expansion of trade was hindered as each region produced its own coinage.

Societies could import cultural items from elsewhere in the Mediterranean region.

Which of the following best describes the Jewish response to the imposition of Hellenistic rule? a) Some Jews embraced Hellenism, while others fought against assimilation. b) Hellenism had no lasting impact on Jewish culture or religion. c) Rural Jews flocked to Hellenism because it offered them economic improvement. d) Priests were among the first to embrace Hellenism, recognizing it as a means of expanding their power.

Some Jews embraced Hellenism, while others fought against assimilation.

Where were sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle first domesticated? a) North Africa b) The Yellow River Valley c) Southwest Asia d) The Nile Valley

Southwest Asia

Which of the following was an effect of Alexander the Great's military conquests? a) Forcing conquered peoples to move to different parts of the empire to keep them from rebelling b) Spreading Greek culture and religion to Persia and India c) Causing the Mediterranean region's economy to crash d) Establishing a long-lasting empire supported by political and military institutions

Spreading Greek culture and religion to Persia and India

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between individuals and the rulers of Hellenistic empires? a) People viewed themselves as citizens of a particular city, with little allegiance to the distant, foreign rulers. b) States were so massive that individuals could only relate to them through the personality of their rulers. c) Rulers used local ideas and leaders to address local concerns. d) Rulers promoted a return to the agrarian values of an earlier age to ensure that populations remained submissive and grew enough food to feed armies and urban centers.

States were so massive that individuals could only relate to them through the personality of their rulers.

Why did people in Sumer trade with distant regions such as Lebanon, Turkey, and Iran? a) Sumerians wanted to cement political alliances by tying potential enemies to them in mutual trade. b) Sumerians needed to trade for food to support their growing population. c) Sumerian religions required sending missionaries to foreign lands. d) Sumerians lacked natural resources apart from fertile soil, mud, and water.

Sumerians lacked natural resources apart from fertile soil, mud, and water.

Which of the following accurately describes the goals of axial age thinkers? a) Training military leaders to use the forces of nature against opposing armies b) Teaching rulers to govern justly and individuals to live ethically c) Teaching priests proper beliefs and individuals to treat each other with kindness d) Training government bureaucrats to effectively run states

Teaching rulers to govern justly and individuals to live ethically

The most significant way in which modern science challenged Asian creation narratives (and all other creation narratives) was that none of the creation narratives recognized: a) The existence of multiple planetary systems. b) Billion-year time frames. c) That planets were first joined together and would rejoin at the end of time. d) That humans descended from apes and originated in Africa.

That humans descended from apes and originated in Africa.

The Barmaki family in Baghdad is characterized by which of the following? a) The Barmakis symbolized the preferential treatment given to ethnic Arabs by the Abbasid regime. b) The Barmakis ensured that the wealth and talent from the Arabian Peninsula made their way to Baghdad. c) The Barmakis were former Buddhists who obtained remarkable influence over the Abbasid caliphate. d) The Barmakis were great patrons of the arts and learning, endowing mosques and schools.

The Barmakis were great patrons of the arts and learning, endowing mosques and schools.

Which of the following accurately describes the origins of the Fatimid regime? a) The Fatimids began when a Shiite religious and military leader overthrew the Sunni ruler in Egypt. b) The Fatimids established themselves as a Sunni regime and refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of the Abbasid caliphs. c) The Fatimids began as religious purifiers, who destroyed earlier centers of learning that had attracted Islamic scholars from all over Afro-Eurasia. d) The Fatimids brought the Egyptian population into the Shiite faith and established Egypt as the primary base for Shiism.

The Fatimids began when a Shiite religious and military leader overthrew the Sunni ruler in Egypt.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison between the Han and Roman empires? a) The Han and the Romans both used large amounts of slave labor. b) The Han and the Romans both based governance of their provinces on state-trained scholar elites. c) The Han Empire covered a large contiguous land mass while the Roman empire was spread around the Mediterranean. d) The Han economy was based on agriculture, while Rome's was based on trade.

The Han Empire covered a large contiguous land mass while the Roman empire was spread around the Mediterranean.

Why did early agricultural settlements arise in the Indus Valley before the Ganges Valley? a) The Ganges Valley, unlike the Indus Valley, was surrounded by inhospitable deserts. b) The Indus River, but not the Ganges River, brought plentiful water from its source in the Himalayas. c) The Indus Valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the Ganges Valley. d) Annual floods replenished the soil in the Indus Valley but not in the Ganges valley.

The Indus Valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the Ganges Valley.

Which of the following was a major difference between Mahayana and Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism? a) The Mahayana school accepted the divinity of both the Buddha and the bodhisattvas, while the Hinayana school accepted only the divinity of the Buddha. b) The Mahayana school encouraged bhakti devotion, but the Hinayana school rejected it. c) The Hinayana school became a major universalizing religion while the Mahayana school remained centered in South Asia. d) The Hinayana school was accepted by Hinduism, while the Mahayana school was not.

The Mahayana school accepted the divinity of both the Buddha and the bodhisattvas, while the Hinayana school accepted only the divinity of the Buddha.

What marked the limits of Roman expansion to the east? a) The Himalayas b) The Indian Ocean c) The Persian Empire d) The Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire

In what way did the Shang state in China differ from states in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley? a) The Shang rulers centralized quickly to protect themselves from rival territorial states on its borders. b) The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital. c) The Shang rulers did not create an educated bureaucracy. d) The Shang rulers did not align themselves with the gods to support their right to rule.

The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital

How did Shang chariot use differ from that of the rest of Afro-Eurasia? a) The Shang developed horseshoes so that horses suffered fewer leg and foot injuries. b) The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare. c) The Shang made chariots lighter and more maneuverable d) The Shang used iron fittings for their chariots

The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare.

Which of the following demonstrates the relationship between the Silla state in Korea and the Tang Empire? a) The Tang borrowed a new form of Buddhism from the Silla. b) The Silla refused to send tribute to the Tang. c) The Silla modeled their capital city on the Tang capital at Chang'an. d) The Tang engaged in constant warfare with the Silla.

The Silla modeled their capital city on the Tang capital at Chang'an.

Why did the progressive land reform policies of the Northern Wei dynasty fail to bridge the cultural divide between the Han and the Tuoba? a) The Han were insulted that the Tuoba wanted to redistribute their land. b) Empress Fang had overreached her powers as regent, raising strong opposition to the Northern Wei dynasty. c) The Han nobility had all fled south, and Han peasants refused to work for the Tuoba. d) The Tuoba had little interest in farming, so were not interested in working with the Han.

The Tuoba had little interest in farming, so were not interested in working with the Han.

Which of the following was a factor that precipitated the unrest in the Islamic Empire and led to the replacement of the Umayyads? a) The Umayyads rejected many elements of Islam, such as the use of Arabic. b) The Umayyads refused to spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula. c) The Umayyads discriminated against non-Arab converts to Islam. d) The Umayyads destroyed Arab influence over Islam.

The Umayyads discriminated against non-Arab converts to Islam.

What advantage did larger brains give to early hominids? a) The ability to walk upright with the head as a balancing point b) The ability of children to be self-sufficient at a young age c) The ability to learn, remember, and pass on information to the next generation d) The ability to identify friends from foes

The ability to learn, remember, and pass on information to the next generation

Which achievement of the Phoenicians had the greatest long-term impact on the Mediterranean world? a) The alphabet, which permitted more wide-spread literacy b) The sextant, which led to the creation of astronomy c) Monotheism, which led to the beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam d) Lateen sails, which improved long-distance trade

The alphabet, which permitted more wide-spread literacy

What provided the primary unifying structure for South Asian societies? a) Pastoral trade routes b) Gender equality c) The Upanishads d) The caste system

The caste system

What was the most important factor that led to the founding of the first Afro-Eurasian societies (i.e., Mesopotamia, Egypt, Harrapan, East Asia)? a) The development of long-distance trading networks b) The rise of priestly classes that demanded sacrifices of labor and taxes to local gods c) The collective efforts needed to build and maintain irrigation systems d) The need to defend against attacks from large predators

The collective efforts needed to build and maintain irrigation systems

Which of the following was a characteristic of the Neo-Assyrian administration? a) The conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military. b) People who lived in Assyria proper were heavily taxed and regulated in order to prevent rebellion. c) People who lived in Assyria proper were forbidden from serving in political offices in order to prevent rival factions from emerging. d) The conquered people who lived outside of Assyria were ruled only by court officials appointed by the king.

The conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military.

What was a consequence of the defeat of the Persians at Thermopylae and Salamis in 480 BCE? a) The balance of power shifted and the Greeks began to lose ground to Persia. b) Initially the Greeks gained mastery over Anatolia, providing them a base for attacks into the Persian heartland. c) Outlying Persian cities allied with the Greeks in rebellion against the empire. d) The defeat of the Persians quickly led to a permanent Persian withdrawal from Anatolia.

The defeat of the Persians quickly led to a permanent Persian withdrawal from Anatolia.

According to common belief during the Han dynasty, what would a cluster of calamities, prodigies, and heavenly omens usually portend? a) The emperor should be put to death for angering the gods. b) The emperor had lost the mandate of heaven. c) The emperor possessed the mandate of heaven. d) The people should rally in defense of the emperor to prevent further disorder.

The emperor had lost the mandate of heaven.

Which of the following beliefs was reinforced by the visual propaganda of Persian architecture? a) The empire as a society of diverse and obedient peoples b) The empire's use of terror to control local peoples c) The empire as a homogenized state of people who had adopted Persian culture d) The empire as heir to pastoral nomadic culture

The empire as a society of diverse and obedient peoples

Which of the following, in addition to the charisma of its leaders, was a reason for Christianity's growing success before Constantine's endorsement? a) The church's egalitarian institutional structure appealed to people chafing under hierarchical imperial rule. b) The fit between the church's doctrines and popular pre-existing beliefs and practices made conversion smoother. c) The church militant's appeal to Roman warrior ethos encouraged the conversion of soldiers. d) The church's appeal primarily to the poor and downtrodden rapidly increased its numbers.

The fit between the church's doctrines and popular pre-existing beliefs and practices made conversion smoother.

Who, according to the Sunnis, should succeed the Prophet? a) The four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties b) The direct descendants of Muhammad's sons c) Individuals with impeccable religious credentials d) Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali's descendants

The four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties

What led to the rise of the first major city-states in Southwest Asia? a) The need to defend against foreign invaders by banding together b) The local availability of large domesticable animals, a variety of cereal grains, and access to rivers c) The presence of active religious pilgrimage sites for ceremonies and rituals d) The presence of lush forests with many navigable rivers

The local availability of large domesticable animals, a variety of cereal grains, and access to rivers

Which of the following correctly defines a relationship between ideology and governance in Assyria? a) The goal of the empire was to create cosmic chaos so that the Assyrian gods could defeat the gods of other peoples. b) The national god Ashur commanded all Assyrians to support the endless growth of the empire. c) The king ruled by the mandate of heaven. d) Assyrian religion supported a king who was a shepherd to his people.

The national god Ashur commanded all Assyrians to support the endless growth of the empire.

Which of the following was true in both sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas before 2000 BCE? a) Population growth increased in both places after the importation of cereal agriculture. b) The population in both places grew rapidly, given the large number of animals that could be hunted. c) The population in both places declined because of persistent drought. d) The population in both places grew slowly, but did not lead to the development of urban centers.

The population in both places grew slowly, but did not lead to the development of urban centers.

What was an important effect of the reforms instituted by Nakatomi no Kamatari? a) The clan chief embraced Buddhist ideals on the proper role of the state. b) The power of the ruler was enhanced by exalting the emperor under the mandate of heaven. c) Shintoism was instituted a single state religion, and other religious practices were outlawed. d) Confucian models of government were rejected as too binding on imperial expressions of power.

The power of the ruler was enhanced by exalting the emperor under the mandate of heaven.

Which of the following accurately describes the development of early civilization in southern Japan? a) Japanese clans prevented Korean immigrants from coming to the islands. b) Social equality became a distinctive characteristic of the "Tomb Culture" society. c) Women had little or no power as Japan imported patriarchal culture from India. d) The ruling Yamato clan incorporated Korean migrants into native Japanese kinship groups.

The ruling Yamato clan incorporated Korean migrants into native Japanese kinship groups.

Which of the following is a characteristic of early Han rule? a) The majority of land was directly administered by the Han imperial family. b) The ruling family had to compromise with the aristocratic groups. c) The Han rejected education for fear that scholars would incite rebellions. d) The Han used severe policies with border peoples in order to establish their authority.

The ruling family had to compromise with the aristocratic groups.

In what way did Darius I ensure that the satraps actually sent the central government the wealth of the peripheral provinces? a) The satraps were closely monitored by military officers, tax collectors, and the "eyes of the king." b) The satraps were only appointed from the most highly respected men of their provinces. c) The satraps were required to leave close family members as hostages in Persepolis to ensure their good behavior. d) The satraps could be enslaved if they failed to account for all taxes collected.

The satraps were closely monitored by military officers, tax collectors, and the "eyes of the king."

Which of the following was true of the social structure in most city-states in the Mediterranean basin? a) Slaves were allowed to participate in political debate. b) The social equality of the household was seen as a model for social equality in public life. c) The small family unit was the most important social unit. d) Adult women were recognized as the public voice of their family's concerns.

The small family unit was the most important social unit.

What evidence suggests that the four-group caste system of South Asia was based on encounters with people of different complexions and cultures? a) It originated with the Vedic people's nomadic life on the central Asian plains. b) It had its roots in a myth about the meeting of mystical horses, each representing one of the four castes. c) It was uniformly enforced throughout South Asia, putting conquered people in the lowest caste. d) The word Varna means color in Sanskrit.

The word Varna means color in Sanskrit.

How did Roman landowners in Gaul respond to the threat of peasant revolts and barbarian invasions? a) They abandoned their lands and returned to the Italian peninsula. b) They imported slave labor from Spain. c) They embraced a version of Christianity that called for them to abandon riches and enter monasteries. d) They allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability.

They allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability.

Which of the following describes the rise of kingdoms that emerged in the first millennium BCE? a) They had short lives, as they lacked local, popular support. b) They conquered existing states and different ethnic groups to become the world's first empires. c) They developed ideologies based on the inclusion of all classes and ethnic groups. d) They were primarily focused on agrarian production and trade with their hinterlands.

They conquered existing states and different ethnic groups to become the world's first empires.

What was the impact of the Five Pillars of Islam on regional political structures? a) They committed the believer to participating in jihad to spread the faith. b) They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire. c) They alienated potential converts, thereby limiting the early spread of the religion. d) They included declaring allegiance to Islamic political rulers.

They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire.

Which of the following is true of the Sea Peoples? a) They were migrants from southeastern Africa who adopted boats as a primary means of transportation. b) They disrupted the social order of the Minoans on the island of Crete. c) They settled in northern Africa, from where they dominated the western Mediterranean Sea. d) They became known as the Carthaginians (named after a Phenocian city).

They disrupted the social order of the Minoans on the island of Crete.

Which of the following is true of nomadic pastoralists? a) They were more numerous than agriculturalists because their diets consisted of more protein. b) They tended to have little influence on world history because their migratory lives left little time for artistic or intellectual expression. c) They were less sophisticated culturally than their agriculturalist neighbors because they did not build social networks and religious structures. d) They domesticated horses, which gave them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.

They domesticated horses, which gave them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.

In what way did Vedic pastoralists adapt to society in South Asia? a) They adopted the language and religion of the local people. b) They developed trading networks in order to obtain much-needed copper. c) They learned agricultural practices from the local people and developed those. d) They gave up their veneration of horses and substituted veneration of cattle.

They learned agricultural practices from the local people and developed those.

Which of the following is true of axial age thinkers in the Mediterranean city-states? a) They were independent thinkers, all of whom rejected the existence of the gods. b) They drew heavily on the older, traditional values they encountered through trade with more established states and empires. c) They looked to nature itself rather than focusing on the role of gods to explain the universe. d) They were based in northern Africa, where they were influenced by Egyptian thought.

They looked to nature itself rather than focusing on the role of gods to explain the universe.

Which of the following accurately describes the Vikings? a) They opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandinavia to Baghdad. b) They quickly abandoned their warlike ethos and adopted settled agriculture once they arrived in Europe. c) They lost their military strength when crushed by Charlemagne at L'Anse aux Meadows. d) They raided land from ocean coasts but avoided following rivers inland for fear of losing their naval advantages in narrow, shallow rivers.

They opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandinavia to Baghdad.

How did Roman mining operations contribute to the efficient functioning of the Roman economy? a) They provided capital leading to the growth of a middle class. b) They provided iron for bridges along Roman Roads, which better connected the economy of disparate places. c) They supported massive, standardized coinage. d) They helped create an industrial economy.

They supported massive, standardized coinage.

Why were nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists? a) They transmitted ideas, products, and people across long distances, linking villages with a wider world. b) They left important records that influenced agricultural innovation. c) They had so little interaction with villages that farmers came to think of them as powerful mythological beings. d) They served as a buffer between agricultural communities and outside enemies.

They transmitted ideas, products, and people across long distances, linking villages with a wider world.

The Phoenicians benefitted from their location in which of the following ways? a) They were able to develop seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees in their region. b) They did not produce manufactured goods themselves, but only acted as traders. c) Their location on the Red Sea allowed them to control trade between Egypt and Persia. d) They were ambitious to establish a maritime empire throughout the Indian Ocean.

They were able to develop seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees in their region.

During the Republic, to whom did Rome's poor citizens look for protection of their interests? a) To army commanders to provide them with land and a decent income b) To the Senate to protect their interests against large landowners c) To the faction that opposed the Gracchus brothers who attempted to strip the poor of their citizenship d) To leaders of the state religion who promoted the equality of all people

To army commanders to provide them with land and a decent income

For what purpose did Constantine summon bishops to the Council of Nicaea? a) To finalize the selection of books making up the Christian bible b) To establish the primacy of the pope over matters of doctrine and faith c) To bring unity to diversity of belief in disparate Christian communities d) To establish the celibacy of Christian priests

To bring unity to diversity of belief in disparate Christian communities

For what reason did Mesopotamian rulers such as Hammurapi commission public art and support artisans and scribes? a) To prove their legitimacy by showing their understanding of the region's core values b) To create work for unemployed soldiers and renew prosperity c) To force their language and culture on the conquered peoples d) To show the superiority of Amorite kings over effete Sumerians

To prove their legitimacy by showing their understanding of the region's core values

Which of the following was an important difference between Harappan and Egyptian societies? a) Unlike the Egyptians, Harappans built no monumental structures for their communities. b) Harappan farmers' cultivation yielded surpluses, while Egyptian farmers struggled to avoid famine. c) Egyptian writing was limited to religious purposes, while Harappans composed epic poems. d) Unlike the Egyptians, there is no indication that the Harappans had kings or built royal tombs.

Unlike the Egyptians, there is no indication that the Harappans had kings or built royal tombs.

In the ancient river societies of China, which of the following best describes the rate of urbanization and the factors that contributed to it? a) Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because China did not have outside trade. b) Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because of geographic barriers and less easily domesticated plants and animals. c) Urbanization took place more rapidly in China than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, as the rice-growing regions in the south shared information with the millet-growing regions in the north. d) Urbanization in China took place more rapidly than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because China's open geography allowed for the rapid diffusion of intellectual and cultural breakthroughs from other parts of Afro-Eurasia.

Urbanization in China was slower than in Egypt and Mesopotamia, because of geographic barriers and less easily domesticated plants and animals.

What city became the first large commercial and administrative center in the world? a) Uruk b) Liangzhu c) Catal Hoyuk d) Harappa

Uruk

The scholar Kumarajiva was responsible for which of the following? a) Using irony and paradoxes to show that reason was limited b) Stressing the role of public ritual and ceremony c) Translating Buddhist texts into Hindi d) Merging Buddhism and Confucianism into a single religion

Using irony and paradoxes to show that reason was limited

What is the characteristic that sets Homo habilis apart from prior hominids? a) Development of simple language b) Using tools to create tools c) Creating simple musical instruments d) Bipedalism

Using tools to create tools

Which of the following is an accurate description of the exchange that took place between the Vedic people and the Indus Valley people? a) Indus Valley people found horse breeding to be a major source of wealth and Vedic people adopted the social structure of the Indus people. b) Vedic people adopted the local religious culture of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted iron working from the newcomers. c) Vedic people adopted the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted the newcomers' language. d) Indus Valley people added beef to their diets and Vedic people relinquished their elaborate religious rituals.

Vedic people adopted the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted the newcomers' language.

Which of the following characterized warfare among the city-states of the Mediterranean basin? a) Warfare fueled new developments in military technology and tactics. b) Warfare was an uncommon feature of relations between the city-states. c) Warfare among the city-states made it more difficult to colonize new territories. d) Warfare led to consolidation of city-states into territorial empires.

Warfare fueled new developments in military technology and tactics.

Which of the following were first domesticated in the Fertile Crescent? a) Maize and beans b) Rice and millet c) Millet and sorghum d) Wheat and barley

Wheat and barley

Which of the following best characterizes the role and position of women in early Islamic society? a) Women had a shifting status as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in the Arabian communities. b) Women enjoyed the right to divorce freely and to take multiple husbands. c) Women lost all rights to inherit or own property. d) Women from poor families were required to wear veils and be secluded, while women from wealthy families were allowed open access to male society.

Women had a shifting status as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in the Arabian communities.

Which of the following was true of women's roles in Hellenistic kingdoms? a) Women's political roles included becoming ruling queens. b) Women were rejected by all Hellenistic schools of philosophy. c) Women came to dominate trade on the Silk Roads. d) Women were powerless in the political world of the cosmopolitan city.

Women's political roles included becoming ruling queens.

In Aegean island culture, which of the following was an indigenous cultural element? a) Large temple complexes b) Dominant priestly class c) Large palaces d) Worship focused on a female deity

Worship focused on a female deity

How did Zheng, the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, attempt to secure his throne? a) Zheng had himself appointed emperor by a council of the competing Warring States, ensuring broad support for his reign. b) Zheng took the title "King of Kings" to emphasize his superiority over lesser rulers. c) Zheng forced the rulers of defeated states to move to his capital, Xianyang, to ensure that they were not plotting rebellion. d) Zheng allowed local rulers retain authority because they could more efficiently collect taxes and put down local rebellions.

Zheng forced the rulers of defeated states to move to his capital, Xianyang, to ensure that they were not plotting rebellion.

Under the Tang dynasty, the civil service examination system: a) demonstrated to the poor the futility of seeking education since they had no chance of obtaining government office. b) increased the influence of Buddhism since Buddhist texts were at the heart of the curriculum. c) allowed commoners from southern China to outperform the aristocratic families of northern China. d) was eliminated because it allowed government officials to gain authority independently of the imperial family.

allowed commoners from southern China to outperform the aristocratic families of northern China.

The emergence of monotheism amongst the Israelites: a) was universally encouraged by the priestly elite, who hoped to expand their power by developing a single ethnic community worshipping a single deity. b) came after a period of henotheism, in which one god has power and ascendancy over other spirits and deities that still exist. c) was rejected by the prophets, who broke off to form splinter groups. d) unified a people who had long rejected all outside cultural influences.

came after a period of henotheism, in which one god has power and ascendancy over other spirits and deities that still exist.

The prosperity of the large-scale commercial plantations established by the Romans depended on: a) chattel slavery. b) tenant farmers. c) links between agricultural output and manufacturing. d) the army, who bought most of their products.

chattel slavery.

Around 8000 BCE, people in the Sahel region of Africa transitioned into: a) living exclusively as hunter-gatherers. b) developing agriculture with sorghum as the principal food crop. c) establishing the use of camels to convey goods across hot, arid territories. d) borrowing the idea of settled agriculture from Southwest Asia via the Nile River valley.

developing agriculture with sorghum as the principal food crop.

Liu Bang, after seizing power and establishing the Han dynasty, attempted to stabilize his rule by: a) eliminating the bureaucracy as too prone to abuse and corruption. b) establishing an image of the Qin dynasty as cruel and oppressive, and Han rule as a return to morality. c) emphasizing his noble origins in order to support his claim to authority. d) rejecting the past and all expression of Confucian thought.

establishing an image of the Qin dynasty as cruel and oppressive, and Han rule as a return to morality.

By studying modern hunter-gatherer societies such as the San and !Kung, scholars can infer that one of the main purposes of early Homo sapiens' art works was to: a) improve tool making techniques b) mark important ritual sites. c) create portraits of leaders. d) reinforce gender roles.

mark important ritual sites.

The Western Bantu-speaking people: a) established centralized political systems whose kings ruled by divine right. b) created priestly rule under the control of healers and spirit guides. c) organized themselves into small-scale societies that relied on family and clan connections. d) established independent city-states governed by rich merchants.

organized themselves into small-scale societies that relied on family and clan connections.

In contrast to Rome, Han monumental architecture was primarily associated with: a) sites of mass entertainment, such as theaters. b) religious shrines and temples. c) state offices and public buildings. d) palaces and tombs of rulers.

palaces and tombs of rulers.

In exchange for tax exemption, Constantine gave the Christian church: a) responsibility for the urban poor. b) judicial authority to resolve disputes between nations. c) designation as the only religion permitted in the empire. d) sweeping powers to appoint bureaucrats.

responsibility for the urban poor.

The spread of Hellenism in South Asia: a) resulted in Buddhism adopting some aspects of Hellenistic thought. b) was promoted by political leaders, who saw it as a way to undermine the power of religious leaders. c) was fiercely resisted by Buddhist monks, who saw Hellenism as militaristic and immoral. d) was resisted by political leaders, who based their claims to legitimacy on religious principles.

resulted in Buddhism adopting some aspects of Hellenistic thought.

Islam supplanted family, clan, and tribal communities and created a new community of believers that was called: a) the hijra. b) the sharia. c) the umma. d) the jihad.

the umma.

As the Bantu peoples began to migrate out of West Africa: a) they were forced farther and farther west as local populations prevented them from settling in their lands. b) they conquered all of sub-Saharan Africa, establishing a single empire that eventually rivaled that of ancient Egypt. c) they swept all before them, eliminating most of the local populations. d) they moved rapidly, merging themselves into local populations and adopting their traditions and rituals.

they moved rapidly, merging themselves into local populations and adopting their traditions and rituals.

In addition to climate change, which of the following was an important factor that challenged the foundations of states in the first millennium BCE? a) Literacy b) War c) Slavery d) Trade

War

How did the wealthy elite respond to the changing economy following Alexander's conquests and the rise of Rome? a) Wealthy elites soon seized control of Hellenistic kingdoms through bribery and hiring mercenaries. b) Wealthy elites, dissatisfied with their life-styles, turn to philosophy to find the meaning of life. c) Wealthy elites invested surplus cash in technological improvements to mining and agriculture. d) Wealthy elites used surplus cash to buy large tracts of land to grow crops for export—leading to wide-spread plantation slavery.

Wealthy elites used surplus cash to buy large tracts of land to grow crops for export—leading to wide-spread plantation slavery.