World History Test

What were the Opium Wars?

In 1800, the Qing dynasty was at the height of its power The empire had grown and began to suffer from corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetence in governance Problems were heightened by massive population growth and food shortages An abrupt decline was coming for the Qing and it was due to intense external pressure that the modern West applied to China The West had been trading with China for 200 years.... but it was restricted trade at Canton (Guangzhou). Britain did not like the arrangement (they had an unfavorable trade balance). Britain wanted tea Britain won because they had more advanced steel/iron ships, steam power, more men, stronger weapons Gained a lot from it The Opium Wars ended in the Treaty of Nanjing. This favored the British because China agreed to open five coastal ports, to limit taxes on imports, and to pay for the costs of war. The most important thing Britain gained was Hong Kong because It was strategically placed and it didn't want to follow what the rest of China did. Britain controlled it for a while. The treaty never specifically addressed opium trade.

What area of China did the British acquire because of the Opium Wars?

Hong Kong

Why did people want to colonize/control Southeast Asia?

They wanted to exploit the natural resources of the lands and open up markets for their own manufactured goods

Why did the British care so much about Egypt

They wanted to utilize the Suez Canal.

What was the impact of imperialism on Latin America?

Think back: 3G's for Spain Continued desire to spread the Catholic faith Unstable governments in Latin America were prime targets for imperial takeover Resource rich countries - many natural resources Business opportunities Transportation possibilities US in Latin America: gained territory (cuba, puerto rico, philippines, panama) Monroe Doctrine Prosperity came from it

What happened to the Qing Dynasty in the 1800s?

- At the beginning, they were at the height of their power - After about a century, it was humiliated and harassed by the Western powers and collapsed _ Because of external pressure that the modern West applied to Chinese society - internal problems also played a role (corruption, peasant unrest, incompetence, rapid growth of population)

What were general trends of imperialism in East Africa?

- Belgium claimed parts of East Africa - Portugal claimed parts of East Africa - Germany were rivals with Britain over East Africa - They tried to develop colonies in East Africa

Why did the British send opium to China?

- British had a trade deficit/unfavorable trade balance with China - Britain payed China with silver for the difference between its imports from China and its exports to China - They negotiated to improve the trade imbalance - didn't work so they turned to trading opium - it was highly addictive so the demand jumped

What changes took place in the 1830s in India?

- By the 1830s, the British government had taken over control of the East India Company, but the Company still ruled India for Britain - Under British rule, the native customs such as sati, the ritual suicide of a wife after her husband's death, were banned - The British built schools and railroads, and missionaries spread Christianity

What was the Treaty of Nanjing?

- Chinese had to pay for the war. - This treaty gave Britain control of Hong Kong. - Opened 5 coastal ports to British trade - Limited takes on British goods

What were trends of imperialism in West Africa?

- France added huge area of French West Africa to its colonial Empire - They had control of largest part of West Africa - Great Britain annexed the west coastal states as the first British colony of Gold Coast

What were general trends of imperialism in South Africa?

- German claimed parts of southwest Africa - Great Britain has the South Africa policy influenced by Cecil Rhodes

Who was Sun Yat-sen?

- He sought to reform China through the Three People's Principles - Formed Nationalism Party

Who is Tagore?

- His life mission was to promote pride in a national Indian consciousness in the face of British domination; he wrote a widely read novel in which he portrayed the love-hate relationship of India towards its colonial mentor - Indian poet, artist, and nationalist from the province of Bengal. He was much celebrated during his life, receiving the Nobel Prize in 1913 and a knighthood two years later (which he eventually returned to protest British injustice). His poems have a reputation for being difficult to translate.

How did Thailand avoid colonial rule?

- King Mongkut and his son King Chulalongkorn maintained friendly relations with the major European powers - Britain and France agreed to Thailand as a buffer between their possessions in Southeast Asia.

What were the results of the Opium Wars?

- Limited tax on British goods - China paid for the Opium War - More ports were opened for trade with Great Britain - Britain takes control of Hong Kong

Who was Henry Stanley?

- Livingstone went missing, so an American reporter named Stanely went to look for him. - Stanley found Livingstone - Stanely encouraged British settlers to travel to the Congo River basin, however the British refused - Stanley turned to Belgium

Who resisted colonial rule in Southeast Asia?

- Monarchs and ruling classes - Peasants who revolted - Intellectuals who had been educated in Western-style schools

Why did the US want the Philippines?

- President McKinley believed it was his moral obligation to civilize the other parts of the world he considered uncivilized - The United States wanted to keep the Philippines out of Japan's control - The Philippines were strategically placed to help increase American trade with China

What was the Russo-Japanese War?

- Russia did not industrialize as quickly or successfully as Japan did - There was a lot of resistance in Russia (due to the larger size) - Russia trades with China (benefits from it) - They fight in 1907 - Russia loses (surprising/shocked) - Teddy Roosevelt brokers peace - Creates unrest in Russia - Shows that Japan is a world power and should be taken seriously

How did the Meiji Restoration change Japan?

- Social changes that led to universal education - A more modern political system based on Western Democracies - A new constitution - Japanese industry, government, and education

What tactics did the British use to control India?

- The British East India Company successfully used "divide and conquer" tactics to increase their controls over entire regions of the Indian subcontinent Strategy: Took advantage of the existing division in religions between the Muslim and Hindu groups. Also - used political rivalries with native people to turn them against each other

How did the US gain access to the Panama Canal?

- The U.S. supported a rebellion that allowed Panama to separate from Columbia - In return, the U.S. controlled a strip of land which ran through the country - The Panama Canal (opened in 1914)

What was the Meiji Restoration?

- The new leadership of the Sat-Cho began the Meiji Restoration period - The Meiji reformers set out to create a modern political system based on the Western model. The new system was democratic in form of authoritarian in practice

Why did Europeans want to expand their control across the globe? What were the reasons for imperialism?

- They needed new markets for European goods and raw materials such as rubber, oil, and tin (desire for natural resources) - They believed their race was superior and "the fittest" to dominate the world (Social Darwinism) - They wanted to gain economic and political advantage over rival nation states - They felt a moral responsibility to civilize people they considered primitive

Why did people want to colonize/control Africa?

- They were content to let African rulers and merchants represent European interests - They were interest in the raw materials (peanuts, timber, hides, palm oil) - They profited from slave trade - They had interest in other forms of trade

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

- This rebellion occurred in China and was carried out by the society of the Harmonious Fists - Boxers disliked Christians and Westerners, so they went around killing them to preserve Chinese culture - The Boxer rebellion was stopped by European forces and further weakened the Qing Dynasty.

What was the impact of imperialism on Africa?

- Wars (ex. Boer and Zulu War) - Unfair and exploitative treatment of natives by Europeans - The Berlin Conference created new boundaries and increased local tension.

What were trends of imperialism in North Africa?

- about 150,000 french people settled in the region of Algeria - protectorate on Tunisia and Morocco - put flag in heart of Africa and occupied areas farther north

What was the Tai Ping Rebellion?

14 year Chinese struggle started because of a peasant revolt & internal economic problems

Who were the Samurai?

A group of people in Japan rejected the enthusiasm for all things western

What is a banana republic?

A politically unstable country with an economy dependent upon the exportation of a limited resource product

What were valuable exports in different Latin American countries?

Brazil: Coffee Argentina: Beef Central America: Bananas and Coffee Peru: Silver and Sugar

Which company ruled India?

British East India Company

Why did people want to colonize/control Latin America?

Business opportunities The area was resource rich Created new markets for manufactured goods The roosevelt corollary To spread religion Transportation

What was the impact of imperialism in China?

China had lots of resources for them (look at previous answer, basically the same thing)

Who was Empress Ci Xi?

Ci Xi resisted suggestions from her advisers for change, a new education system based on the Western model was adopted, and the civil service examination system was dropped.

What is Dollar Diplomacy?

Diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect its purposes in foreign relations by use of its financial resources

Describe the Revolution in Mexico

Francisco Madero, a liberal landowner, forced Diaz out of power in 1911 Made an effort to handle revolutionary forces who owned no land and disliked Diaz His efforts were ineffective Northern Mexican fell into Anarchy Pancho Villa's bandits went across Northern Mexico Emiliano Zapata led masses of landless peasants and began to seize and redistribute the estates of wealthy landowners Between 1910 and 1920, Mexico went through a revolution It damaged the Mexican economy A new Constitution was written in 1917 - Presidential government with universal male suffrage, limited foreign investment, and set out to help workers (labor unions, minimum wage and limited working hours) Patriotism increased in Mexico

Which 2 countries had a rivalry when it came to colonization in Southeast Asia?

Great Britain and France

What were the results of prosperity in Latin America?

Growth in the middle sectors in Latin American Society Lawyers, merchants, shopkeepers, businesspeople, schoolteachers, professors, bureaucrats, and military officers Characteristics of the Middle Class in Latin America: Lived in cities Educated Decent incomes Sought liberal reform, NOT revolution Once they had the right to vote, they often sided with the landholding elites The Working Class grew as well Growth in labor unions - some were radical Needed more workers in industry → immigrants from Europe Buenos Aires, Argentina = "The Paris of South America"

What was the Sepoy Mutiny and how did it start?

Indian sepoys rebelled after hearing the rumor that British troops had covered cartridges that must be bitten, with pork and beef fat.

What was the impact of imperialism on Southeast Asia?

Indirect v. Direct Rule Colonial Economies: Stressed the export of raw materials - Development of infrastructure

What were general trends of imperialism in Central Africa?

King Leopold II of Belgium accepted the Congo River Basin ("around the river")

Where did Great Britain colonize in Southeast Asia?

Singapore, Burma, and Southeast Asian Islands

Which countries remained independent in Africa (no imperialist country controlling them)?

Thailand Liberia Ethiopia

What was the Boer War?

The Boers had occupied Cape Town and surrounding areas in South Africa since the 17th century During Napoleonic Wars, the British seized these lands from the Dutch British encouraged settlers to come to what they called Cape Colony Boers moved from coastal lands to the Great Trek Their parties settled in the region between the Orange and Vaal Rivers and in the region north of the Vaal River Boers formed 2 independent republics (Orange Free State, Transvaal) They denied non-Europeans any place in their society They put many of the indigenous peoples, those native to a region, in these on reservations They battles idigenous zulu people Zulu had a talented ruler, Shaka They carved out their own empire The zulu were defeated when the british military joined the conflict

Why were Europeans successful in their quests to control other territories? What sorts of technology helped them?

The Industrial Revolution created new technology - Military weapons - Gave Europeans an advantage over locals in Asian and African Societies - Gunboat Diplomacy -You threaten a state with a nearby navy to force a treaty or unfair privileges - New Transportation - Telegraph - Medical Advancements

Where did the US colonize in Southeast Asia?

The Philippines

What was the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine?

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine held that the United States had the sole right to act as the "policeman" of the Western Hemisphere, stepping in when necessary to ensure order and prevent financial collapse

What was the Treaty of Kanagawa?

The treaty opened two Japanese ports to Western traders.

What was the Berlin Conference?

This conference settled territorial disputes in Africa (Britain and Germany became rivals over East Africa they were both interested in the land Portugal and Belgium were also involved with claiming parts of East Africa The countries met at a Conference to settle conflicting claims in 1884 and 1885 they recognized both of the claims for territory No African delegates were present at the conference Portugal received Mozambique)

What was the result of the Sepoy Mutiny?

This resulted in the British government officially taking control of India, making it a colony

Where did France colonize in Southeast Asia?

Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos

Why did people want to colonize/control China?

Western influences forced the Chinese to adapt to new ways of thinking and living. Early twentieth-century Chinese culture reflected the struggle between Confucian social ideas and those of the West. The economy was more productive. New crops brought in from abroad increased food production and encouraged population growth. They introduced modern transportation and communications, created an export market, and integrated the Chinese market into the nineteenth-century world economy. They gave them a model, funds, and the technical knowledge to modernize. Wuhan, Tianjin, and Guangzhou became major industrial and commercial centers with a growing middle class and an industrial working class. China was flooded by Western culture as intellectuals called for a new culture based on the modern West. The literature and art became popular. Their traditional Confucian ways were changed.

What economic changes happened in China in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

it reflected the struggle between the confusian social ideas and those of the west. european traders moved into China in great numbers increasing the state of transition that China was in. industry and trade noticeably changed the national market for oils, cooper, salt, and tea had appeared. The chinese economy has never been this productive. transportation for this trade was more productive along with a stronger foundation for money.