World Literature Exam 1

Voltaire can best be described as a (theologically speaking)

Deist, which is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge, and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe

From "The World of Haiku" (679-681)

1. "Haikai" can mean "comic" or 'unorthodox' poetry and is the origin of haiku" (679). In addition to writing linked verse, Haika writers also wrote "haibun essays such as travelogues" and "striking ink paintings" which were as "sparsely and poignantly sketched in ink as haiga are sketched in words (679). 2. Originally haiku was the "hokku verse in a longer sequence of linked poems." The pattern for these opening verses was 3 lines of 5-7-5 syllables. The following verse usually followed a 5-7-5 pattern. The sequences of poems alternated these two patterns, sometimes building to "sequences of 36, 100, or even 1,000 poems" (680). 3. "Haiku typically contains a 'seasonal word' (kigo) which evokes a host of associations relating landscape to mood . . . and a 'cutting word (kireji), which usually stands at the end of the first or second line and divides the haiku into two parts" (680). 4. Haiku exponentially expanded the topics on which one could write. . . . infusing literary language with the , unrefined presence of contemporary commoner life" (680).

From "Literatures of Early Modern East Asia" and "Early Japanese Popular Culture"

1. "In East Asia and . . . China, modernity began half a millennium earlier than in Europe, in the eleventh century, with the spread of print technology across society" (434). In Japan, policies enacted by the Tokugawa Shoguns (leaders) "laid the foundations for economic prosperity and a new cultural flourishing. . . . In this environment, commoners, among them also women, for the first time in Japanese history, could acquire basic literacy and elementary education. . . " (434-35). 2. Based on the new policies of the Tokugawa Shoguns, "the new social prominence of the commoners and the great leap in literacy gave birth to a new type of literature: popular fiction, haikai poetry, and kabuki and puppet theatre" (442). 3. One influence of Christian missionaries was the development of mass printing, which led to the wide spread of books and increased literacy rates (444-45). In poetry, there were two schools: "popular (zoku) literature and highbrow or refined (ga) literature" (446). Refined literature stressed "aristocratic topics" such as "romantic love . . . , the seasons, spring warblers, or cherry blossoms" (446). In contrast, popular literature depicted the dirtier aspects of life (such as prostitution in the pleasure quarters) and celebrated "themes . . . of simple commoner life" such as "courtesans, potatoes , or piss" (446). 4. " . . . haiku, became a major ground for experimenting with novel combinations of high and low diction, classical and popular themes, and Chinese and Japanese styles" (446). "For the first time, ordinary people became standard literary characters, and the material and sexual aspects of life were deemed worthy and profitable subjects of literature" (446).

From "Haikai Dialogue" (695)

1. According to Kyoriku, what are the "perfect words" to link the first and third lines: Scent of plum blossoms— Beneath the guest's nose A blue lacquer bowl 2. Kyoriku's term for the poem that "conbines two unexpected elements in a single haiku" is a "combination poem" From "Preface to Shoha's Haiku Collection" and "the Badger" (696-97) 1. What is the caretaker's main duty at the second house? "The old man had nothing to do there other than keep the place clean." 2. Why does the narrator regret the shooting of the badger? "I began to think sadly that the animal that I had thought of as nuisance had really offered me some comfort from the loneliness of my lodging. I felt pity for the badger's soul and wondered whether we had formed a karmic bond."

Voltaire Intro (369-72)

1. Although frequently imprisoned and exiled, Voltaire was very successful and he "seized freedom of speech even when it was not granted to him." 2. "His witty, light prose, and his clear and accessible style allowed him to popularize many of the revolutionary goals of the Enlightenment: human rights, the value of freedom and tolerance, the hope for progress through reasoned debate, and the urgent desire to end human suffering where we can." 3. "Voltaire, like many other Enlightenment, did not see democracy as the best form of government." He favored an "enlightened despot, a sensitive rational king who welcomed dissent" and asked for the advice of philosophers (like Voltaire). 4. Voltaire followed the religion of Deism, a faith that believed that God "created the world and then stands back, allowing nature to follow its own laws and never intervening." 5. Deists believed that God gave humans reason, "and then left them free to use it." 6. Voltaire believed it was "impossible for humans to know anything beyond their senses," making "God's will . . . mysterious." Humans should use their sense and their reasons to understand" the world and work to make it better. 7. Voltaire was written partially in response to an earthquake that hit Lisbon, killing more than thirty thousand people. This led him to question that the earthquake and its effects were God's will, and to question the German philosopher Leibniz's assertions that because God created the world we live in, then we live in the best of all possible worlds."

"Realism Across the Globe,:" Norton Vol E, pgs. 569-73

1. Realist writing shared some "crucial aims and characteristics. In the nineteenth century many artists felt a new urgency to tell the unvarnished truth about the world, to observe social life unsentimentally, and to convey it as objectively as possible" (570). 2. For writers associated with the Romantic period (which we haven't covered, other than Equiano, since the textbook focuses on Western writers, rather than those from around the world) "the natural environment offered an antidote to the artifices and injustices of human societies. Realist writers . . . lost faith in this ideal: nature no longer seemed to provide a plausible alternative. Now what was left of reality was what you could see with your naked eyes..." (570-71). 3. "Gone was the equation of art with beauty: visual art and literature could now be deliberately, powerfully hideous." (571). 4. Realist writers wanted to capture the world as it was, and that meant describing plausible individuals in recognizable circumstances" (571). 5. In general, Realist writers "resisted symbols and allegories, sentimentality and sensationalism, otherworldly ideals and timeless values in favor of the literal, the specific, and observable" (571). 6. Realist writers "tended to focus on the immediate, material causes of social misery and looked to scientists and social thinkers for solutions, rather than aspiring to . . . beautiful ideas" (571). 7. Most Realist writers focused on novels and short stories which offered advantages: "it could be long or short; it could include many central characters or a single protagonist; it could be told in first person or third person; it could focus on domestic settings or foreign travel; and it could entwine many story or follow a single main path" (572). 8. "In Europe, the novel was a new genre in the eighteenth century—hence its name 'novel'—and its flexibility as a form allowed it to adapt to many different kinds of philosophies and social circumstances" (572). 9. The novel and drama suited the aims of realism in some very specific ways. Prose is . . . suited to capturing ordinariness and even ugliness. Realist writers often opted for plain, unstylized dictions and usually tried to convey the many ways of speaking that characterized the social groups they represented. . . . Fiction also lends itself well to movement between action and description: it can pause the plot to include highly detailed depictions of the characters and their environments. For writers wanting to capture the whole social world in a style that seemed objective, the omniscient third-person narrator provided the perfect, impersonal perspective" (572). 10. "As for plot, realist writers often tried to steer clear of sensational events and neat endings, which jeopardized the goal of unvarnished truth telling, but they also wanted to keep their readers absorbed. One solution was to put characters in believable social situations where they faced ethical dilemmas. The dramatic interest of the plot then lay in having the character make a difficult choice. . . . One of the advantages of dramatizing ethical predicaments is that these allowed fiction to engage the question of moral action in the new social environments of the nineteenth century. . . . What responsibility does each of us have toward others in a city, a nation, or a densely interconnected world? For many realists, the purpose of describing the social world in great detail--with a particular emphasis on poverty and injustice--was to prompt readers to try to change that world" (573).

From "The Mountain Well"

1. The head note explains that "in the entry on the topic of 'fireflies,' the reader can experience the quick-witted jumps between traditional poetic associations and funny new meanings" (681). Following this idea, what is the double meaning of the Japanese "hijiri" in the following poem (in bold): At Mount Koya Even the fireflies in the valley Are holy men

Tolstoy Study Guide

1. Tolstoy was a man of contradictions, but he struggled "to find the best way to live in the world—how to respond to the pressures of guilt and pleasure, authority and money, sex and war. And it suggested the source of one of his great talents as a writer: the capacity to represent a vast, various, and conflicting array of desires and Ideals" (678). 2. Following up on youthful experiences of sexual dalliance and with the Russian military, Tolstoy achieved literary fame and prominence through the publication of his two greatest works. These are and War and Peace and Anna Karenina. 3. After he published Anna Karenina, Tolstoy underwent an acute personal and spiritual crisis, thrown into such despair by the pointlessness of existence that he considered suicide. . . . Then he had a conversion experience that set him on a new path" (680). 4. After rejecting the Russian Orthodox Church, his own search for God led him to believe that this social class knew how to live best (and he started to live like them): The peasants. 5. "Rereading the Gospels closely, he founded his own religion. This involved rejecting any ideas of an afterlife and following the model of Jesus' life as closely as possible, giving away wealth and rejecting all forms of violence." (680). 6. What was Tolstoy's first work of fiction following his conversion? The Death of Ivan Ilyich, 1886. 7. In the century leading up to Tolstoy's birth, Russian society was divided into 3 major groups" a. the aristocracy b. town merchants c. serfs 8. What was the legal status of the 23 million Russian serfs at the time of Tolstoy's youth? They were privately owned serfs. 9. What did the "Westernizers" think Russia should do? (681) Argued for liberal democracy, religious freedom, and the emancipation of serfs. 10. What did the "Slavophiles" want Russia to do? Resisted rationalism and technological innovation, embraced the Russian Orthodox Church, and typically favored bringing together the Slavic people under the Russian tsar. 11. How did Tolstoy fit into these two schools of thought? (681-82) Neither, but also both. He favored European models of education and rejected the Orthodox Church he also prized the Russian peasantry as a source of national renewal and meaning. 12. "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" may be based on who? It has seemed to many readers that to combine Tolstoy's earlier, richly realistic representations of contemporary life with his later turn to religious ideals. 13. At the end of Chapter 2 of "Ivan Ilyich," Tolstoy's narrator says that "Ivan Ilyich's life had been very simple and ordinary and very awful" (689). "What, Tolstoy asks us, is the relationship between abstract, universal truths and our intensely felt personal experience?" (682). 14. How does ordinary life "allow us to avoid this question"? (682) (your opinion) I think we choose sides and its easy to indulge in both at the rate of which our lives are going, with college, jobs and trying to start families. I think people either choose to follow universal truths and I think others say, "forget it" and only live on the truths of their intensely felt experience. Trying to find how these two things can coexist can be emotionally draining and takes time, and since we live in such a fast-paced time we don't have to try or think about it. 15. "Tolstoy experiments with perspective, choosing to begin the story at its chronological endpoint. . . . It is only after this introduction that the narrator switches to Ivan Ilyich's perspective. . . . [in the final draft] Tolstoy shifted to a third person omniscient narrator, who filters our experience through [Ilyich and Ivanovich]" (682). 16. Tolstoy utilizes various metaphors for dying: what are two of these? a. "thrust into a narrow, deep black sack" b. "stone falling downward." 17. "Death" also appears metaphorically. What are three of the ways "Death" is presented? (683) a. nothingness/black hole b. a judge c. it, with a feminine connotation to it.

The Death of Ivan Ilyich

1. What news does Pyotr Ivanovich break to his colleagues? (683) "Gentlemen! Ivan Ilyich has died." 2. Generally, did Ivan Ilyich's colleagues like or dislike him? They generally liked him. 3. What was the "first thought" of Ilyich's colleagues regarding his death? "The significance the death might have for the transfer or promotion of the members themselves or their friends." 4. What "complacent feeling" did the news inspire with the friends? (684) "he who has died, not I" 5. What do the "tedious requirements of etiquette" demand? Go to the requiem service and pay a visit of condolence to the window. 6. Why does Schwartz not follow the ladies up the stairs to meet the widow? What does he whisper about to Ivanovich? (addressed a few times, on pgs. 684-86)? "He wanted to arrange where they should play vint today. He proposed they meet for a game at Fyodor Vasilyevich. They want him to play a game of vint, but he instead does the requiem. 7. How does Praskovya Fyodorovna (Ilyich's wife) describe the last three days of Ilyich's life? (687) "Oh. Terribly! At the end he never stopped screaming, not for minutes, for hours. For three whole days he screamed without drawing breath. It was unbearable." 8. What does Praskovya really want to discuss with Ivanovich? (687-88) She wanted to move on to talk of business. How on her husband's death she was clearly her main business with him-how on her husband's death when she could get money from the treasury? "Everything that one could extract from the public purse of his death." 9. How is Ilyich's life summed up at the beginning of Chapter II? "Ivan Ilyich's past life had been very simple and ordinary and very awful." 10. How old was Ilyich when he died? (689) 45 years old 11. What is meant by the expression describing a young Ilyich, le henix de la famille? "He wasn't as cold and precise as the eldest or as hopeless as the youngest. He was somewhere between them." 12. What did Ilyich believe his "duty" to be? How did he define it? To be everything that it was by his superiors. He was drawn to people of high status. 13. As a senior law student, Ilyich practiced "liberalism." What does this mean (see footnote)? "Wild, sexual behavior." 14. Describe Ilyich's life in the "provincial city" (middle p. 690): "Equipped with a new and fashionable trunk linen, clothes, shavings and toilet things, and traveling rug ordered and bought from the very best shops, he went off to a provincial city to the post of assistant to the governor for special projects, which his father and procured for him. 15. What does the French expression "il faut que jeunesse se passe" mean? "Youth must have its fling." 16. What factors into Ilyich's decision to marry Fydorovna? (692) "he was doing something pleasant for himself in acquiring such a wife, and at the same time he was doing something his superiors thought a right thing to do." 17. How did Praskovya change after becoming pregnant? "She was jealous of him without any cause, demanded attentions to herself rom him, found fault with everything, and made crude and unpleasant scenes. 18. How did Ilyich cope with the stress of home and married life? (692-93) He achieved it by spending less and less time with his family and when he was forced to do it, he tried to protect his situation by the presence of outsiders. He became absorbed in the official word. Chapter III 19. What is the "something very unplesant" that happens 17 years after marriage? (694) He was passed up on a promotion under the position of president, and he tried to get over it by spending a summer away. He ended up getting bored and depressed and decided to go petition against those who did him wrong in Petersburg. 20. Based on what we learn on pages 694-95, what does Ivan Ilyich's happiness depend on? "He went for one thing: to obtain a five-thousand-ruble salary...he just needed a position, the money, in government, in banking, in the rail ways, in the Empress Maria's foundation...he absolutely had to leave the ministry where they couldn't appreciate him." 21. Describe Ilyich's accident on page 696. He went to adjust some drapes because his decorator wasn't doing a good job, he missed the stool but had good balance and caught himself. He hit the side of window handle, but the bruise was sore and went away quickly. 22. How did Ilyich believe his "life should flow"? (697) Easily, pleasantly, and decorously Chapter IV 23. How does Ilyich's illness first manifest itself? (699) It starts out with a small pain in left side of her stomach, and the discomfort started to grow and to become not quite pain but the consciousness of a constant heaviness in his side accompanied by a bad mood. 24. Why did Praskovya not want her husband to die? There would be no salary. 25. What is Ilyich's primary question following his visit to the doctor? (700) "In general terms, is this a dangerous illness or not?" 26. What does Ilyich's "chief occupation" become? (701) The precises following of the doctor's directions about hygiene and the monitoring of his pain and all his body function. 27. Describe Praskovya's "public" attitude toward Ilyich's illness (702): That the illness was his own fault and it was new unpleasantness he was bringing upon her. Chapter V 28. What surprises Ilyich's brother-in-law? (703) His appearance. Chapter VI 29. Before his illness, how had Ilyich regarded the syllogism of Caius? (706) Caius is man so he is mortal and so he is not immortal. He identifies with him in the fact he is a man but does resonate with his mortal-ness. 30. After his illness, how did he regard this syllogism? He has all these thoughts and ideas, he is different, he doesn't feel mortal, he shouldn't die like Caius. 31. What is the"It"? How does "It" affect his life? (707) It seems to be death and it is tormenting him and he cannot focus on anything. It is consuming his life. Chapter VII 32. What change occurs in the way people think about Ilyich in the third month? (708) They were waiting for him die, and their only interest in him was when was the going to die. 33. What causes Ilyich torment when it comes to "excretions"? Uncleanliness, loss of decorum and the odor, and from the consciousness that another person had to take part in this. 34. Who provides comfort of Ilyich in this matter? Gerasim, the clean, fresh, young peasent that was always cheerful and sunny. 35. What is Gerasim's attitude toward helping Ilyich? (709) Very kind and gentle, does what he is told and is very good at listening to him. He puts all of his needs first and does so with a cheerful heart. 36. What does Gerasim do to ease Ilyich's pain?) Lift his legs up high. 37. What was Ilyich's "chief torment"? (710) The lie. The lie that he was only ill and not dying. He would make a recovery. 38. Why didn't Gerasim find his work burdensome? How does he reflect on Ilyich's condition? "You're sick so why shouldn't I do something for you." And "We'll all die. So why not take a little trouble. Chapter VIII 39. What prevents Ilyich from truly distinguishing the time of day or the day of the week? (711) The consciousness of life departing without hope but still had not yet departed. 40. What does Praskovya mean when she tells Ilyich she has sent for a specialist "for [her] own sake"? What is ironic about this statement? (713) She knows when she says, he cannot argue accepting the doctors help. The irony is, is she is doing it for herself, not out of concern for him but out of hoping it will be bad news. 41. What excuse does Praskovya offer for going to the theatre? (714) Their daughter cannot be alone with her fiancé, and it would be more agreeable for her to sit with him. 42. Who else appears to pity Ilyich? Vasya, his son. Chapter IX 43. Why does Ilyich weep ("shining eyes")? (715) He wept for his helplessness, for his horrible loneliness, for people's cruelty, for God's cruelty, for God's absence. 44. In his conversation with his soul, what does Ilyich want, and how does he want to do it? (716) He wants to live, and to live pleasantly. 45. When he examines his life, what is the only pleasant memory that Ilyich can find? His childhood, he realizes it was the only time his life was truly present. Chapter X 46. What does Ilyich discover as he explores his memories? (718) The further he goes back into his memory the happier and more life he had. Chapter XI 47. What is the question that Ilyich once thought a "complete impossibility"? (719) "But what if in actual fact all my life, my conscious life, has been "wrong"? 48. What does Ilyich agree to do when his wife asks? She wants him to take communion. Chapter XII 49. Who kisses Ilyich's hand? (720) His son kissed his hand. 50. At the moment of the kiss, what does Ilyich realize there is still time to do? Apologize and forgive, to depart from them to end their misery. 51. What are Ilyich's final audible words? "So that's it! Such joy!"

Plot and character notes from the play: Note that 1.1 refers to Act 1, Scene 1; line numbers appear in Parentheses:

1.1 1. Note how Madame Pernelle quickly establishes each character. What is her characterization of the following: a. Dorine (line 14) A servant with an opinion b. Damis (line 19) A "F-O-O-L" c. Mariane (lines 24-26) Fragile flower d. Pernelle (lines 28-33) Okay, so there is a lot packed in here. She basically says she spends too much money on clothes, and those close are not worn for her husband's attention...is she possibly making the case she is cheating? (at this point I don't know.) This all essentially makes her a bad example for her children. e. ? Someone who cares not for morals 2. How does Damis describe Tartuffe? (49-50) Heartless, and there is a hint of both resentment and lack of respect for Tartuffe. 3. What is Madame Pernelle's attitude toward Tartuffe? (58-59) "a man who should be listened to", someone she thinks her family should respect him (even demands they speak of him more formally) even though they very evidently don't. 4. What is Damis and Dorine's description of Tartuffe? (63-69) They demand to know why Tartuffe's influence is so prominent in their house, Tartuffe seems to be a domestic tyrant and a point of great tension. Dorine makes the comment that many of their plans and ideas had been ruined by Tartuffe's influence: "Anything we take pleasure in suddenly becomes a mortal sin." 5. What does Dorine suggest is Tartuffe's real interest? (89-90) She thinks he is a con; someone who is poor in reality rather by choice. Above all else: a hypocrite, he is jealous and he is even lusting after Elmire. 6. What seems to matter most to Pernelle? 99-100 Propriety, strict moral presentation: reputation in terms of reflection of family actions (but she pays little attention to her own behavior). 7. What is Cleante's attitude toward gossip? (101-110 "Those fools who gossip don't care what is true...let us have our say." - I took this as he is conveying that if he is being conceived as a gossiper for telling the truth (even though gossipers' don't), than he will be perceived that way as the expense of getting to be heard. 8. Pernelle seems to base her opinions on the gossip of a friend named Orante. Why does Dorine seem to think Orante is bitter, and therefore critical of what goes on at the Orgon household when Orgon is away? (149-152) 1.2 Dorine lived a past that was not moral, one that was fueled by immorality and a desire for validation through lustful means. Dorine makes the argument that she is a jealous bitter woman trying to over shadow her own past sins by overdramatizing (or completely fictionalizing) the sins of Pernelle's household: "its envy, its pleasures they were denied." 9. What is Orgon's attitude toward Tartuffe? (6-11, 20-21) An healthy, unreasonable, almost disturbing obsession. His every question and comment asks of Tartuffe's well being and offers sympathy even though it is anything but warranted. 1.3 10. Why does Damis need Orgon to approve of Mariane's marriage to Valere? (8-12) "He'd break four hearts at once."- because he wants to marry Valere's sister. 1.4 11. What has been Elmire's condition while Orgon has been gone? "Your poor wife couldn't even close her eyes. What a fever! Oh, how she did suffer!" 12. What has been Tartuffe's condition? Drunk and judgmental- "Tartuffe slurped down red wine, all at your cost." 12. Who has Orgon's sympathy? Tartuffe, and it's weird. 1.5 13. What sort of man does Cleante "revere"? (120-23) "anyone whose worship is sincere." 14. What sort of man is "odious" to Cleante? 'the display of specious piety which I see in every charlatan who tries to pass for a charlatan." 15. How did Tartuffe convince Orgon he was such a good person? (32-43) "These men who take what's sacred and most holy and use it as their trade for money, solely, with downcast looks and great affected cries, who suck in the believers with their lies..." 16. Why does Orgon keep Tartuffe around his house? (60-65) "If you're their enemy, then heaven hates you. That's their claim when one of them berates you. They'll say you've sinned." 17. What decision has Orgon made about Mariane's marriage to Valere? Orgon withdrew, he put off the wedding date because..."Who knows? Heavens will, translation: Tartuffe. 2.1 18. How does Orgon expect Mariane to prove her love to him? (6-9) "She has to do whatever Orgon asks." 19. What does Orgon want Mariane to say? (16) She has to admit that Tartuffe is perfect in body and soul, he is divine. Then she has to say "Father, please make him mine." He wants it to be truth... so disturbing. 2.2 20. Dorine argues that Tartuffe and Mariane are not a good match for two reasons: a. (28) "For this zealot- she's too innocent" b. (32) "You're a man of wealth, he is not..." 21. Orgon counters by arguing that Tartuffe lost his property because he was too busy being a devout believer and prayer/worshipper instead of paying attention to the "daily duties nibbling life away." 22. Dorine continues her argument in Mariane's behalf. What are her reasons? (65) "Bliss, if there is any, leaves the marriage bed, and she'll be tied unto this elderly person." 23. What does Dorine predict Mariane will do if forced to marry Tartuffe? (73) "Her dedication to fidelity will worsen...young girl's stray." 24. Whose fault will it be (whose sin)? (75) "The father who proceeds to pick a mate, blindly, thought it's someone she may hate, bears the sins of the daughter may commit." The sin would be Mariane, but Orgon is her father... 25. Why does Orgon think that Valere is not a good Christian? (87, 90) He gambles, he is a free thinker, and he doesn't go to church. 2.3 26. What does Mariane propose to do if forced to marry Tartuffe? (32) Kill herself 2.4 27. How does Valere react to the news that Mariane is now promised to Tartuffe instead of him? (30-45) He basically tells Mariane to marry him to see how she reacts; unfortunately, she gives in easily (Dorine also thinks she did too), and he tells her if she marries Tartuffe he would find someone new and not pine after a married woman blindly. 28. What is Dorine's plan to save Mariane's marriage to Valere? (127-133) Accept the marriage, make up lies and postpone it for as long as possible so they can peer/socially pressure Orgon into consenting to the marriage, it also gives them time to flesh out the plan.

Tartuffe Questions Acts III-V

3.1 1. Dorine tells Damis that Elmire plans to sound out Tartuffe on the wedding plans. What does Damis want to do? (27) He wants to intervene, but Dorine says to let his stepmother handle it. Damis says he will stay and listen and not interfere, and he does stay and listen despite Dorine instructing him not to. 3.2 2. This is the first time we actually see Tartuffe. The stage directions point out that Tartuffe notices Dorine. How do the stage directions affect the way we read his dialogue in lines 1-4? The first thing Tartuffe does is try to appear morally superior, and in doing so is putting on a show for Dorine to make her feel morally inferior. The stage direction helps us make this connection since his first words aren't directed to Dorine. Tartuffe even takes it a step further and tries to embarrass her by saying she is showing too much skin and he wishes for her to be covered despite the effect it has on him. Dorine doesn't really let it bother her. 3.3 3. Tartuffe says he is interested in Elmire's health and her soul. What do the stage directions in this scene suggest about his real interest in Elmire? The stage directions show him sexually harassing Elmire, his words are the opposite of his actions. The actions help us to see Tartuffe's true nature and his desire for Elmire. 4. Tartuffe says that at first he was alarmed by his attraction to Elmire (seeing it as a distraction from his devotion to God); how has he come to see Elmire's beauty now? (72) Tartuffe claims that Elmire is a creation of God and God's creation is to be cherished and admired. It cannot be a sin for him to admire what God intended for him, is the conclusion that Tartuffe eventually comes to. 5. If Elmire becomes Tartuffe's lover, what does he promise he will not do? (121-125) "Your honor has, of course, all my protection, and you can trust my absolute discretion." He is not going to tell anyone, her honor will not be "sacrificed." 6. Elmire promises not to tell her husband about Tartuffe's advances in return for Tartuffe promising to do what? (155-64) If he openly supports a marriage between Valere and Mariane, so Orgon would also support it. 3.4 7. Damis leaps out of hiding and vows to do what? Damis vows that he will tell Orgon everything he has heard, so that he and his sister can both get married and so Tartuffe can finally be gotten rid of it. 3.5 8. What reason does Elmire give for not wanting to tell Orgon about Tartuffe's advances? (17-18) "To spare a husband's peace of mind ...My honor wasn't touched by this event." 3.6 9. What is Tartuffe's advice to Orgon regarding Damis' accusations? (16, 25) He tells Orgon to cast him out, punish him by rightful banishment...reverse psychology. Tartuffe tells Orgon to believe every word of Damis' accusations and to deal with him accordingly. Inspiring pity. 10. Who does Orgon believe, Damis or Tartuffe? He doesn't really seem to question the accusation, but he rather finds a way to take pity in Tartuffe's lust than find fault in it. He takes Tartuffe's side, and becomes very angry with Damis. 11. What does Orgon do to Damis? (77-80) "Here's your whack! Out of my house and don't ever come back!" 3.7 12. Who does Orgon plan to make his new heir? (38-20) Orgon makes Tartuffe his new heir. 13. What reason does Tartuffe give for accepting? (43) "What the heavens want, I cannot oppose." 4.1 14. Cleante tells Tartuffe that he should forgive Damis for being childish and work to repair the relationship between father and son. But Tartuffe responds that Damis is being punished by God. What does Cleante accuse Tartuffe of? (35-38) Tartuffe is using his religion to excuse him for being overly judgmental and manipulative. 15. How does Tartuffe justify taking Damis' inheritance? (47-48) He claims that because of Damis' behavior that he is not ordained to be Orgon's heir. 4.3 16. How does Elmire defend her deal not to reveal Tartuffe's advances to Orgon? (52-67) Elmire is an absolute Queen, basically tells Orgon that she isn't going to overreact to a situation that is below her. It is not a big deal, so why should she act like it was a big deal. Her honor is not something to be so hastily avenged, she is confident in who she is and what her truth it. 17. What is Elmire's plan to expose Tartuffe's true nature? (77-80, and 4.4, lines 1-4) Have Orgon hear for himself just how Tartuffe truly is. Elmire said she is going to let Tartuffe go as far as needed to convince Orgon of his true nature. 4.4 18. What is the second part of Elmire's plan? (13-18) She is going to flirt and let Tartuffe go as far as necessary, Orgon determines what is too far. 4.5 19. What does Tartuffe want as proof that Elmire is sincere in wanting him? (74-75) Tartuffe wants immediate sexual satisfaction; he wants them to sleep together right then and there. 20. Although Tartuffe doesn't realize it, who is Elmire really speaking to with these lines? (128-137) Orgon, who is under the table listening. 21. What incriminating statement does Tartuffe make? (143-144) He basically admits that he owns and controls Orgon, Orgon is less of a man than he because Orgon is his literal pet. 4.7 22. What happens when Orgon finally tries to kick Tartuffe out of the house? (19-22) Tartuffe says that his spiritual power and influence will get them all in trouble since they have offended heaven... and I'm pretty sure he has access/claim to the inheritance. 4.8 23. What has Orgon given to Tartuffe? (4) Damis' inheritance. 5.1 24. What incriminating evidence has Orgon given Tartuffe to take care of? (7-12) Papers of a doomed friend, papers that are the key to his property and papers that his life is dependent on. 25. Now that he sees he's been tricked, what does Orgon vow to do to all holy men? (34-36) He damns and renounces them. 26. What advice does Cleante offer in regard to Orgon's vow above? (61-64) Be careful of imposters and know that no one is perfect, there are people who are trustworthy they just have to earn your trust. 5.3 27. Who is the last to see the truth about Tartuffe? Madame Pernelle (ugh, I do not like her) 5.4 28. Why has Monsieur Loyal come to the house? (30-34) He tells Orgon that his home now belongs to Tartuffe and Orgon and his family is to vacate the premise. 5.6 29. Why does Valere think Orgon will soon be arrested? (6-8) Tartuffe is going to accuse Orgon for harboring information and papers of a traitor, and he is making this directly to the King. 5.7 30. What reason does Cleante give for the timing of Tartuffe's accusal of Orgon to the King? (30-35) Cleante is saying that you had all of this time to tell the King, and it is very convenient that he wants the belongings of a crook for being such a self-proclaimed holy man. 31. Who is actually arrested? Why? (48-53) Tartuffe is actually arrested: The King cannot be fooled; he can see men's hearts for what they are. Tartuffe's nature is obvious to the king, and his deception leads to his arrest. 32. What advice does Cleante give to Orgon? (100-104) Hope that Tartuffe's hearts changes, and that the Kings' forgiveness/perceptiveness allow them all an opportunity to improve.

When does Tartuffe the character actually show up in the play?

Act III

Chekhov

Anton Chekhov is a Russian writer known for his Realism writing style. He often incorporated a literary technique known as stream-of-consciousness.

At what point in his life was Ilyich truly happy?

As a child

How did the Catholic Church respond to the first performance of the play?

Banned the play (Tartuffe)

Study Guide: An Age of Revolutions in Europe and the Americas NAWL Vol. E, pgs. 3-15

Before the Industrial Revolution, economies changed only at a glacial pace, and most of Europe's inhabitants were peasants. (4) In the eighteenth century, English farmers turned into entrepreneurs. The North American (and other) Colonial expansion provided access to land, new resources, and new markets that helped the economy to expand. The global economy was based on the crop cotton, (5) which was grown and harvested by slaves, but also led to the expansion of other industries related to manufacture and transportation. The people who moved from the country to manufacturing centers in the city, "labored in unregulated factories." The cheapest work force for the factories were usually women and children, who worked 14- and 16-hour days. These laborers were paid barely enough to live on, and their living conditions lacked clean water, which led to major epidemics of disease. Six million slaves were captured and sent from Africa to the Americas. Political revolutions in North America and France challenged the power of old hierarchies and argued that ordinary people should make political decisions. (6) In France, the "revolutionary government insisted on ruling by reason, not tradition. They . . . separated church and state, abolished slavery . . . and granted equal rights to everyone" (6). These revolutions led to the rise of nationalism. IN Europe national boundaries were drawn and monarchies struggled to remain in power. However, one legacy of the dictator Napoleon was his code, which "abolished heredity privileges, opened government careers to individuals based on ability rather than birth, and established freedom of speech." (10)

TV shows mentioned as offering an example of literary allusion.

Bob's Burgers, Parks and Recreation, Saturday Night Live

Ichiyo

Bridged the time periods between pre-modern Japan and Modern Japan

Realism began in which of the following countries

Britain and France- where industrial and political revolutions had recently taken place.

Equiano's story is directly addressed to

British Parliament

Identify two useful ways to study literature

By genre and by literary period.

How does Orgon try to convince Mariane to marry Tartuffe?

By tricking her. Telling her he loves her and using that to manipulate her.

Candide Part I

Chapter 1 1. Names in Candide are often symbolic. What do the following names mean? a. Candide: "Perfection of gentle manners. His features admirably expressed his soul; he combined an honest mind with great simplicity of heart." b. Pangloss "all-tongue" in Greek c. Cunegonde Named after wife of Emperor Henry II, who proved her chastity through extreme measures. 2. What is the relationship of Candide to the Baron? It is believed he is the illegitimate child of the Baron's sister, so Candide is supposedly the Baron's nephew. 3. Why is the Barroness so greatly respected? The Barroness weighs about three hundred and fifty pounds, and it is says for this reason she is greatly respected. 4. Why is Candide driven from the castle? Candid had begun to have a very inappropriate and adult interaction with the Baroness's daughter Cunegonde. Chapter 2 5. What choice is Candide given? Be flogged thirty six times by the entire regiment or have twelve bullets put in your brain. Chapter 3 6. What does Jacques the Anabaptist do for Candide? Took him home, washed and clothed him, gave him bread and beer, gave him a job at the Persian rug factory, and gave him two florins. Chapter 4 7. According to Pangloss, what happened at the castle after Candide left? The castle was destroyed by the Abares and Cunegonde was raped and disemboweled by Burglar soldiers. 8-9. Trace the cause and effect of Pangloss's disease. What is the ultimate good of his disease? (378) Pangloss's disease came from the maid of the Baroness, he got it from her by sleeping with her and she got it from sleeping with someone who got it through a long line of people. It killed the maid, and it will likely kill Pangloss. I believe that it is Syphilis, because it originated from Columbus. The disease kept him from being killed, since he would end up dying anyway. 10. What does Jacques do for Pangloss? Jacques the expenses for Pangloss's cure and makes Pangloss his book keeper and side philosopher. Chapter 5 11. What happened to Jacques in the Bay of Lisbon? Jacques is thrown overboard and drowned saving someone who didn't even acknowledge his sacrifice. Chapter 6 12. What is an auto-da-Fe? An auto-da-fe means an "act of faith", it is a public ceremony of repentance and humiliation. 13. How was Pangloss executed? Pangloss was hung, since he couldn't be burned because of the rain. Chapter 6-7 14. Explain the circumstances of how Candide and Cunegonde came to be reunited. The old woman that saved and dress Candide's wounds took him to Cunegonde who was now basically a sex slave to two separate men. Chapter 8 15. What happened to Cunegonde in the interval since the last time Candide saw her. Cunegonde's entire family was butchered, the Bulgar captain kept her alive and killed the man who was raping her. She was made into a prisoner of war and became a maid and sex slave for the captain. He then sold her to a Jew named Don Issachar. The Grand Inquisitor took notice of her, and they now got different nights with her. Cunegonde was a sex slave for two separate men. Chapter 9 16. What does Candide do to Don Issachar and the Grand Inquisitor (112-13)? Candide kills both Don Issarchar and the Grand Inquisitor. Chapter 9-10 17. What happens to Candide, Cunegonde, and the Old Woman on the road from Don Issachar's house to the inn at Avacena? After Candide kills the men, Candide, Cunegonde saddle horses and they end up in a little inn in the town of Avacena. With them they take gold and diamonds and covered thirty miles without stopping. 18. What do the three spend a great deal of time reasoning about on the voyage to Paraguay? They reason and ponder Pangloss's philosophy. It ended with the beginning of Old Woman talking about her life. Chapter 11-12 19. Who is the Old Woman's father? She is the daughter of the Pope Urban the Tenth and the Princess of Palestrina. 20. What is the "honest eunuch's" mission, and what does he do instead? The not so honest Eunuch claims that he is going to take her back to Italy. Instead he sells her to the dey of Algiers. 21. How does the Old Woman summarize her trials (suffering) on page 389? The old woman covers a lot, plague, famine, rape, watching her parents and family get killed. She even gets cannibalized by a group of men who eat some of her back end. They end up getting taken over and a French Physician helps to heal her The old woman ends up being a servant and grows incredibly bitter and she says she contemplates suicide, especially during the time she was whipped every single day. 22. What solution is offered at Azov so that the Old Woman is not completely eaten? They only eat half of each woman's behind; they literally treat them like live stock and turn them into rump steak. 23. What challenge does the old woman issue to Cunegonde and Candide (119)? "Try to find a single person who has not often cursed the day of his birth, who has not often told himself that he is the most miserable of men, then you may throw me overboard headfirst." Chapter 13 24. What is the result of this challenge? Cunegonde and Candide ask everyone aboard the ship their person. 25. How does the old woman's story affect Candide's acceptance of Pangloss's philosophy of physical and moral evil? (390) Candide begins to see that he has some "polite objections" to Pangloss's philosophy, and wishes he could ask/voice such objections with the stories being told as evidence. 26. What reasoning does the old woman use to persuade Cunegonde to marry Don Fernando? It is financially smart considering her current financial status and her own fidelity has been compromised, so the fact that someone is willing to put her in such a high position with no questions asked is an opportunity that cannot be turned down. As the story continues the marriage would protect her from being on the run and would keep her from being mistreated by andy police or court official. 27. Why does Candide have to flee Buenos Aires (Bottom 391)? The man who stole the jewelry from Cunegonde tried to sell it in Buenos Aires, before he was executed for having possession of stolen property from the Grand Inquisitor, the man confessed whom he stole from. The officials now know that whoever stole the Grand Inquisitor likely killed or knew who killed the Grand Inquisitor. Cunegonde didn't actually murder anyone, and her new man would keep her safe, Candide was not safe and had no protection. The old woman told him to flee immediately. Chapter 14 28. Why is Cacambo fond of his master Candide? Cacambo likes his master Candide because Candide is a good man. 29. How does Candide's military training pay off once again? "You were going to make war against the Jesuits, now we'll go make war for them. I know the roads pretty well, I'll bring you to their country, they will be delighted to have a captain who knows the Bulgar drill; you will make a prodigious fortune. If you don't get your rights in one world, you will find them in another. 30. Who is the Jesuit in command of the Paraguayan troops (My Lord the Commander)? Cunegonde's brother who was supposedly disemboweled and killed. Chapter 15 31. Why does the baron not want Candide to marry his sister? "You insolent dog, replied the baron, you would have the effrontery to marry my sister, who has seventy- two quarterings! It's a piece of presumption for you even to mention such a crazy project in my presence." 32. How does Candide respond to this news? Candide tells the brother that he has saved Cunegonde and that they desperately want to be married. The Commander threatens and slaps Candide across the face with his sword... Candide then stabs and kills the Commander in the belly. Chapter 16 33. Why does Candide kill two monkeys? They were chasing and torment two naked women, he felt sorry for the women, and he used his learned marksmanship to kill the monkeys from a long way off. 34. How do the two girls respond? They started to weep because the monkeys were their lovers. 35. Why do the Biglugs want to eat Candide? The young women whose monkey's Candide shot told the Biglugs and the Biglugs now want Jesuit meat...the hat Candide is wearing certainly didn't help matters. 36. How does Cacambo save himself and Candide? Cacambo tells the Biglugs that he is NOT a Jesuit but an enemy of the Jesuits because Candide just killed one. Cacambo says it is wise to eat your enemy, but not the enemy of your enemy.

Candide Part II

Chapter 17 1. What are the quoits of the children of Eldorado made of? Gold, rubies, and emeralds. 2. What happens when Candide tries to pay for a meal with the quoits? The servers bust out laughing, calling the precious gems "pebbles". Inflation is obviously insanely high and precious materials are in mass abundance...it shocks Candide and Cacambo. Chapter 18 3. Describe the concept and practice of religion held by the Eldoradoans. The idea of asking about religion itself was strange to him, the action of asking someone their religion implies that there are multiple options/philosophies to choose from. The Eldoranon man is shocked and honestly weirded out by the fact that any other religion is to be considered. They believe in God. They thank God continually, they never ask for anything because they have everything they could want. 4. Who are priests in Eldorado? "My friends, said he, we are all priests; the king and all the heads of the household sing formal psalms of thanksgiving every morning, and five or six thousand voices accompany them." They have "no monks to teach, argue, govern, intrigue, and burn at the stake everyone who disagrees with them". 5. What is the appropriate greeting for the king of Eldorado "The ceremony, said the officer, is to embrace the king and kiss him on both cheeks." 6. Why is there no supreme court or parliament in Eldorado? "Lawsuits were unknown." There are also no prisons, and they had "a gallery two thousand paces long, entirely filled with mathematical and physical instruments." 7. What are Candide's reasons for leaving ElDorado (130)? "Miss Cunegonde is not here, and you doubtless have a mistress somewhere in Europe. If we stay here, we shall be just like everybody else, whereas if we go back to our own world, taking with us just a dozen sheep loaded with Eldorado pebbles, we shall be richer than all the kings put together, we shall have no more inquisitors of fear, and we shall easily be able to retake Miss Cunegonde. Chapter 19 8. According to Candide, what are the only "solid things"? "My friend, you see how the riches of this world are fleeting; the only solid things are virtue and the joy of seeing Miss Cunegonde again." 9. What is the "price of the sugar [eaten] in Europe"? "Twice a year we get a pair of linen drawers to wear. If we catch a finger in the sugar mill where we work, they cut off our hand; if we try to run away, they cut off our leg: I have undergone both these experiences. This is the prices of the sugar you eat in Europe." 10. After hearing the "Negro" slave's story, what is Candide's reaction to Pangloss's "optimism"? "Oh Pangloss! Cried Candide, you had no notion of these abominations! I'm through, I must give up your optimism after all." 11. Explain why: "Alas, said Candide, it is a mania for saying things are when one is in hell." 12. Why does Candide send Cacambo to Buenos Aires? "Here, my friend, said he, is what you must do. Each one of us has in his pockets five or six million worth of diamonds; you ae cleverer than I; go get Miss Cunegonde in Buenos Aires. If the governor makes a fuss, give him a million; if that doesn't convince him, give him tow millions: you never killed an inquisitor, nobody will suspect you. I'll fit out another boat and go wait for you in Venice." 13. How does Candide lose his last two sheep? The merchant boarded all of his stuff and when Candide went to go bard the ship, the merchant set sail without him...taking the sheep and all of his wealth that was "enough to make the fortunes of twenty monarchs." 14. How does Candide select Martin to be his companion on the voyage to France? He was the most miserable of all of his applicants, his life was absolutely horrible and his attitude towards life was just as pessimistic. 15. As he listens to the various stories (405), what does Candide think about Pangloss and his philosophy? He almost seems to become bitter about it, he is completely over it: "That Pangloss, he said, would be hard put to prove his system. I wish he was here. Certainly, if everything goes well, it is in Eldorado and not in the rest of the world." Chapter 20 16. Describe Martin's philosophy of good and evil in the world (It might be useful to look at the footnote explaining Manichee). God has abandoned the world to evil (except for maybe Eldorado. Evil will always balance even the most potent good, nothing in the world goes untouched by evil...it all compensates itself. "Still there is some good, said Candide. That may be, said Martin, but I don't know it." 17 How does Martin's philosophy of good and evil apply to the fate of the Dutch merchant who stole Candide's sheep? I think this theory goes beyond the simplicity of karma, the balance of fate in this instance seems to be not unexpected but not expected either. The pirate got what he deserved, but the author makes it obvious that this is a theory of good and evil, not a law or principle. I really liked this line: "God punished the scoundrel, and the devil drowned the others. Chapter 21 18. What analogy (comparison) does Martin use to argue that men have always been liars, traitors, cheats, etc.? "Hawks have always eaten pigeons when they could get them." "Hawks have always had the same character, why do you suppose that men have changed?" Chapter 22 19. List at least 3 ways that Candide is swindled in France: a. When he was sick the random people surrounding him (doctor, pious ladies etc.) extorted money from him via tampered gambling. b. The actress took a lot of his money gambling as well, he was just trying to have a good time, so he wasn't super phased. He was phased and felt super guilty about sleeping with the actress and she basically stole his diamond rings afterward. c. The scholar, Périgord ,who gained there trust and introduced them to a new kind of philosophy, he then had a woman pretend to be a sick Cunegonde and turns Martin and Candide in to the bailiff. Chapter 23 20. Why was the English admiral shot? "The reason, they told him, is that he didn't kill enough people; he gave battle to a French admiral, and it was found that he didn't get close enough to him. Chapter 24 21. Describe briefly what all happened to Paquette in the time since Candide last saw her (beginning of the novel). Paquette was taken in by a doctor, who she became his mistress. He was ugly and she didn't love him, but she did so out of gratitude. Paquette was then beaten by the wife of the doctor daily, and he got so mad at the wife that he made her sick. The family of the wife tried to sue the doctor and he fled, so Paquette was thrown into jail. The judge took pity on her, and he took Paquette and replaced the doctor's position. He soon got rid of her and moved on, so Paquette became an escort in Venice. Chapter 25 22. What does Lord Pococurante's name mean? His name means "small care." 23. Summarize the argument Candide and Martin have about whether or not Pococurante is happy (421). Candide thought he was happy because he was superior to all the things he owned, and Martin said he was disgusted by everything he possesses. The best stomachs are not those which refuse all food. Chapter 26 24 Who reappears during Candide's dinner with the six kings, and what news does he bring of Cunegonde? Cacambo, he told him that Cunegonde is in Constantinople. Cacambo is now a slave, and he says he is going to Candide and to be ready. Chapter 27 25. What does Candide learn that Cunegonde is doing now? What is her condition? "Cunegonde is washing dishes on the shores of the Propontis, in the house of a prince who has very few dishes to was; she is a slave in the house of a onetime king name Rogowski, to who, the Great Turk allows three crowns...she has lost all her beauty and became horribly ugly." 26. What does Candide do for Pangloss, and Cunegonde's brother? Candide immediately ransomed Pangloss and Cunegonde's brother. Chapter 28 27. Have all of Pangloss's experiences caused him to recant his original philosophy (everything is for the best in this world)? "I am still of my first opinion." Chapter 29-30 28. How has Cunegonde changed since the last time Candide saw her, and how does this affect his desire to marry her? Cunegonde is horribly ugly. Scale red skin, bloodshot eyes...Candide recoiled when we saw her. Chapter 30 29. Name the two fates that the old woman mentions, wondering which is the worse. "Being raped a hundred times by negro pirates, having a butticj ut off, running the gauntlet in the Bulgar army, being flogged and hanged in an ato-da-fe, being dissected and rwing in the galleys-servicing, in a word, all the miseries through which we have passed- or else just sitting here and doing nothing?" 30. Who does Candide consult on the nature of good and evil in the world? A Turkish philosopher considered the best. 31. How does the above person respond to Candide's question as to why man was created? "At these words, the dervish slammed the door in their faces." 32. According to the "good old man," what are the three great evils? a. poverty b. boredom c. vice 34. According to Martin, what is the only way to make life bearable? To work without speculation. 35. Name the talent (or job) of each individual, once they begin to work the garden: a. Cunegonde—an excellent pastry cook. b. Paquette—Embroidery c. old woman--Laundry d. Brother Giroflee—An adequate carpenter with decent morals 39. What are Candide's final words in the book? "That is very well put, but we must cultivate our garden."

Which character presents the best version of Christianity in Tartuffe?

Cleante

How did Moliere die?

Collapses on stage

Which of the following is not true of the Tale of Kieu

Completely original plot (nothing is borrowed)

Machado

Considered to be the greatest black writer in Western Literature

Which of the following literary periods will this course focus on?

Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism and Modernism.

Movements in Candide

Experimental, physical, and philosophical (NOT theological)

All of the characters in the novel, Candide, are made up and do not represent real people

False

Equiano denies the practice of slavery in African cultures

False

It is acceptable to study literature without understanding the history of the period.

False

Literary fallacy refers to the idea that we cannot trust authors of past centuries to help us understand the world we live in today.

False

Optimists believe that bad things just happened and that there was no explanation for why they happened.

False

The play Tartuffe is written in poetic lines that do not rhymes.

False

The stage directions in the text do not offer any indication of what the actor playing Tartuffe should be doing while he is talking to Elmire in Act III, Scene 3.

False

Dorine predicts that if Mariane marries Tartuffe, she will live happily ever after.

False, she knows for fact that she would be miserable.

Talke of Kieu: the story reinforces the Buddhist ideas that living for passion will result in sorrow and punishment.

False- Story rejects Buddhists idea "that living for passion will result in sorrow and punishment. Instead, the story rewards individual acts in the name of love, and imagines a woman who remains pure and good despite having had many lovers" a breech of Confucian principles.

The Tale of Kieu firmly establishes and argues for the patriarchal structure of authority.

False- it challenged patriarchal structure of authority- Order is restored by women and their sacrifices.

The Death of Ivan Ilyich is told in strict chronological order, beginning with his childhood and ending with his death.

False- what is the significance of the beginning of the story after the main character's death? Why might Tolstoy choose start his story here before relating Ivan Ilyich's life?

The end of the enlightenment period is marked by this historic event.

French and American Revolutions

Factors about Equiano and his book/memoir

He is the first freed slave to write a memoir, he embarked on the first modern book tour, it depicts a rich cultural life in Africa.

Tolstoy's word "Blame me and not the path I tread" best refers to what principal?

His desire to find the best way to live in the world- Tolstoy's statement reflects his intense, lifelong struggle to find the best way to live in the world- how to respond to the pressures of guilt and pleasure, authority and money, sex and war.

Dominant themes in Candide

Hostility toward corruption in religion, arguments against the slave trade, arguments for just systems of government, arguments for tolerance for people with different beliefs.

Nguyen Du

In what way does the "Tale of Kieu" represent the history of oppression and subjugation of Vietnam? "It is a work of literary genius that displays the richness of Vietnamese linguistic and cultural traditions while addressing themes- lust, loyalty, sacrifice, corruption, faith, and justice- that extend beyond any single nation." How long did China rule Vietnam? 111 B.C.E. - 939 C.E. (over a thousand years) What 3 religious traditions merged to become a distinctively Vietnamese religion following Vietnam's independence from China in 939 C.E.? Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. Born in 1766 and growing up in a period of civil war and political intrigue, it is likely that "'The Tale of Kieu' suggests that [Nguyen Du] may have felt some admiration for the peasant revolution, since his own glorious war hero, Tu-Hai is based on" a real rebel leader. . . . Nguyen Du's heroine, Kieu, battered by fate and forced to prostitute herself, has long been a folk symbol of what it means to suffer injustice and struggle to survive. . . ." "When France invaded Vietnam in 1862, some Vietnamese leaders who collaborated with the foreign invaders saw themselves, like Kieu, as victims of circumstances who must bow to fate. They were cast as traitors by others, who claimed they resembled Scholar Ma--a greedy pimp in the story" 439-40). The poem draws from popular songs like folk ballads, with alternating lines of six and eight syllables. The rhythms made it easily accessible to a population that was predominantly an oral culture. The poem is also "a remarkable storehouse of classical Chinese learning, with frequent references to Confucian texts, Chinese poetry and fiction, and two dozen mentions of Buddhist or Daoist texts" (440). "The text certainly draws on Buddhist thinking, including the notion that past, present, and future existences are interwoven, but it seems to reject the idea that living for passion will necessarily result in sorrow and punishment. Instead, the story rewards individual acts in the name of love, and it imagines a woman who remains pure and good despite many lovers--a terrible breach of Confucian principles" (441).

Factors of Enlightenment

Increasing questions about role of God in people's lives. Trusting of science. Also known as age of reason. Also known as Neoclassic Period.

The play suggests that all women in French society of this time period were

Intellectually inferior

Equiano's story differs from other Slave narratives because

It doesn't begin with his birth as a slave.

What is true of the Tale of Kieu

It not well known or recognized by contemporary Vietnamese. Includes many references to Chinese poetry and fiction. Includes many quotations from Confucian texts.

Which character is Kieu engaged to marry as a young woman

Kim Trong

The character Pangloss is used to satirize

Liebniz, who believes that everything, including plants and inanimate objects, has a mind or something analogous to a mind. More specifically, he holds that in all things there are simple, immaterial, mind-like substances that perceive the world around them. Leibniz calls these mind-like substances 'monads.'

Which of the following is not a characteristic by which literary periods are determined?

Limited to a single genre

Characteristics of Voltaire

Lived off of the support of wealthy patrons, lived much of his life in exile from France, served time in prison, didn't have an extremely pleasing personality.

On what do Pernelle and Orgon base most of their beliefs?

On appearances and gossip

Dorine argues that if Mariane has an affair after she marries Tartuffe, whose fault would it be?

Orgon's

Characters From the Play—Describe the characters in relation to Orgon (mother, daughter, etc. as well as a brief characteristic --p. 144 describes the relationships):

Orgon: husband of Elmire Pernelle: mother of Orgon Elmire: wife of Orgon Damis: son of Orgon Mariane: daughter of Orgon Cleante: brother-in-law of Orgon Dorine: Lady maid to Mariane Tartuffe: Religious hypocrite Valere: Fiancé of Mariane

"The Tale of Kieu"

Part I Besides being beautiful, what other characteristics are attributed to Kieu? (442) "Snow pure souls, each her own self, each perfect in her way...a keener, deeper charm, surpassing Van in talents and in looks...blessed with wit, she knew all skills...a paragon of grace for womanhood." What does pinning her hair refer to? (443) She is a maiden, an unmarried virgin. What happens immediately after Kieu writes a poem on the tree to honor the grave of a long dead woman who died before her lover could find her? (444) The spirit of the woman comes to her and tells her that they are soul sisters. After meeting Trong, what does Kieu spend the evening wondering? (446) Her heart raveled in hopes and fears, she thinks fate has her tied to Trong since he showed up at just the right time and because of her own interest in him. Who is the stranger that appears out of nowhere? Dam Tien, the girl from before, the girl who is her "soul sister". What does this stranger reveal about Kieu's fate? "Your name is marked in the Book of the Damned. We both reap what we sowed in our last lives: of the same League, we ride the selfsame boat." What is revealed about the stranger's appearance? "Worldly glamour joined to virgin grace: face washed with dewdrops, body clad in snow, and hovering feet, two golden lotus blooms." What is the significance of the Blue Bridge? (448) The place where a man will meet the woman he will marry, an expression that comes from a Chinese legend about a man who encounters an immortal nymph near a blue bridge and marries her, becoming immortal himself." Why does Trong rent a house near Kieu's house? Young Kim, as student, came to rent the house - he brought his lute, his books, and settled in. He lacked for nothing more than the trees and rocks..." What object of Kieu's does Trong find? "...his eye espied a golden hairpin caught on a peach branch." Why doesn't Kieu want to give her word that she will marry Trong? (449) "When comes the time for love, the marriage bond, my parents' wish will tie it or will not. You deign to care me, but I'm too young to know what's right and dare now give my word." What does Kieu eventually promise him? "I'll etch your word, our troth, in stone and bronze." Why does Kieu stay at home alone when her family goes to a birthday feast for someone in her mother's family? (450) She wanted to see him, and this gave her a good opportunity. Where do the couple walk together? They walked to towards his study-room. What does Kieu warn Trong about her life? (451) That a seer has told her she is doomed for destruction, and though she is talented/beautiful she is ill fated How does Trong respond to her warning? That if she believes in fate than so will he, and he will sacrifice his fate to be tied to her ill begotten fate. What does Kieu do when she finds out her parents aren't returning that night? She "dropped silk curtains at the entrance door, then crossed the garden in the dark night, alone." She then goes back to Trong's study. What do Kieu and Trong do together? (452) They vow to marry one another (an engagement maybe?) and Trong asks to take physical action. She says she is going to stick to her virtues. What does Kieu do for Trong? Kieu then plays the lute for Trong. What is the effect (of 19) on Trong? (453) "He sat hovering between sheer rapture and deep gloom". He wishes to know why she plays such sad and hopeless songs. How does Kieu respond to Trong? (see 20) Kieu tells him that she has accepted her fate and she wants her playing to reflect what is to inevitably befall her. How does Trong respond to Kieu's words? (see 21) Trong said that me might mend her fate, he might mend her outlook on her own life. He hopes to heal the way she sees her life. Part II Why does Trong have to leave Kieu before they can marry? (454) Kim's uncle, while abroad, died. How does Kieu respond to Trong's news? She attests this to her doomed fate but she also pledges to be loyal to him, to love him forever, and never to play her lute for anyone else. What happens to Kieu's father and brother? (455) They were put into cangue, a heavy wooden collar worn by criminals as punishment. What does Kieu do to save her father and brother? She says that she will sell herself to them to free her father and brother, said family came before her fiancé. What does Chung do? Explain his offer to Kieu: If she paid three hundred liang in two days, they wouldn't do anything to her father and brother and they would be freed in the meantime. How much does Scholar Ma pay for Kieu (the bridal gift)? (456) Four hundred and some liang." What "words of good sense" does Kieu say to her father to help him accept her fate? (457) It is better to lose her and only her than lose the entire family, she is young and still has a lot of fight to give. It is the best option for everyone in the given situation. Knowing her fate, what does Kieu wish she had done with Trong (caution, not Harding appropriate)? She wishes that Trong would have taken her virginity rather than Ma, because she loved Trong. What does Kieu plan to do "when the flood should reach her feet" -- that is, when her fate is delivered? (458) "Yes, if and when the flood should reach mu feet, this knife may later help decide my life." What is revealed about Scholar Ma's true nature/occupation? Scholar Ma is a pimp and he drowns and profits off of lust. Who is Dame Tu? She is an older woman who runs the brothel that Scholar Ma takes girls to How much does Ma expect to earn off of Kieu as a prostitute? Three hundred liang, and then lots of profit after that. Why doesn't Kieu carry out her plan to kill herself? (459) "If I were alone, it wouldn't matter- I have two loved ones, though." What does Kieu tell her mother about what she's learned about her soon to be husband? Kieu doesn't want to see her mother suffer, she would rather her have some remaining home for her daughter. What does Ma vow to Kieu's father as he leaves with Kieu? (460) "If I should break faith, may all the demons strike me with their swords." Part III What is Kieu forced to do upon entering the brothel? (460-61) To worship the household God and to bow to and follow the mistress of the brothel directly. What does Kieu reveal to Dame Tu about what has happened between her and Ma? Ma raped her, which brings down her worth since she is no longer a virgin. What does Kieu do when Dame Tu threatens to whip her? Kieu attempts to hill herself. What does the girl who appears to Kieu in her dream promise? (462) "You're still to bear the fortune of a rose.." also she says she can't die and cheat fate, she has to live out what she was intended to live out. What happens after Kieu is urged to escape by a man who claims to love her? That man was tricking her, and he takes off and disappears. She is recaptured and force to work as a prostitute. A scholar's son buys and marries her, but his wife founds out and she becomes her slave. She then leaves on the promise of becoming Buddhist and she lives with a nun who puts her in care with a neighbor. The neighbor then sells her back into prostitution. Part V What does Tu Hai ask that Kieu do? (463) Tu Hai tells her he knows she has been with lots of men, and she has found favor in none. He asks her how often he has found a man, a true man, a man worthy of her. What does Tu Hai do for Kieu? He tells her when he comes to power they will rule together, he frees her, and then they go build there "love nest". What happens after half a year with Tu Hai? (464) Tu Hai feels inspired to go lead in war! What do Kieu's neighbors urge her to do when war comes to the region? To flee and stay out of harm's reach, she was extra vulnerable with her husband gone. What does Tu Hai do when Kieu tells him about the places where she'd been ill-treated in the past? (465) He becomes very angry and has Wuxi and Linzi searched for to be drug in to stand trial...and the chambermaid and the nun would attend as special guests. How does Kieu plan to treat those who wronged her and those who treated her well? (466) "I'll borrow your almighty power to pay such dues as gratitude deems fit." What is Kieu's judgement on Thuc? She thanks him and rewards him. Brocade, a hundred bolts, a thousand pounds of silver- with my heart felt thanks take this. What is Kieu's judgement on Miss Hoan? (467) She tells her that while she is witty and brilliant, she needs to be nicer, and she sets her free. What is Kieu's judgement on Dame Tu and Scholar Ma? They were found guilty and cut up into bits, executed. How long did Tu Hai reign? (469) 5 years When Ho Ton Hien offers a truce to Tu Hai, what does Tu Hai think he should do? Tu Hai has his doubts and would rather rule over the domain he built himself, and not be put to a lower position. What does Kieu think Tu Hai should do? To make peace and fulfill the truce so they could just live and let live, and she can go home to her parents. What does Tu Hai eventually do about the proposed truce? (470) Hai eventually surrenders, dropping all schemes of war and sued for peace. What does Lord Ho do to Tu Hai? Behind a scheme of gifts, Lord Ho has his men surprise and kill Tu Hai (even though he puts up a good fight, especially since he wasn't expecting it. What happens to Kieu when she is presented to Lord Ho? (471) Lord Ho forces her to perform in his victory banquet, where he rapes her and then attempts to marry off her to another official. What does Kieu do when Lord Ho declares she must marry a tribal chief? She tries to commit suicide by jumping into a river. Who finds her and rescues her? The nun from before, Giac Duyen. What has Kim Trong done in the meantime? He has returned and has found Kieu's father, mother and siblings. Part VI What does Trong think has happened to Kieu? (472) He thinks she died by jumping into the river, he doesn't know that she survived. How does Trong find out differently? Giac Duven sees them mourning for her and engraving a headstone for her, she reads the name and tells them they are wrong. She is alive! What does Kieu plan to do with the rest of her life when she is reunited with her family? (474) She wants to stay and live out her days in the cloister and serve her religion. Who has Trong married in the meantime? Van, her sister, took her place in the troth. Why doesn't Kieu want to marry Trong after all these years? What is her reasoning? HInt: It's not because he married another. (475) She wants to forget her troubled past, and with it her past completely. That means she wants to forget the troth. Even though the two marry, Kieu resists having intimate relations with Trong. How does he react? (477) "He esteemed her and loved her all the more." Why is Kieu "lauded" by her family and friends? (478) "a woman of high mind, not some coquette who'd with her favors skip from man to man."

When Dorine is criticizing Orante, who is she really criticizing?

Pernelle

Characteristics of Candide and the Enlightenment period

Questions the rights of the individual as opposed to the needs of society, explores systems of philosophies connected to reason and logic, addresses the changing attitudes about the role that God plays in human affairs.

The beginning of the Enlightenment Period is marked by which of the following historical events?

Restoration of Monarchy in England

Characteristics of Farce

Rough wit marked by sex references, physical buffoonery, improbable situations

Themes in the Tale of Kieu

Sacrifice, lust, justice

Why is Pernell so upset in Act I Scene I

She feels Orgon's family has been acting inappropriately.

How does Pernelle feel about Tartuffe?

She thinks that he is a true Christian.

What is the best way to describe Ilyich's reason for marrying his wife?

She was a good social and financial match.

Which of the following is not a universal theme in the Tale of Kieu

Slavery

In Tolstoy's Russia, serfs were essentially

Slaves

At the end of chapter 1, many readers feel ____________ for Ilyich based on the reaction to his wife.

Sympathetic, the wife was pretty callous about it.

The contemporary example of Farce discussed in the lecture is

TV show Friends

Voltaire supported his views about Optimism and Deism on the following event

The Libson Earthquake

Which of the following is a good example of a contemporary black comedy show? (like Candide)

The Office

Caius can best be described as a

a character in a syllogism

The central problem addressed in Candide is

The difficulty of dealing with great evils

Tolstoy's attitude toward the upper classes was based on

Their materialism and indifference to death- Leo Tolstoy's critique of the upper class- represented by Ivan Ilyich, his family, and acquaintances- is clear as these groups focus on material desires and ignore or are indifferent to death, while the peasant Gerasim is the only character to openly accept Ilyich's impending death.

What is the most accurate description of Ilyich's friends' reaction to his death?

They thought about how it would affect them professionally.

Study Guide: Olaudah Equiano Norton Vol. E, 72-97

This autobiography was the first written by a freed slave. Equiano was born about 1745 in what is present day Nigeria. Kidnapped by local raiders about age eleven, he was carried to the coast and sold into slavery. He was purchased by a Virginia slaveholder and put to work in the fields. He was next purchased by a British naval officer who renamed him. What is the irony of the name Gustavus Vassa? Gustavus Vassa is a sixteenth century Swedish hero who had liberated Sweden from Danish oppression. In England, Equiano "learned to read, write and he was baptized. Eventually he would become a devout Methodist. (72). After working enough to purchase his freedom, he chose to live in London. Later he became involved in a plan to "resettle former slaves in a colony in Sierra Leone," though few of those "settlers survived the first few years." (73). Between the 16th century and the middle of the 19th century, slave traders carried about 12 million Africans to the Western Hemisphere. The journey across the Atlantic, called the Middle Passage was barbaric, and then they were sold into slavery, where "they were beaten, muzzled, raped, and forced to work through sickness and hunger, separated from parents and children, denied education and freedom of movement." (73). "Quakers and Methodists were particularly active in the antislavery movement in Britain and the U.S." (73). The name Olaudah means "having a having a loud voice and well spoken" (74). From The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . . . Written by Himself Chapter 1 Who is the book dedicated to? To the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and the Commons of the Parliament of Great Britain. What is the stated purpose of the author for this particular audience? "The chief design of which is to excite in your august assemblies a sense of compassion for the miseries which the Slave-Trade has entailed on my unfortunate country men." Equiano was born in the kingdom of Benen in Africa (Guinea), and his particular province or district is called Essaka. Equiano spends a good amount of text describing his home culture: What was the typical punishment for rape? Make recompense by a man or woman slave. How many wives could a man have? The expectation for men was different from women, usually not more than two partners though. Male dances frequently exhibit feats of arms and the representation of a battle. For all dances, "the subject is generally founded on some recent event, it is therefore ever new." After describing their music, dress, crafts, and food and commerce, Equiano notes that the Eboe, after washing, "pour out a small portions of the food . . . for the spirits of departed relations" which they believe oversee the life of the village and protect the living from evil. The Eboe practice the keeping of slaves; their slaves were exacted of their manner of procuring them before they are suffered to pass, or their own people who "had been convicted of prisoners of war or kidnapping or adultery, and some other crimes which we esteemed heinous." 5. Why do West India (Caribbean) planters prefer the slaves of Benin or Eboe? "...for their hardiness, intelligence, integrity, an zeal." 6. When the Eboe go out to work their fields, they go in groups and take weapons in case of attack. Equiano believes that these battles appear to have between different states or districts "to obtain prisoners or booty. Perhaps they were incited to this by those traders who brought the European goods. . . . Such a mode of obtaining slaves in Africa is common." More common than even kidnapping (80). 7. How were the slaves who were taken in battle by the Eboe people treated differently from the African slaves who were captured and transported across the Atlantic and sold in America? "With us they do no more work than other members of the community, even their masters; their food, clothing and lodging were nearly the same as theirs, and there was scarce anh other differences between them...Some of these slaves have even slaves under them as their own property, and for their own use." 8. Regarding religion, the Eboe natives' believe in the Creator of all things. 9. What do the Eboe believe regarding the spirits of departed friends and relations who are not transmigrated (reincarnated)? How do the living treat these spirits? The believe that these spirits watch over and protect them. They always save them a portion of the meat and pour some of their drink on the ground for them. The often make oblations of the blood of beasts or fowls as their graves. 10. What else does the name Olaudah mean, besides "loud voice and well spoken"? "Signifies vicissitude or fortune also, one favored..." 11. Equiano attributes the success of the "magicians" to "discover jealousy, theft, and poisoning" to the unbounded influence over the credulity and superstition of the people." 12. Why do you think Equiano compares his childhood home and his people to the ancestors of the Hebrews (the patriarchs in Genesis) before they take possession of the Promised Land? (This is opinion) The system put in place closely resembled that of the Israelites, no modern complex forms of government but presided over by wisemen and elders. These leaders seem to preside over a law they everyone, including themselves, was obligated to understand and follow. This is a very similar in the traditional style of governing that the Israelites implemented. Chapter II After he is kidnapped, how do the kidnappers keep Equiano from crying out to the people for help? They tied him and gagged him, and then threw him in a large sack. Why does Equiano run away from the "elderly woman slave" cook that he is assisting? He accidentally killed a chicken, he told her the truth and in doing so it caused her to go into a violent spout of rage. The master was out so the elderly slave told the mistress, Equiano feared getting flogged. How does he evade capture during the day? The houses and villages were skirted with woods, shrubberies and the bushes were so thick that a man could readily conceal himself. Why does he return to his master's kitchen? He was so hungry and anxious that he had grown faint, he was miserable and terrified. How does his master (the smith) treat Equiano when he is discovered by the slave cook? "Having slightly reprimanded me, ordered me to be take care of and not to be ill-treated." What happens shortly after Equiano is reunited with his sister? The got to spend the rest of the day and evening together, even the man to whom they belonged spent the night with them...then they were ripped away from each other and it only caused him to despair further. What is meant by "seasoning," which is one of the stages of the slave trade? "The preparation of slaves for hard labor" Regarding his treatment, what surprises Equiano when he is purchased by the wealthy widow who has a son slightly younger than Equiano? They make him feel as though he is not a slave, but an equal. Even though he is a slave, they address him in the custom as thought he were free. How do the people who live along the river (also Africans) differ from Equiano's people and the other people he had so far traveled with? (90) "...people who did not circumcise and are without washing their hands. They cooked also in iron pots, and had European cutlasses and cross bows, which were unknown to us, and fought with their fists amongst themselves. Their women were not so modest as ours, for they are, and drank, and slept, with their men. But, above all, I was amazed to see no sacrifices or offerings among them." What are the first things Equiano sees when he arrives on the coast? The sea and the slave ship. What does Equiano first think when he is handed over to the crew of the slave ship? "I had gotten into a world of bad spirits, and they were going to kill me..." their complexion was too fair, hair too long. He faints from the horror and dejection he feels in the being immersed in the scene. What overpowers Equiano when he first goes below deck on the ship? The stench, horrible, disgusting and overpowering. What do the sailors do to Equiano when he won't eat on the ship? What is the punishment? They flog him and anyone who refuses to eat. Why was Equiano allowed to be on deck for part of the voyage? He was getting so weak and sick that they decided he needed to be allowed on deck to survive, his survival as needed for the whole purpose of his youth. What happens to two of Equiano's countrymen who are chained together? They got through the netting and guards and jumped overboard, committing suicide. When the ship gets to Barbados, what do the slaves fear will happen to them? They thought they were going to be eaten by these "ugly" men. Chapter III What sort of work does Equiano first do in Virginia? Weeding grass and gathering stones. What is the name of the "iron machine" that Equiano sees on the head of the woman slave cooking dinner? An iron muzzle. What does Equiano first think about snow? He thinks that it is salt. Describe Equiano's first experience with books: "I have often take up a book, and have talked to, and then put m ears to it, when alone, in hopes it would answer me; and I have been very much concerned when I found it remained silent."

Literary Aims of Realism

To portray lives of the middle and working classes. To express sensory experiences. To express truth without sentiment.

Which of the following was not a literary aim of Realism

To portray sex graphically- realist writers wanted to write fiction that reveals truth about the world, to observe social life unsentimentally and convey it objectively, now focus on new subject matter related to the rise of democracy, the middle class, the industrial revolution, and working-class issues.

According to Voltaire, the problem with optimism is that it breeds complacency

True

During the Enlightenment period society was guided by a clear understanding of manners regarding how people interacted.

True

Literary periods are usually defined by the most significant authors.

True

Tartuffe claims that his attraction to Elmire is not a sin because God made her so beautiful.

True

The Tale of Kieu is viewed by many Vietnamese as a story that alludes to the history of Vietnam as a country.

True

The text of the play doesn't really explain why Elmire decides to expose Tartuffe (her real reasons)

True

Talke of Kieu: One reason the author may have chosen a female protagonist is because choosing a woman distanced the character from the author.

True- female protagonist may have allowed "potentially subversive political messages" to be expressed more freely (distances the character from the author, and women not seen as dangerous to authorities.)

Study Guide: At the Crossroads of Empire Norton Vol. E, 433-38

What are some of the downsides of maintaining an empire (for the imperial troops, administrators, and their people back home? It requires a very forceful and harsh establishment to rule administer far-off places, and to acknowledge/treat it all as one nation. The suppressing of the individuals who wish to rebel and are familiar with their homeland can also be difficult, gaining allies in a territory you have just conquered is not easy. Imperial troops and leaders can become exhausted and homesick for their families and the place of their childhood. The people at home who are waiting for them may grow in resentment as well, because they are being taxed for the cost of such an expensive expansion. The enthusiasm for expansion in the mob starts to deteriorate and circumstances only worsen if the enthusiasm for rebellion grows among those conquered. Besides the humiliation of being subjugated, why might people under imperial rule by foreign invaders be resistant to imperial rule? Because those who conquer also impose their language, culture and religion on to those who have been conquered. The conquering party sees their traditions and culture superior to that of party who has been conquered, and the resentment/hatred for each other only grows. Why are writers, and language, important to both rulers who wish to maintain support for empire from their citizens, as well as those who wish to gather support to rebel against imperialism? "...they crave stirring words to capture the value of native customs and beliefs under threat and to build up the people's determination to struggle against the empire -knowing full well that any resistance may entail horrific sacrifices." Briefly explain how our current feelings of "global interconnectedness" are related to European imperialism of the 19th century: Economic competition between European countries caused mass expansion of these empires and their desire for monopolies found in raw goods. This led to slave labor, further transportation and exploration for goods, and intense resentment/issues between these European countries. This led to explosive wars between these countries with all their global outreach/influence at their convenience and as their arsenal. The bloodied and competitive history of these engagement between these empires have shaped our perception of "global interconnectedness" today. Briefly explain how "the slave trade played a crucial role in the new economy" (434). They would buy slaves from Africa and sell them to plantation owners in the United States, with those profits they would by the goods produced by that slave labor and turn around and make good money off selling those goods to Europe. "Until the nineteenth century, European nations had been unashamed to admit that their imperial missions were above all about profits . . . . Over the course of the 19th century, the rhetoric of racial difference deepened, as Europeans saw themselves less as economic actors and more as liberators and civilizers of less 'advanced' races" (433). What did Rudyard Kipling mean by the phrase "the white man's burden" (435)? The mindset that European culture, tradition and religion is superior to that of any other culture, and they are burdened to influence and guide those who were "inferior" to the right direction. Europeans were very high on their perception of what made people "civilized", race and culture contributing to that...so they saw it as necessary to "help" the "less fortunate"...incredibly ironic and egotistical. Regarding King Leopold II of Belgium, the text states: "Eager to profit from the rubber trade. [his] agents enslaved Congolese workers and brutally tortured and mutilated them, often leaving them to starve. As much as half the population—ten million people--died under Leopold's regime" (437). Various writers responded to life at the "crossroads of contending empires," displaying a "complex variety of attitudes . . . . Vietnam's Nguyen Du cherished a deep love and respect for the intellectual traditions of imperial China, which had ruled Vietnam for many centuries and remained a menacing neighbor. But Nguyen Du resisted the easy assumption of Chinese superiority: he deliberately chose to write in vernacular Vietnamese, crafting a new heroic epic for his nation" (437).

good definition of verbal irony

actual intent of a message is expressed by words that carry opposite meaning.

Tolstory's depiction of the Crimean War presented war as

devastating, confusing, and waged by incompetent leaders...he joined the army, where he witnessed/felt these listed factors in the war between Russia and Britain in Crimea. War became a recurring theme in his works for the rest of his life.

Black comedy makes fun of Africans and those of African descent

false

During the enlightenment period, it was considered impossible for a logical person to be seen as a moral person.

false

Equiano portrays every white character in the book as evil

false

Tagore

first Asian to win Nobel Peace Prize for literature

Realism would

give more questions than answers.

From "Moliere" pgs. 141-43

l. Moliere's "comedies of character . . . caricatured some form of vice or folly by embodying it in a single figure." 2. Going beyond mere farce or comedy, "his works suggest not only the fallibility of specific types but also the foolishness of trusting reason to arrange human affairs. 3. "Moliere's particular talents . . . lay in satirizing an overly sophisticated society that was heavily invested in fashion, appearances, and proper behavior." 4. The play Tartuffe uses common comedic devices of the time, which included a. a stubborn father blocking the course of young love b. an impudent servant commenting on her superiors' actions c. a happy ending involving a marriage facilitated by implausible means. 5. The particular target of Tartuffe was religious hypocrisy, which anger the Catholic Church so much that they forced the king to ban the play." 6. In the play, Cleante functions as the "voice of wisdom, counseling moderation, common sense, and self control." 7. "Moliere achieves comic effects above all through style and language," using "devices that have become the gold standard of comic writing," such as having characters who are often "in the grip of a fixed idea, rigidly following a single principle of action, such as extreme religious devotion or sexual rejuvenation."

Moliere was actually trained as a a

lawyer

The primary conflict of the Enlightenment period can be seen as

logic and reason versus human passion

Characteristics of Aristotle's three unities

single setting, action confined to a single day, single plot

Moliere's plays were performed in

the court of King Louis XIV

During his illness, "Ivan Ilyich's chief torment was..."

the lie- "for some reason recognized by everyone, that he was only ill but not dying, and that he only needed rest and treatment and then there would be some very good outcome...he was tormented by their unwillingness to acknowledge what he knew and what everyone knew."